Lýsing:
Modern statistical software provides the ability to compute statistics in a timely, orderly fashion. This introductory statistics textbook presents clear explanations of basic statistical concepts and introduces students to the IBM SPSS program to demonstrate how to conduct statistical analyses via the popular point-and-click and the "syntax file" methods. The focal point is to show students how easy it is to analyse data using SPSS once they have learned the basics.
Provides clear explanation of basic statistical concepts that provides the foundation for the beginner students’ statistical journey. Introduces the SPSS software program. Gives clear explanation of the purpose of specific statistical procedures (e. g. , frequency distributions, measures of central tendencies, measures of variability, etc. ). Avoids the conventional cookbook approach that contributes very little to students’ understanding of the rationale of how the correct results were obtained.
The advantage of learning the IBM SPSS software package at the introductory class level is that most social sciences students will employ this program in their later years of study. This is because SPSS is one of the most popular of the many statistical packages currently available. Learning how to use this program at the very start not only familiarizes students with the utility of this program but also provides them with the experience to employ the program to conduct more complex analyses in their later years.
Annað
- Höfundur: Robert Ho
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 2017-09-22
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781351725224
- Print ISBN: 9781138742208
- ISBN 10: 135172522X
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Preface
- Author
- 1. Introduction to the Scientific Methodology of Research
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Scientific Approach versus the Layperson’s Approach to Knowledge
- 1.2.1 Sampling
- 1.2.2 Research Designs
- 1.2.3 Between-Groups Design
- 1.3 The Univariate Approach
- 1.3.1 The Multivariate Approach
- 1.4 Correlational Design
- 1.5 Hypothesis Testing and Probability Theory
- 1.5.1 Probability
- 1.5.2 Statistics and Scientific Research
- 1.6 Definition of Statistics
- 1.6.1 Descriptive Statistics
- 1.6.2 Inferential Statistics
- 2.1 Learning How to Use the SPSS Software Program
- 2.2 Introduction to SPSS
- 2.2.1 Setting Up a Data File
- 2.2.2 Preparing a Codebook
- 2.2.3 Data Set
- 2.2.4 Creating SPSS Data File
- 2.2.5 Data Entry
- 2.2.6 Saving and Editing Data File
- 2.3 SPSS Analysis: Windows Method versus Syntax Method
- 2.4 SPSS Analysis: Windows Method
- 2.5 SPSS Analysis: Syntax Method
- 2.5.1 SPSS Output
- 2.5.2 Results and Interpretation
- 3. Basic Mathematical Concepts and Measurement
- 3.1 Basic Mathematical Concepts
- 3.1.1 Mathematical Notations
- 3.2 Measurement Scales (Levels of Measurement)
- 3.2.1 Nominal Scales
- 3.2.2 Ordinal Scales
- 3.2.3 Interval Scales
- 3.2.4 Ratio Scales
- 3.3 Types of Variables
- 3.3.1 IV and DV
- 3.3.2 Continuous and Discrete Variables
- 3.3.3 Real Limits of Continuous Variables
- 3.3.4 Rounding
- 3.1 Basic Mathematical Concepts
- 4.1 Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
- 4.1.1 SPSS: Data Entry Format
- 4.1.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 4.1.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.1.4 SPSS Output
- 4.1.5 Results and Interpretation
- 4.2 Grouped Frequency Distributions
- 4.2.1 Grouping Scores into Class Intervals
- 4.2.2 Computing a Frequency Distribution of Grouped Scores
- 4.2.3 SPSS Method
- 4.2.4 SPSS Windows Method
- 4.2.5 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.2.6 SPSS Output
- 4.3 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
- 4.3.1 Percentiles
- 4.3.2 Computation of Percentiles (Finding the Score below which a Specified Percentage of Scores will Fall)
- 4.3.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.3.4 Data Entry Format
- 4.3.5 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.3.6 SPSS Output
- 4.3.7 Another Example
- 4.3.8 Data Entry Format
- 4.3.9 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.3.10 SPSS Output
- 4.3.11 Percentile Rank
- 4.3.12 Computation of Percentile Ranks (Finding the Percentage of Scores that Fall below a Given Score)
- 4.3.13 Data Entry Format
- 4.3.14 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.3.15 SPSS Output
- 4.3.16 Another Example
- 4.3.17 Data Entry Format
- 4.3.18 SPSS Syntax Method
- 4.3.19 SPSS Output
- 5.1 Graphing Frequency Distributions
- 5.2 Bar Graph
- 5.2.1 An Example
- 5.2.2 Data Entry Format
- 5.2.3 SPSS Windows Method
- 5.2.4 SPSS Syntax Method
- 5.2.5 SPSS Bar Graph Output
- 5.3 Histogram
- 5.3.1 An Example
- 5.3.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 5.3.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 5.3.4 SPSS Histogram Output
- 5.4 Frequency Polygon
- 5.4.1 An Example
- 5.4.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 5.4.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 5.4.4 SPSS Frequency Polygon Output
- 5.5 Cumulative Percentage Curve
- 5.5.1 An Example
- 5.5.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 5.5.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 5.5.4 SPSS Cumulative Percentage Output
- 6.1 Why Is Central Tendency Important?
