Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• Companion Website
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• PART I PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
  • Chapter 1 The Selection of a Research Approach
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter
    • Three Approaches or Methodologies in Research
    • Three Major Components of a Research Approach
      • Philosophical Worldviews
        • The Postpositivist Worldview
        • The Constructivist Worldview
        • The Transformative Worldview
        • The Pragmatic Worldview
      • Research Designs
        • Quantitative Designs
        • Qualitative Designs
        • Mixed Methods Designs
      • Research Methods
    • Interconnecting Worldviews, Designs, and Methods
    • Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach
      • The Research Problem and Questions
      • Personal Experiences
      • Audience
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 2 Review of the Literature
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • The Research Topic
      • A Draft Title
      • A Significant Topic
    • The Purpose and Organization of a Literature Review
      • Purpose of a Literature Review
      • The Organization of the Literature Review
        • General Forms
        • A Qualitative Structure
        • A Quantitative Structure
        • A Mixed Methods Structure
    • Steps in Conducting a Literature Review
    • Searching the Literature
      • Computer Databases
      • Types of Literature
        • Priority of the Literature
        • Overall Evaluation Quality
      • Abstracting the Literature
        • Components of an Abstract
        • Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Abstracts
      • A Literature Map
    • Style Manual Use
    • The Definition of Terms
      • General Guidelines
      • Special Terms
      • ► Example 2.2 Defining Terms in a Dissertation
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 3 The Use of Theory
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • The Varied Use of Theory
    • Quantitative Theory Use
      • Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research
      • Variables in Quantitative Research
      • Testing Causal Claims in Quantitative Research
      • Stating Theories in Quantitative Research
      • Placement of Quantitative Theories
      • Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective
      • ► Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section
    • Qualitative Theory Use
      • Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research
      • Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research
      • ► Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study
      • ► Example 3.3 Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study
    • Mixed Methods Theory Use
      • Types of Mixed Methods Theory Use
      • Importance of a Theory
      • Distinctions Between a Theory and a Worldview
      • A Theoretically Driven Mixed Methods Study
      • What Theory Informs
      • ► Example 3.4 A Discipline-Based Theory in a Mixed Methods Study
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Writing the Proposal
      • Topics Presented in a Proposal
      • A Qualitative Proposal
      • ► Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist or Interpretivist Format
      • A Quantitative Proposal
      • ► Example 4.2 A Qualitative Participatory or Social Justice Format
      • ► Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format
      • A Mixed Methods Proposal
      • ► Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format
      • Designing the Sections of a Proposal
    • Writing Strategies
      • The Process
      • The Habit of Writing
      • Clear and Concise Writing
      • Coherence
      • Voice, Tense, and “Fat”
    • Ethical Issues
      • Prior to Beginning the Study
      • Beginning the Study
      • Collecting the Data
      • Analyzing the Data
      • Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
• PART II DESIGNING RESEARCH
  • Chapter 5 The Introduction
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction to a Study
    • The Importance of Introductions
    • An Abstract for a Study
    • Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
    • A Model for an Introduction
    • An Illustration of an Introduction
    • The Research Problem
    • Evidence From the Literature Justifying the Problem
    • Deficiencies in the Evidence
      • ► Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature—Needed Studies
      • ► Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature—Few Studies
      • Importance of the Problem for Audiences
      • ► Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 6 The Purpose Statement
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Significance of a Purpose (or Study Aim) Statement
    • A Qualitative Purpose Statement
      • ► Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study
      • ► Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Case Study
      • ► Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in a Narrative Study
      • ► Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study
    • A Quantitative Purpose Statement
      • ► Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Survey Study
      • ► Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study
      • ► Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study
    • A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
      • ► Example 6.8 A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
      • ► Example 6.9 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
      • ► Example 6.10 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 7 Research Questions and Hypotheses
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses
      • ► Example 7.1 Script for a Descriptive Quantitative Research Question
      • ► Example 7.2 Script for a Relationship-Oriented Quantitative Research Question and Directional Hypothesis
      • ► Example 7.3 Example of Quantitative Directional Hypotheses
    • Qualitative Research Questions
      • ► Example 7.4 A Qualitative Central Question in an Ethnography
      • ► Example 7.5 Qualitative Central Questions in a Case Study
      • ► Example 7.6 Qualitative Sub-Questions
    • Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses
      • ► Example 7.7 Statement of Objectives in a Mixed Methods Study
      • ► Example 7.8 Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Putting Quantitative Research in Context
    • Quantitative Designs
    • Components of a Survey Study Method Plan
    • The Survey Design
      • The Purpose
      • Rationale for Using the Survey Method
      • Type of Survey Method
      • Specify the Form of Data Collection
      • The Population and Sample
        • The Population
        • Sampling Design
        • Type of Sampling
        • Population Stratification
        • Sample Size Determination
        • Power Analysis
      • Instrumentation
        • The Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data
        • Instruments and Measures
        • Validity of Scores Using the Instrument
        • Reliability of Scores on the Instrument
        • Inter-Rater Reliability
        • Sample Items
        • Content of an Instrument
        • Pilot Testing
        • Administering the Survey
      • Variables in the Study
      • Data Analysis
      • Preregistering the Study Plan
      • Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section
        • Reporting Results
        • Statistical Tests in Survey Research
        • Practical Evidence
        • Context of Previous Studies
      • Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
      • Participants
        • Recruiting Participants
        • Random Assignment
        • Power Analysis for Sample Size
        • Formal Design Statement
      • Variables
        • Independent Variables
        • Manipulation Check
        • Dependent Variables
        • Other Variables
      • Instrumentation and Materials
        • Materials
        • Cover Story
      • Experimental Procedures
        • Type of Experiment
      • ► Example 8.1 Pre-Experimental Designs
      • ► Example 8.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs
      • ► Example 8.3 True Experimental Designs
      • ► Example 8.4 Single-Subject Designs
      • Threats to Validity
        • Internal Validity
        • External Validity
      • The Procedure
      • Data Analysis
        • Reporting the Descriptive Statistics
        • Preliminary Analysis
        • Inferential Statistical Tests
        • Factorial Designs
        • Single-Subject Designs
      • Preregistering the Study Plan
      • Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section
      • ► Example 8.5 An Experimental Method Plan
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 9 Qualitative Methods
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Putting Qualitative Research Into Context
      • Participants’ Meanings
      • Natural Setting
      • Researcher as Key Instrument
      • Multiple Sources of Data
      • Inductive and Deductive Data Analysis
      • Emergent Design
      • Reflexivity
      • Researcher’s Role
      • A Complex Account
    • The Approach or Design
      • Descriptive Methods
      • Analytic Frameworks
    • Data Collection Procedures
      • Sampling and Recruitment
      • Permissions
      • Data Collection Types
      • Ethical Issues
      • Data Recording Procedures
        • Observation Protocol or Guide
        • Interview Protocol
    • Data Analysis Procedures
      • Simultaneous Procedures
      • Winnowing the Data
      • Using Qualitative Computer Software Programs
      • Steps in the Analytic Process
        • Step 1. Organizing and Preparing the Data for Analysis
        • Step 2. Reading Through All the Data
        • Step 3. Coding the Data
        • Step 4. Identifying Themes
        • Step 5. Developing a Story Line Interpretation
        • Step 6. Further Analyzing the Data Using an Analytic Framework
        • Step 7. Representing and Interpreting the Data
      • Coding the Data
        • Expected Codes
        • Surprising Codes
        • Codes of Unusual or Conceptual Interest
        • Predetermined Codes
        • Visual Images as Codes
    • Interpretation
    • Validity and Reliability
      • Defining Qualitative Validity
      • Validity Strategies
      • Reliability Strategies
      • Intercoder Agreement
      • Qualitative Generalization
    • Writing the Qualitative Report
      • Writing Strategies
    • A Sample Qualitative Method Section
      • The Qualitative Research Paradigm
      • The Ethnographic Research Design
      • The Researcher’s Role
      • Bounding the Study
        • Setting
        • Actors
        • Events
        • Processes
      • Ethical Considerations
      • Data Collection Strategies
      • Data Analysis Procedures
      • Verification
    • Reporting the Findings
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
  • Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures
    • Learning Objectives
    • Introduction
    • Putting Mixed Methods Research in Perspective
    • Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research
    • Justification for Using Mixed Methods Research
    • Definitions of Mixed Methods Terms
    • Open- and Closed-Ended Data
    • Research Design
    • Integration
    • Joint Display
      • Metainferences
    • The Process of Conducting a Mixed Methods Study
    • Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection
      • Core Mixed Methods Designs
        • The Convergent Mixed Methods Design
        • Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
        • Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
      • Complex Mixed Methods Designs
        • Types of Complex Designs
        • Development of Complex Designs
        • Examples of Complex Designs
        • Incorporating Core Designs Into Complex Designs
      • Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
        • Choice Based on Intent and Procedures
      • Other Reasons for Choosing a Design
        • Popular Designs in a Field or Discipline
        • The Single Researcher Versus a Team
        • Choice of Design by Advisers or Mentors
        • Secondary Reasons for a Choice
    • Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures
      • ► Example 10.1 A Convergent Mixed Methods Design
      • ► Example 10.2 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
      • ► Example 10.3 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
      • ► Example 10.4 Social Justice Design
    • Summary
    • Key Terms
    • Writing Exercises
    • Additional Readings
• Glossary
• References
• Author Index
• Subject Index

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