Lýsing:
The status of the refugee in international law, and of everyone entitled to protection, has ever been precarious, not least in times of heightened and heated debate: people have always moved in search of safety, and they always will. In this completely revised and updated edition, the authors cast new light on the refugee definition, the meaning of persecution, including with regard to gender and sexual orientation, and the protection due to refugees and those affected by statelessness or disasters.
They review the fundamental principle of non-refoulement as a restraint on the conduct of States, even as States themselves seek new ways to prevent the arrival of those in search of refuge. Related principles of protection—non-discrimination, due process, rescue at sea, and solutions— are analysed in light of the actual practice of States, UNHCR, and treaty-monitoring bodies. The authors closely examine relevant international standards, and the role of UNHCR, States, and civil society, in providing protection, contributing to the development of international refugee law, and promoting solutions.
New chapters focus on the evolving rules on nationality, statelessness, and displacement due to disasters and climate change. This expanded edition factors in the challenges posed by the movement of people across land and sea in search of refuge, and their interception, reception, and later treatment. The overall aim remains the same as in previous editions: to provide a sound basis for protection in international law, taking full account of State and community interests and recognizing the need to bridge gaps in the regime which now has 100 years of law and practice behind it.
Annað
- Höfundar: Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Jane McAdam
- Útgáfa:4
- Útgáfudagur: 2021-09-09
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9780192536495
- Print ISBN: 9780198808565
- ISBN 10: 0192536494
Efnisyfirlit
- The Refugee in International Law
- Copyright
- Summary Table of Contents
- Contents
- List of States
- Tables of Cases
- Table of Treaties and Other International and Regional Instruments
- Selected Abbreviations
- Note to the Reader
- 1 The Refugee in International Law
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The refugee in the law and practice of the United Nations Security Council
- 3. The refugee in national and international law
- 4. Protection
- 5. A future circumscribed, or free?
- PART 1: REFUGEES
- 2 Refugees Defined and Described
- 1. Refugees
- 2. Refugees defined in international instruments 1922–46
- 3. Refugees for the purposes of the United Nations
- 3.1 Statute of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- 3.2 Development of the statutory definition and extension of the mandate
- 3.3 Internally displaced persons
- 3.3.1 The problem in context
- 3.3.2 UN and UNHCR responsibilities
- 4. Refugees in the sense of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Ref
- 5. Regional approaches to refugee definition
- 6. Refugees in municipal law: some examples
- 7. Institutional responsibilities and international obligations
- 8. ‘Refugees’ for the purposes of general international law
- 2 Refugees Defined and Described
- 3 Determination of Refugee Status: Analysis and Application
- 1. Respective competence of UNHCR and of States parties to the Convention and Protocol
- 2. Determination of refugee status by UNHCR
- 3. Determination of refugee status by States
- 3.1 The European Union Qualification Directive
- 4. Persecution: issues of interpretation
- 4.1 Protected interests
- 4.2 The ways and means of persecution
- 4.2.1 Persecution as a crime in international law
- 4.3 Agents of persecution
- 4.3.1 Agents of persecution and State responsibility
- 4.4 Fear, intent, motive, and the rationale for persecution
- 5. The refugee definition and the reasons for persecution
- 5.1 General matters
- 5.1.1 ‘Good faith’ and activities in the country of refuge
- 5.1.2 Nationality and statelessness
- 5.1.3 Deprivation of citizenship, persecution, and the country of one’s nationality
- 5.2 Reasons for persecution
- 5.2.1 Race
- 5.2.2 Religion
- 5.2.3 Nationality
- 5.2.4 Membership of a particular social group
- 5.2.4.1 The concept develops
- 5.2.4.2 The categories of association
- 5.2.4.3 Common victimization
- 5.2.4.4 Gender-based claims
- 5.2.4.5 Sexual orientation and gender identity claims
- 5.2.4.6 A social view of ‘social group’
- 5.2.5 Political opinion
- 5.1 General matters
- 6. Persecution: issues of application
- 6.1 Persecution and laws of general application
- 6.1.1 Conscientious objectors
- 6.1.1.1 The right of conscientious objection
- 6.1.1.2 The right to object to participation in conflict ‘condemned by the international communit