- 6.2 Measures of Central Tendency
- 6.3 The Arithmetic Mean
- 6.3.1 How to Calculate the Arithmetic Mean
- 6.3.2 SPSS Window Method
- 6.3.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 6.3.4 SPSS Output
- 6.3.5 How to Calculate the Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
- 6.3.6 An Example
- 6.3.7 Calculating the Mean from Grouped Frequency Distribution Using SPSS
- 6.3.8 Data Entry Format
- 6.3.9 SPSS Syntax Method
- 6.3.10 SPSS Output
- 6.3.11 The Overall Mean
- 6.3.12 An Example
- 6.3.13 How to Calculate the Overall Mean Using SPSS
- 6.3.14 Data Entry Format
- 6.3.15 SPSS Syntax Method
- 6.3.16 SPSS Output
- 6.3.17 Properties of the Mean
- 6.4 The Median
- 6.4.1 Calculating the Median for Ungrouped Scores
- 6.4.2 Calculating the Median for Grouped Scores
- 6.4.3 Properties of the Median
- 6.5 The Mode
- 6.5.1 SPSS Windows Method
- 6.5.2 SPSS Syntax Method
- 6.5.3 SPSS Histogram Output
- 6.5.4 The Mode for Grouped Scores
- 6.6 Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
- 6.7 Measures of Central Tendency: Symmetry and Skewness
- 7.1 What Is Variability?
- 7.2 Range
- 7.3 Standard Deviation
- 7.3.1 Calculating the Standard Deviation Using the Deviation Scores Method
- 7.3.2 Calculating the Standard Deviation Using the Raw Scores Method
- 7.4 Variance
- 7.5 Using SPSS to Calculate the Range, the Standard Deviation, and the Variance
- 7.5.1 SPSS Windows Method
- 7.5.2 SPSS Syntax Method
- 7.5.3 SPSS Output
- 8.1 The Normal Distribution
- 8.2 Areas Contained under the Standard Normal Distribution
- 8.3 Standard Scores (z Scores) and the Normal Curve
- 8.3.1 Calculating the Percentile Rank with z Scores
- 8.3.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 8.3.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 8.3.4 SPSS Data File Containing the First 10 Computed z Scores
- 8.3.5 Calculating the Percentage of Scores that Fall between Two Known Scores
- 8.3.6 Calculating the Percentile Point with z Scores
- 8.3.7 SPSS Windows Method
- 8.3.8 SPSS Syntax Method
- 8.3.9 Table Showing the 90th Percentile for the Set of 50 Exam Scores
- 8.3.10 Calculating the Scores that Bound a Specified Area of the Distribution
- 8.3.11 SPSS Windows Method
- 8.3.12 SPSS Syntax Method
- 8.3.13 Table from either Window or Syntax Methods for Displaying Lower and Upper Bound Scores Binding the Middle 70% of the EX11.SAV data set
- 8.3.14 Using z Scores to Compare Performance between Different Distributions
- 9.1 The Concept of Correlation
- 9.2 Linear and Nonlinear Relationships
- 9.3 Characteristics of Correlation
- 9.3.1 Magnitude (Strength) of Relationships
- 9.3.2 Direction of Relationships
- 9.4 Correlation Coefficient and z Scores
- 9.4.1 Scatter Plot (SPSS Windows Method)
- 9.4.2 Scatter Plot (SPSS Syntax Method)
- 9.4.3 Scatter Plot
- 9.4.4 Converting Raw Scores into z Scores (SPSS Windows Method)
- 9.4.5 Converting Raw Scores into z Scores (SPSS Syntax Method)
- 9.4.6 SPSS Data File Containing the 6 Pairs of Computed z Scores
- 9.5 Pearson r and the Linear Correlation Coefficient
- 9.5.1 Example of the Pearson r Calculation
- 9.5.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 9.5.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 9.5.4 The Calculated Pearson r
- 9.6 Some Issues with Correlation
- 9.6.1 Can Correlation Show Causality?
- 9.6.2 Spurious Correlation
- 10.1 What Is Linear Regression?
- 10.2 Linear Regression and Imperfect Relationships
- 10.2.1 Scatter Plot and the Line of Best Fit
- 10.2.2 SPSS Windows Method (Scatter Plot and Line of Best Fit)
- 10.2.3 SPSS Syntax Method (Scatter Plot)
- 10.2.4 Scatter Plot with Line of Best Fit
- 10.2.5 Least-Squares Regression (Line of Best Fit): Predicting Y from X
- 10.2.6 How to Construct the Least-Squares Regression Line: Predicting Y from X
- 10.2.7 SPSS Windows Method (Constructing the Least-Squares Regression Line Equation)
- 10.2.8 SPSS Syntax Method (Constructing the Least-Squares Regression Line Equation)
- 10.2.9 SPSS Output
- 10.2.10 Results and Interpretation
- 11. Statistical Inference and Probability
- 11.1 Introduction to Inferential Statistics
- 11.2 Probability
- 11.2.1 The Classical Approach to Probability
- 11.2.2 The Empirical Approach to Probability
- 11.2.3 Expressing Probability Values
- 11.2.4 Computing Probability: The Addition Rule and the Multiplication Rule
- 11.2.5 The Addition Rule
- 11.2.6 The Multiplication Rule
- 11.2.7 Using the Multiplication and Addition Rules Together
- 11.2.8 Computing Probability for Continuous Variables
- 11.3 Sampling
- 11.3.1 Simple Random Sampling
- 11.3.2 Stratified Proportionate Random Sampling
- 11.3.3 Cluster Sampling
- 11.3.4 Nonrandom Sampling Techniques: Systematic Sampling; Quota Sampling
- 11.3.5 Sampling with or without Replacement
- 11.4 Confidence Interval and Confidence Level
- 11.4.1 How to Calculate the Confidence Interval
- 11.4.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 11.4.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 11.4.4 SPSS Output
- 12.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
- 12.2 Types of Hypotheses
- 12.2.1 Research/Alternative Hypothesis
- 12.2.2 Null Hypothesis
- 12.2.3 Hypotheses: Nondirectional or Directional
- 12.3 Testing Hypotheses
- 12.3.1 Level of Significance
- 12.3.2 Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Test of Significance
- 12.3.3 Type I and Type II Errors
- 13.1 Introduction to the t test
- 13.2 Independent t test
- 13.2.1 SPSS Windows Method: Independent t test
- 13.2.2 SPSS Syntax Method
- 13.2.3 SPSS Output
- 13.2.4 Results and Interpretation
- 13.3 Dependent/Correlated t test
- 13.3.1 SPSS Windows Method: Dependent t test
- 13.3.2 SPSS Syntax Method
- 13.3.3 SPSS Output
- 13.3.4 Results and Interpretation
- 14.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance
- 14.1.1 An Example
- 14.1.2 Scheffé Post Hoc Test
- 14.1.3 SPSS Windows Method: One-Way ANOVA
- 14.1.4 SPSS Syntax Method
- 14.1.5 SPSS Output
- 14.1.6 Results and Interpretation
- 14.1.7 Post Hoc Comparisons
- 15.1 Nonparametric Tests
- 15.2 Chi-Square (χ2) Test
- 15.2.1 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
- 15.2.2 SPSS Windows Method
- 15.2.3 SPSS Syntax Method
- 15.2.4 SPSS Output
- 15.2.5 Results and Interpretation
- 15.3 Chi-Square (χ2) Test of Independence between Two Variables
- 15.3.1 SPSS Windows Method
- 15.3.2 SPSS Syntax Method
- 15.3.3 SPSS Output
- 15.3.4 Results and Interpretation
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 10236
- Útgáfuár : 2017
- Leyfi : 379