Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Reviewers
• 1 Radiation Protection Overview
  • Introduction
  • A Rationale for Radiation Protection
    • Data Sources on Biological Effects
    • Dose-response Models
    • Biological Effects
  • The Philosophy of Radiation Protection
    • The ICRP Framework
    • Radiation Dose Limits
  • Radiation Protection Concepts
    • Historical Perspectives
    • The Four Quartets of Radiation Protection
    • X-Ray Dosimetry
    • Dose-Image Quality Optimization
    • Diagnostic Reference Levels
  • Radiation Protection Organizations and Reports
    • Organizations
    • Reports and Publications
  • Radiation Protection and the Technologist
    • Responsibilities: Four Major Components
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 2 Basic Physics for Radiation Protection: An Overview
  • Introduction
  • Atomic Structure
    • The Element
    • The Atom
    • The Nucleus of an Atom
    • Electrons
  • Types of Radiation
    • Particulate Radiations
    • Electromagnetic Radiation
    • X-Rays and Gamma Rays
    • Ionizing Radiation
  • X-Ray and Gamma Radiation Interactions
    • X-Ray Interactions I: Elastic (or Coherent or Rayleigh) Scattering
    • X-Ray Interactions II: Photoelectric Absorption
    • X-Ray Interactions III: Compton Scattering
    • X-Ray Interactions IV: Pair Production
  • Descriptive Terms or Concepts Associated with Radiation
    • Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
    • Linear Attenuation Coefficient
    • Mass Attenuation Coefficient
    • Inverse Square Law
  • Discussion Questions
  • Reference
• 3 Radiation Exposure and Dose Units
  • Introduction
  • Radiation: A Natural History
  • Sources of Radiation Exposure
    • Natural Background Sources
    • Man-Made (Non-Medical) Radiation Sources
    • Sources of Exposure in Medicine
    • Diagnostic Exposures
    • Nuclear Medicine
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Footnote to Medical Radiation Doses
  • Basic Dosimetric Quantities and Units
    • Units of Exposure
    • Quantities of Radiation Dose
    • Absorbed Dose
    • Equivalent Dose
    • Effective Dose
    • Collective Effective Dose
    • Kinetic Energy Released Per Unit Mass (Kerma)
  • Patient Doses in Diagnostic Imaging
  • Staff Doses in Diagnostic Imaging
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 4 The Radiobiology of Low-Dose Radiation
  • Introduction
  • Stochastic Effects
    • Background
    • Basic Principles and Debate Over Risks with Low-Dose Exposures
    • Linear No-Threshold (LNT) Model
    • Do Diagnostic X-Ray Exposures Present Any Risk to Humans?
    • Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Change Responsible for Stochastic Risks
    • DNA and Cell Repair Mechanisms Following Irradiation
    • How Long Does it Take for Damaged DNA to Manifest Itself in Man?
  • Deterministic Effects
  • Factors Influencing Stochastic Risk or Deterministic Effects at Low-Dose Exposures
    • Radiosensitivity of the Cell
    • Kinetics
    • Presence of Oxygen
    • Dose Rate
    • Radioprotectants and Radiosensitizers
  • Changes in Non-Irradiated Cells
    • Genomic Instability
    • Bystander Effect
  • Epigenetics
  • Effects of Radiation on Children, Embryos, and Fetuses
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 5 Radiation Protection Practice
  • Introduction
  • Dose Risks in Diagnostic Imaging
    • Justification
  • Optimization
    • Optimization Initiatives
    • Optimization and Cost
    • Optimization: Image Quality Versus Diagnostic Efficacy
  • Radiation Dose Limits
  • Radiation Detection and Measurement
    • Thermoluminescent Dosimetry
    • Dose-Area Product Meters (DAPs)
    • Solid-State Meters
    • Radiochromic Film
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 6 Radiation Protection Organizations
  • Introduction
  • International Organizations
    • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
    • International Commission on Radiation Unit and Measurement (ICRU)
    • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
    • Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)
    • Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Committee (BEIR)
  • National Organizations
    • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)
    • Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)
    • Radiation Protection Bureau-Health Canada (RPB-HC)
    • National Radiological Protection Board-United Kingdom (NRPB-UK)
  • Definition of Terms Used in Reports
    • ICRP’s Definitions
    • NCRP’s Definitions
    • RPB-HC’s Definitions
  • Radiation Protection Recommendations–Common Elements
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 7 Factors Affecting Dose in Radiographic Imaging
  • Introduction
  • System Components Affecting Dose: an Overview
    • Radiographic Systems: Exposure Components
  • Clinical Factors
    • Responsibility of Referring Physicians
    • Role of the Technologist
    • Role of the Radiologist
    • Responsibility of the Patient
    • Responsibilities and Radiation Protection
  • Technical Factors in Radiography
    • Exposure Technique Factors
    • Automatic Exposure Control
    • X-Ray Generator Waveform
    • Filtration
    • Collimation and Field Size
    • Beam Alignment
    • Source-to-Image Receptor Distance/Source-to-Skin Distance
    • Patient Thickness and Density
    • Anti-Scatter Grids
    • Sensitivity of the Image Receptor
    • Film Processing
    • Repeat Radiographic Examinations
    • Repeat Rates in Digital Radiography
    • Shielding Radio-Sensitive Organs
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 8 Factors Affecting Dose in Fluoroscopy
  • Introduction
  • Radiation Effects From Fluoroscopic X-Ray Exposure
  • Fluoroscopy Systems: Types and Major Components
    • Image Intensifier-Based Fluoroscopic System
    • The Flat-Panel Digital Detector-Based Fluoroscopy System
  • Major Dose Factors in Fixed Fluoroscopic Imaging Systems
    • Fluoroscopic Exposure Factors
    • Fluoroscopic Instrumentation Factors
  • Major Factors in Mobile Fluoroscopy Systems
  • C-Arm Computed Tomography Fluoroscopy
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 9 Dose in Digital Radiography
  • Introduction
  • Film-Screen Technology
  • The Digital Imaging Era: A New Paradigm
    • Exposure Creep
    • Highlighting Inappropriate Exposures
  • Principles of Exposure Indices
    • Scientific Criteria for Proposed Exposure Indices
    • Practical Criteria for Proposed Exposure Indices
  • How are Exposure Indices Established?