- 6.1.1.3 The nature of the dispute between the individual and the State
- 6.1.1.4 Establishing a well-founded fear of being persecuted
- 6.1.2 Political and non-political offenders
- 6.1.1 Conscientious objectors
- 6.2 Persecution and situations of risk
- 6.2.1 Internal protection/flight/relocation alternative
- 6.2.2 Flight from armed conflict and violence
- 6.2.3 The individual and the group
- 6.3 Children as asylum seekers
- 6.1 Persecution and laws of general application
- 7. Persecution and lack of protection
- 1. ‘Revocation’, cessation, and exclusion
- 2. Cessation: voluntary acts of the individual
- 3. Cessation: change of circumstances
- 3.1 Personal circumstances
- 3.2 Change of circumstances in the country of origin
- 3.3 The cessation inquiry
- 3.4 Continuing status in exceptional circumstances
- 4. Protection or assistance by other States or United Nations agencies
- 4.1 The country of first asylum principle
- 4.2 Refugees receiving United Nations protection and assistance
- 4.2.1 Historical background
- 4.2.2 The UNHCR Statute and the 1951 Convention
- 4.2.3 Protection under the 1951 Convention
- 4.2.4 Subsequent developments
- 4.2.5 Looking ahead
- 4.3 Other refugees not considered to require international protection
- 5. Exclusion from refugee status
- 5.1 ‘[S]erious reasons for considering’
- 5.2 Crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
- 5.2.1 The drafting history of article 1F(a)
- 5.2.2 The scope of article 1F(a)
- 5.2.2.1 Crimes against peace
- 5.2.2.2 War crimes
- 5.2.2.3 Crimes against humanity
- 5.2.3 Individual responsibility
- 5.3 Serious non-political crimes
- 5.3.1 The drafting history of article 1F(b)
- 5.3.1.1 The relation to extradition
- 5.3.1.2 ‘Serious’ and ‘non-political’
- 5.3.2 Context, proportionality, and security
- 5.3.1 The drafting history of article 1F(b)
- 5.4 Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations
- 5.4.1 The drafting history of article 1F(c)
- 5.4.2 The ‘purposes and principles of the United Nations’
- 5.4.3 Individual responsibility
- 5.4.4 Refugee status, security, and terrorism
- 5.4.5 Terrorism, armed conflict, and the United Nations
- 5 The Principle of Non-refoulement– Part 1
- 1. Evolution of the principle
- 2. The principle of non-refoulement in general international law
- 2.1 Conventions and agreements
- 2.2 Declarations and resolutions
- 2.3 The UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusions on International Protection
- 2.4 State views and State practice
- 2.4.1 State views
- 2.4.2 State practice: some aspects
- 3. The scope of the principle of non-refoulement in the 1951 Convention
- 3.1 Personal scope
- 3.2 The question of risk
- 4. Exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement in the 1951 Convention
- 5. Relationship of the principle of non-refoulement to other contexts
- 5.1 Non-refoulement and ‘illegal entry’
- 5.2 Non-refoulement and extradition
- 5.3 Non-refoulement and expulsion
- 6. Non-refoulement in cases of mass influx
- 6.1 Some aspects of State practice
- 7. Temporary protection
- 7.1 The norm of temporary refuge
- 8. Non-refoulement through time
- 9. Non-refoulement as a principle of customary international law
- 1. Time and place, ways and means
- 1.1 Extraterritorial application
- 1.1.1 Establishing responsibility
- 1.1.2 Example: interception on the high seas
- 1.2 ‘International zones’
- 1.2.1 ‘Frontiers of territories’ and diplomatic asylum
- 1.3 Joint and several State responsibility
- 1.1 Extraterritorial application
- 2. Non-refoulement and flight by sea
- 2.1 Stowaways
- 2.2 Asylum seekers at sea
- 2.2.1 High seas
- 2.2.2 The contiguous zone
- 2.2.3 Internal waters and the territorial sea
- 2.3 Rescue-at-sea
- 2.3.1 International cooperation and the case of the Mediterranean
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The evolution of complementary forms of protection
- 3. The scope of protection under human rights law
- 3.1 Absolute nature of non-refoulement in human rights law
- 3.2 Torture
- 3.2.1 Lawful sanctions
- 3.2.2 Intent
- 3.3 Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
- 3.4 General risk
- 3.5 Standard of proof
- 3.6 Right to life
- 3.6.1 Death penalty
- 3.7 Right to an effective remedy
- 4. Other rights
- 5. Best interests of the child
- 6. The European Union Qualification Directive
- 7. Rights and legal status for beneficiaries of complementary protection
- 7.1 Exclusion from complementary protection
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Asylum in international conventions, other instruments, and acts
- 3. Asylum in regional agreements
- 4. Obstructing asylum: trends in State practice
- 4.1 Access
- 4.2 Interception
- 4.3 Other non-arrival policies
- 4.3.1 Visa regimes
- 4.3.2 Pre-entry clearance and carrier sanctions
- 5.1 The right to leave any country
- 5.2 Article 31 of the 1951 Convention
- 5.3 Good faith
- 6.1 Jurisdictional issues: identifying the State responsible for determining a protection claim
- 6.2 The ‘safe country’ mechanism
- 6.3 ‘Effective protection’
- 6.4 Safe country practices in the European Union
- 6.4.1 First country of asylum
- 6.4.2 Safe country of origin
- 6.4.3 Safe third country
- 6.4.4 European safe country
- 6.4.5 Dublin Regulation
- 6.5 The US–Canada Safe Third Country Agreement
- 6.6 Readmission agreements
- 6.7 Extraterritorial processing
- 6.7.1 Legal concerns
- 8.1 Detention and mass influx
- 9 International Protection
- 1. International institutions
- 1.1 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- 1.1.1 Relation of UNHCR to the General Assembly and its standing in general international law
- 1.1.2 The UNHCR Executive Committee
- 1.2 The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
- 1.3 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
- 1.4 The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
- 1.4.1 Strengthening coordination
- 1.4.2 The complementary role of UN agencies
- 1.5 Other organizations and agencies
- 1.5.1 International Organization for Migration (IOM)
- 1.5.2 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- 1.5.3 Regional organizations
- 1.5.4 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
- 1.5.5 Humanitarian workers
- 1.1 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- 1. International institutions
- 2. The protection of refugees in international law
- 2.1 General international law
- 2.2 Treaties and municipal law
- 2.2.1 The principle of good faith
- 3.1 Women refugees
- 3.2 Child refugees
- 3.3 Refugees with disabilities
- 1. Refugee rights in camps, in settlements, and at large
- 2. Solutions
- 2.1 Local integration
- 2.2 Voluntary repatriation
- 2.2.1 Facilitating and promoting
- 2.2.2 Safe return
- 2.3 Resettlement
- 2.4 Complementary pathways to admission
- 2.5 Assistance and development
- 3. International cooperation
- 3.1 The New York Declaration and the Global Compacts
- 3.1.1 Refugee Compact
- 3.1.2 Migration Compact
- 3.1 The New York Declaration and the Global Compacts
- 1. The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
- 1.1 Required standards of treatment
- 1.1.1 Equality of treatment, employment, and social benefits
- 1.2 Standards applicable to refugees as refugees
- 1.2.1 Administrative assistance: article 25
- 1.2.2 Identity documents: article 27
- 1.2.3 The Convention travel document: article 28
- 1.2.4 Treatment of refugees entering illegally: article 31
- 1.2.5 Expulsion of refugees: article 32
- 1.2.6 Non-refoulement: article 33
- 1.3 The criteria of entitlement to treatment in accordance with the Convention
- 1.3.1 Simple presence
- 1.3.2 Lawful presence
- 1.3.3 Lawful residence
- 1.3.4 Habitual residence
- 1.4 Territorial scope
- 1.1 Required standards of treatment
- 2.1 General standards for the determination of refugee status
- 2.2 The role of UNHCR in national procedures
- 2.3 Due process and procedural fairness in the determination of refugee status
- 4.1 The interview, examination, or hearing
- 4.2 Uses and abuses of country and other information
- 4.3 Consistency of decision-making
- 4.4 Assessing credibility and drawing inferences from the evidence
- 4.4.1 Reasoning around credibility: consistency and inconsistency
- 4.5 Appeal or review
- 5.1 Refugee status and the ‘opposability’ of decisions
- 5.2 The principle of acquired rights
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Terminology and concepts
- 2. Internally displaced persons
- 3. The application of international refugee law
- 4. Human rights law
- 4.1 Protection from arbitrary deprivation of life
- 4.2 Protection from inhuman or degrading treatment
- 4.2.1 Children
- 4.2.2 Internal flight alternative
- 6.1 The Nansen Initiative and the Platform on Disaster Displacement
- 6.2 Other international processes
- 1. The role of nationality in the relations between States
- 1.1 A right to nationality in international law
- 1.2 Deprivation of citizenship
- 1.2.1 Deprivation of citizenship and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
- 1.2.2 Aspects of subsequent practice
- 1.2.3 Deprivation of citizenship and its implications in international law
- 2.1 The League of Nations
- 2.2 The United Nations
- 2.2.1 The 1949 UN Study of Statelessness
- 2.3 The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
- 3.1 The International Law Commission
- 3.1.1 The elimination and reduction of statelessness
- 3.1.2 The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
- 4.1 Protecting stateless refugees through the determination of status
- 4.2 Protecting the stateless through the determination of status
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