Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Dedication
• About The Author
• Brief Contents
• Alternative Pathways Through The Chapters
• Detailed Contents
• Economics 14th Edition
• Preface
• Part One: Introduction
  • Chapter 1. What Is Economics?
    • Definition of Economics
    • Two Big Economic Questions
      • What, How, and For Whom?
      • Do Choices Made in the Pursuit of Self-Interest also Promote the Social Interest?
    • The Economic Way of Thinking
      • A Choice Is a Tradeoff
      • Making a Rational Choice
      • Benefit: What You Gain
      • Cost: What You Must Give Up
      • How Much? Choosing at the Margin
      • Choices Respond to Incentives
    • Economics as Social Science and Policy Tool
      • Economist as Social Scientist
      • Economist as Policy Adviser
    • Economists in the Economy
      • Jobs for an Economics Major
      • Will Jobs for Economics Majors Grow?
      • Earnings of Economics Majors
      • Skills Needed for Economics Jobs
      • A Diversity Challenge in the Economics Profession
    • Appendix Graphs in Economics
    • Graphing Data
      • Graphing Economic Data
      • Scatter Diagrams
    • Graphs Used in Economic Models
      • Variables That Move in the Same Direction
      • Variables That Move in Opposite Directions
      • Variables That Have a Maximum or a Minimum
      • Variables That Are Unrelated
    • The Slope of a Relationship
      • The Slope of a Straight Line
      • The Slope of a Curved Line
    • Graphing Relationships Among More Than Two Variables
      • Ceteris Paribus
      • When Other Things Change
    • Mathematical Note Equations Of Straight Lines
    • At Issue
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 2. The Economic Problem
    • Production Possibilities and Opportunity Cost
      • Production Possibilities Frontier
      • Production Efficiency
      • Tradeoff Along the PPF
      • Opportunity Cost
    • Using Resources Efficiently
      • The PPF and Marginal Cost
      • Preferences and Marginal Benefit
      • Allocative Efficiency
    • Gains from Trade
      • Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage
      • Achieving the Gains from Trade
      • The Liz–Joe Economy and Its PPF
    • Economic Growth
      • The Cost of Economic Growth
      • A Nation’s Economic Growth
      • Changes in What We Produce
    • Economic Coordination
      • Firms
      • Markets
      • Property Rights
      • Money
      • Circular Flows Through Markets
      • Coordinating Decisions
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 3. Demand And Supply
    • Markets and Prices
    • Demand
      • The Law of Demand
      • Demand Curve and Demand Schedule
      • A Change in Demand
      • A Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus a Change in Demand
    • Supply
      • The Law of Supply
      • Supply Curve and Supply Schedule
      • A Change in Supply
      • A Change in the Quantity Supplied Versus a Change in Supply
    • Market Equilibrium
      • Price as a Regulator
      • Price Adjustments
    • Predicting Changes in Price and Quantity
      • An Increase in Demand
      • A Decrease in Demand
      • An Increase in Supply
      • A Decrease in Supply
      • Changes in Both Demand and Supply
    • Mathematical Note Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium
    • Economics In The News
    • Understanding the Scope of Economics Your Economic Revolution
    • Talking with Esther Duflo
• Part Two: Macroeconomic Data
  • Chapter 4. Measuring The Value Of production: GDP
    • Gross Domestic Product
      • GDP Defined
      • GDP and the Circular Flow of Expenditure and Income
      • Why “Domestic” and Why “Gross”?
    • Measuring U.S. GDP
      • The Expenditure Approach
      • The Income Approach
      • Nominal GDP and Real GDP
      • Calculating Real GDP
    • The Uses and Limitations of Real GDP
      • The Standard of Living Over Time
      • The Standard of Living Across Countries
      • Limitations of GDP
    • Appendix Graphs in Macroeconomics
    • The Time-Series Graph
      • Making a Time-Series Graph
      • Reading a Time-Series Graph
      • Ratio Scale Reveals Trend
      • A Time-Series with a Trend
      • Using a Ratio Scale
    • Mathematical Note Chained-Dollar Real GDP
    • Economics In Action
    • At Issue
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 5. Monitoring Jobs And Inflation
    • Employment and Unemployment
      • Why Unemployment Is a Problem
      • Current Population Survey
      • Three Labor Market Indicators
      • Other Definitions of Unemployment
      • Most Costly Unemployment
      • Alternative Measures of Unemployment
    • Unemployment and Full Employment
      • Frictional Unemployment
      • Structural Unemployment
      • Cyclical Unemployment
      • “Natural” Unemployment
      • Real GDP and Unemployment over the Cycle
    • The Price Level, Inflation, and Deflation
      • Why Inflation and Deflation Are Problems
      • The Consumer Price Index
      • Reading the CPI Numbers
      • Constructing the CPI
      • Measuring the Inflation Rate
      • Distinguishing High Inflation from a High Price Level
      • The Biased CPI
      • Consequences and Magnitude of Bias
      • Alternative Price Indexes
      • Core Inflation
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
    • Monitoring Macroeconomic Performance The Big Picture
    • Talking with Dave Donaldson
• Part Three: Macroeconomic Trends
  • Chapter 6. Economic Growth
    • The Basics of Economic Growth
      • Calculating Growth Rates
      • Economic Growth Versus Business Cycle Expansion
      • The Magic of Sustained Growth
      • Applying the Rule of 70
    • Long-Term Growth Trends
      • Long-Term Growth in the U.S. Economy
      • Real GDP Growth in the World Economy
    • How Potential GDP Grows
      • What Determines Potential GDP?
      • What Makes Potential GDP Grow?
    • Why Labor Productivity Grows
      • Preconditions for Labor Productivity Growth
      • Physical Capital Growth
      • Human Capital Growth
      • Technological Advances
    • Is Economic Growth Sustainable? Theories, Evidence, and Policies
      • Classical Growth Theory
      • Neoclassical Growth Theory
      • New Growth Theory
      • New Growth Theory Versus Malthusian Theory
      • Sorting Out the Theories
      • The Empirical Evidence on the Causes of Economic Growth
      • Policies for Achieving Faster Growth
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 7. Finance, Saving, And Investment
    • Financial Markets and Financial Institutions
      • Finance and Money
      • Capital and Financial Capital
      • Capital and Investment
      • Wealth and Saving
      • Financial Capital Markets
      • Financial Institutions
      • Funds That Finance Investment
    • Financial Decisions and Risks
      • The Time Value of Money
      • Net Present Value
      • The Decision Rule
      • Financial Risk: Insolvency and Illiquidity
      • Market Risk: Interest Rates and Asset Prices
      • Getting Real
    • The Loanable Funds Market
      • The Demand for Loanable Funds
      • The Supply of Loanable Funds
      • Equilibrium in the Loanable Funds Market
      • Changes in Demand and Supply
    • Government in the Loanable Funds Market
      • A Government Budget Surplus
      • A Government Budget Deficit
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 8. Money, The Price Level, And Inflation
    • What Is Money?
      • Medium of Exchange
      • Unit of Account
      • Store of Value
      • Money in the United States Today
    • Depository Institutions
      • Types of Depository Institutions
      • What Depository Institutions Do
      • Economic Benefits Provided by Depository Institutions
      • How Depository Institutions Are Regulated
      • Financial Technology
    • The Federal Reserve System
      • The Structure of the Fed
      • The Fed’s Balance Sheet
      • The Fed’s Policy Tools
    • How Banks Create Money
      • Creating Deposits by Making Loans
      • The Money Creation Process
      • The Money Multiplier
    • The Money Market
      • The Demand for Money
      • Changes in the Demand for Money
      • The Supply of Money
      • Money Market Equilibrium
    • The Quantity Theory of Money
    • Mathematical Note The Money Multiplier
    • Economics In Action
    • At Issue
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 9. The Exchange Rate And The Balance Of Payments
    • The Foreign Exchange Market
      • Trading Currencies
      • Exchange Rates
      • Questions About the U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate
      • An Exchange Rate Is a Price
      • The Demand for One Money Is the Supply of Another Money
      • Demand in the Foreign Exchange Market
      • Demand Curve for U.S. Dollars
      • Supply in the Foreign Exchange Market
      • Supply Curve for U.S. Dollars
      • Market Equilibrium
      • Changes in the Demand for U.S. Dollars
      • Changes in the Supply of U.S. Dollars
      • Changes in the Exchange Rate
    • Arbitrage, Speculation, and Market Fundamentals
      • Arbitrage
      • Speculation
      • Market Fundamentals
    • Exchange Rate Policy
      • Flexible Exchange Rate
      • Fixed Exchange Rate
      • Crawling Peg
    • Financing International Trade
      • Balance of Payments Accounts
      • Borrowers and Lenders
      • The Global Loanable Funds Market
      • Debtors and Creditors
      • Is U.S. Borrowing for Consumption?
      • Current Account Balance
      • Net Exports
      • Where Is the Exchange Rate?
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
    • Understanding Macroeconomic Trends Expanding the Frontier
    • Talking with Xavier Sala-i-Martin
• Part Four: Macroeconomic Fluctuations
  • Chapter 10. Aggregate Supply And Aggregate Demand
    • Aggregate Supply
      • Quantity Supplied and Supply
      • Long-Run Aggregate Supply
      • Short-Run Aggregate Supply
      • Changes in Aggregate Supply
    • Aggregate Demand
      • The Aggregate Demand Curve
      • Changes in Aggregate Demand
    • Explaining Macroeconomic Trends and Fluctuations
      • Short-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium
      • Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium
      • Economic Growth and Inflation in the AS-AD Model
      • The Business Cycle in the AS-AD Model
      • Fluctuations in Aggregate Demand
      • Fluctuations in Aggregate Supply
    • Macroeconomic Schools of Thought
      • The Classical View
      • The Keynesian View
      • The Monetarist View
      • The Way Ahead
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 11. Expenditure Multipliers
    • Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans
      • Expenditure Plans
      • Consumption and Saving Plans
      • Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save
      • Slopes and Marginal Propensities
      • Consumption as a Function of Real GDP
      • Import Function
    • Real GDP with a Fixed Price Level
      • Aggregate Planned Expenditure
      • Actual Expenditure, Planned Expenditure, and Real GDP
      • Equilibrium Expenditure
      • Convergence to Equilibrium
    • The Multiplier
      • The Basic Idea of the Multiplier
      • The Multiplier Effect
      • Why Is the Multiplier Greater Than 1?
      • The Size of the Multiplier
      • The Multiplier and the Slope of the AE Curve
      • Imports and Income Taxes
      • The Multiplier Process
      • Business Cycle Turning Points
    • The Multiplier and the Price Level
      • Adjusting Quantities and Prices
      • Aggregate Expenditure and Aggregate Demand
      • Deriving the Aggregate Demand Curve
      • Changes in Aggregate Expenditure and Aggregate Demand
      • Equilibrium Real GDP and the Price Level
    • Mathematical Note The Algebra Of The Keynesian Model
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 12. The Business Cycle, Inflation, And Deflation
    • The Business Cycle
      • Mainstream Business Cycle Theory
      • Real Business Cycle Theory
    • Inflation Cycles
      • Demand-Pull Inflation
      • Cost-Push Inflation
      • Expected Inflation
      • Forecasting Inflation
      • Inflation and the Business Cycle
    • Deflation
      • What Causes Deflation?
      • What Are the Consequences of Deflation?
      • How Can Deflation Be Ended?
    • The Phillips Curve
      • The Short-Run Phillips Curve
      • The Long-Run Phillips Curve
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
    • Understanding Macroeconomic Fluctuations Boom and Bust
    • Talking with Emi Nakamura
• Part Five: Macroeconomic Policy
  • Chapter 13. Fiscal Policy
    • The Federal Budget
      • The Institutions and Laws
      • Highlights of the 2022 Budget
      • The Budget in Historical Perspective
      • Budget Balance and Debt
      • State and Local Budgets
    • Supply-Side Effects of Fiscal Policy
      • Full Employment and Potential GDP
      • The Effects of the Income Tax
      • Taxes on Expenditure and the Tax Wedge
      • Taxes and the Incentive to Save and Invest
      • Tax Revenues and the Laffer Curve
      • The Supply-Side Debate
    • Generational Effects of Fiscal Policy
      • Generational Accounting and Present Value
      • The Social Security Time Bomb
      • Generational Imbalance
      • International Debt
    • Fiscal Stimulus
      • Automatic Fiscal Policy and Cyclical and Structural Budget Balances
      • Discretionary Fiscal Stimulus
    • Economics In Action
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 14. Monetary Policy
    • Monetary Policy Objectives and Framework
      • Monetary Policy Objectives
      • Operational “Stable Prices” Goal
      • Operational “Maximum Employment” Goal
      • Responsibility for Monetary Policy
    • The Conduct of Monetary Policy
      • The Monetary Policy Instruments
      • Monetary Policy Decisions
      • Hitting the Federal Funds Rate Target
    • Monetary Policy Transmission
      • Quick Overview
      • Changes in Interest Rates
      • Changes in Money and Loans
      • Changes in Real GDP, Unemployment, and Inflation
      • The Change in Aggregate Demand, Real GDP, and the Price Level
      • The Fed Fights Recession
      • The Fed Fights Inflation
      • Loose Links and Long and Variable Lags
      • Policy Strategies and Clarity
    • Financial Crisis: Cure and Prevention
      • The Anatomy of the Financial Crisis
      • The Fed’s Policy Actions in Crisis
      • Congress’s Policy Actions in Crisis
      • Macroprudential Regulation
    • Economics In Action
    • At Issue
    • Economics In The News
  • Chapter 15. International Tradepolicy
    • How Global Markets Work
      • International Trade Today
      • What Drives International Trade?
      • Why the United States Imports T-Shirts
      • Why the United States Exports Airplanes
    • Winners, Losers, and the Net Gain from Trade
      • Gains and Losses from Imports
      • Gains and Losses from Exports
      • Gains for All
    • International Trade Restrictions
      • Tariffs
      • Import Quotas
      • Other Import Barriers
      • Export Subsidies
    • The Case Against Protection
      • Helps an Infant Industry Grow
      • Counteracts Dumping
      • Saves Domestic Jobs
      • Allows Us to Compete with Cheap Foreign Labor
      • Penalizes Lax Environmental Standards
      • Prevents Rich Countries from Exploiting Developing Countries
      • Reduces Offshore Outsourcing That Sends Good U.S. Jobs to Other Countries
      • Avoiding Trade Wars
      • Why Is International Trade Restricted?
      • Compensating Losers
    • Economics In Action
    • At Issue
    • Economics In The News
    • Understanding Macroeconomic Policy Tradeoffs and Free Lunches
    • Talking with Stephanie Schmitt-Grohé
• Glossary
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Y
  • Z
• Credits

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