    • What are the Options?
    • Exposure Indices Represent the Exposure
    • Previous Manufacturer Solutions
    • Aapm Tg 116 Solution
  • Deviation Index
    • Why an Exposure Index?
    • Deviation Index Action Levels
    • IEC Publication
    • What Can Be Gained From Audits of Exposure Index?
    • Other Factors to Consider with the Exposure Index
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 10 Radiation Dose in Computed Tomography
  • Introduction
  • Early Pioneering Work: Nobel Prize for CT Development
  • The CT Process: Basic Principles and Major Components
    • Data Flow in a CT Scanner
    • Multislice CT Technology: The Pitch
    • CT Image Quality Characteristics: An Overview
  • Risks of CT: A Rationale for Dose Reduction and Optimization
  • CT Dose Descriptors
    • The CTDI
    • The Dose Length Product
  • Factors Affecting Dose in CT
    • Exposure Technique Factors: mAs and kVp
    • Collimation
    • Pitch
    • Patient Centering
    • Automatic Tube Current Modulation
    • Iterative Image Reconstruction
  • Dose-Image Quality Optimization Research in CT
    • An Example of CT Dose Optimization Study
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 11 Image Quality Assessment Tools for Dose Optimization in Digital Radiography
  • Introduction
  • Radiation Dose Quantities
  • Image Quality in Digital Radiography
    • What is Image Quality?
    • Assessment of Image Quality
  • Visual Grading of Normal Anatomy
    • Visual Grading Analysis
  • Dose Optimization Research
    • Example of a Dose Optimization Study in Computed Radiography
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 12 Diagnostic Reference Levels
  • Introduction
  • Patient Dose Variations
    • Historical Perspective
    • Patient Dose Variations Today
  • What are Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)?
    • DRLs: An Overview
    • DRLs: A Definition
    • What are Diagnostic Reference Levels Not?
    • Why is It Important to Implement DRLs?
    • Have DRLs Reduced Doses?
  • Establishment of Diagnostic Reference Values
    • The Survey to Establish Current Dose Levels
    • Calculation of DRL Values
    • Pediatric DRL Values
    • Diagnostic Reference Levels: A Global Activity
    • Practical Considerations When Gathering The Data
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 13 Optimization of Radiation Protection: Regulatory and Guidance Recommendations
  • Introduction
  • Radiation Protection Reports
  • Optimization of Radiation Protection
    • Education and Training
    • Equipment Specifications
    • Personnel Practices
    • Shielding
  • Equipment Design and Performance Recommendations
    • Radiographic Equipment: General Recommendations
    • Radiographic Equipment: Specific Recommendations
    • Fluoroscopic Equipment
    • Mobile Radiographic Equipment
  • Recommendations for Personnel Practices
    • Protection of Personnel
    • Protection of Patients
    • Recommendations for Radiography in Pregnancy
  • Recommendations for Quality Assurance
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 14 Protective Shielding in Diagnostic Radiology
  • Introduction
  • X-Ray Tube Shielding
  • X-Ray Room Shielding
    • Radioprotective Materials
    • General Principles
    • Primary and Secondary Barriers
    • How is the Amount of Shielding Calculated?
    • The Formulae
    • The Planning Process
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• 15 Radiation Protection Through Quality Control
  • Introduction
  • Definitions of QA and QC
    • Quality Assurance (QA)
    • Quality Control (QC)
  • Dose Optimization
    • Levels of Optimization
    • QC Concepts Leading to Dose Optimization
  • The Tolerance Limit in QC Testing
    • Exceeding the Tolerance Limit
  • Dose Reduction/Optimization as a Consequence of QC
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
• Appendix A: ARRT Exam Specifications Content Map
• Appendix B: ASRT Objectives Content Map
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu