Pearson Baccalaureate History: Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars
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Pearson Baccalaureate History: Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars 2nd EditionAnnað
- Höfundar: Jo Thomas, Keely Rogers
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 20-07-2020
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781292371665
- Print ISBN: 9781447984153
- ISBN 10: 1292371668
Efnisyfirlit
- Contents
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: Overview: Causes and effects of 20th-century wars
- Why is the study of war important?
- What terms do we use to describe different types of war?
- Interstate war
- A war of total mobilization
- A war of limited mobilization
- Civil wars
- Guerrilla warfare
- Key terms
- The Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
- What were the key characteristics of the Great European Powers, c.1900?
- Germany
- France
- Britain
- Austria-Hungary
- Russia
- Turkey
- Long-term causes of World War One
- Bismarck’s web of alliances
- The New Course and Weltpolitik
- Imperialism
- The emergence of the alliance system
- The naval race
- The situation in the Balkans
- Short-term causes: the crisis years (1905–1913)
- The Moroccan Crisis (1905)
- The Bosnian Crisis (1908)
- The Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis (1911)
- The First Balkan War (1912)
- The Second Balkan War (1913)
- The international situation by 1913
- Other developments 1900–1913
- The will to make war
- The arms race and militarism
- War plans
- The impact of the July Crisis (1914)
- During the July Crisis, what was the contribution of each of the European powers to the outbreak of
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Russia
- France
- Britain
- Historiography: Causes of World War One
- Fritz Fischer
- After Fischer
- John Keegan
- James Joll
- Niall Ferguson
- Overview of the war: the Western Front
- The failure of the Schlieffen Plan
- 1915: stalemate
- 1916: Verdun and the Somme
- The Battle of the Somme
- 1917: the USA joins the war
- 1918: victory for the Allies
- The Armistice
- The Eastern Front 1914
- 1915
- 1916–1917
- The Balkan Front
- The Italian Front
- Turkey and the Middle Eastern Fronts
- War in the colonial territories
- How was World War One fought?
- War on land – the Western Front
- Why did trench warfare lead to a stalemate?
- How did new technologies impact the fighting on the Western Front?
- Machine guns and grenades
- Heavy artillery
- Chemical warfare
- Tanks
- What impact did the technological advances of World War One have on the outcome of the fighting?
- War at sea
- What was the importance of naval warfare in World War One?
- Mines and submarines
- Why was Britain able to survive the U-boat blockade?
- The Battle of Jutland
- War in the air
- Airships, bombs, and civilian targets
- Aircraft: reconnaissance, dog-fights, and ground attack
- World War One controversy
- What were the reasons for Germany’s defeat in World War One?
- Germany’s weaknesses/failures
- Allied strengths/successes
- World War One as a war of total mobilization
- The aims of the belligerents
- The use of weaponry
- The role of civilians
- The growth of government power
- Controlling human resources
- Controlling production
- Controlling morale
- Controlling the economy
- The impact of the war on Europe – the situation in 1919
- The human cost of the war
- Economic consequences
- Political consequences
- Impact of the war outside of Europe – thes ituation in 1919
- America
- Japan and China
- Problems facing the peacemakers in 1919
- The aims of the peacemakers
- The Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population
- The popular mood in Britain, France, Italy, and the USA
- The terms of the Treaty of Versailles
- War guilt
- Disarmament
- Territorial changes
- Mandates
- Reparations
- Punishment of war criminals
- What was the contemporary response to the Treaty of Versailles?
- Criticisms of the Treaty of Versailles
- Alternative views of the Treaty of Versailles
- The settlement of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
- The Treaty of St Germain (1919)
- The Treaty of Trianon (1920)
- The Treaty of Neuilly (1919)
- The Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
- The Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
- What were the criticisms of the peace settlements in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe?
- What was the impact of the war and the peace treaties by the early 1920s?
- Political issues
- Economic issues
- Social changes
- How were women affected by the war?
- The failure of ‘collective security’
- Collective security and the League of Nations
- The Covenant of the League of Nations
- Dealing with international disputes
- Problems for the League of Nations in the 1920s
- Changing membership of the League
- Absence of major powers
- Absence of the USSR
- Absence of Germany
- Weakness of Central European states
- How successful was the League of Nations in the 1920s?
- Peacekeeping 1920–1925
- Attempts to strengthen the League
- The Ruhr Crisis (1923)
- The Rapallo Treaty
- The Locarno Era
- The Locarno Conference and the ‘Locarno spirit’ (1925)
- The Young Plan (1929)
- The Kellogg–Briand Pact (August 1928)
- Why did collective security fail in the 1930s?
- The Depression
- The Manchurian dispute
- Why did the League fail to resolve the Manchurian Crisis?
- What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the League of Nations?
- What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the growth of Japanese militarism?
- The Abyssinian Crisis (1935)
- What were the effects of the Abyssinian Crisis on the League of Nations?
- The failure of disarmament
- The Washington Conference (1921–1922)
- The London Naval Conference (1930)
- The London Naval Treaty (1936)
- The Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–1934)
- Why did the League fail to achieve disarmament?
- Hitler’s foreign policy aims 1919–1933
- Hitler’s rise to power
- Hitler and the short-term causes of World War Two (1933–1938)
- Revising the Treaty of Versailles
- The European response
- German remilitarization of the Rhineland
- Hitler’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War
- Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact
- The Hossbach Memorandum
- Anschluss
- Hitler, Poland, and the Nazi–Soviet Pact
- The invasion of Poland
- Appeasement as a cause of World War Two
- Can appeasement as a policy in the 1930s be justifi ed?
- Chamberlain and appeasement
- Reviewing the causes of war
- Britain
- France
- USSR
- Italy
- Japan’s responsibility for war in the Pacific: the historical debate
- Japan and the long-term causes of World War Two in the Pacific
- Background: Japanese relations with the West
- Japan and World War One
- Japan and Versailles: a ‘mutilated victory’
- The liberal 1920s: a peaceful Japan?
- Japan and the short-term causes of the Pacific War: ‘the dark valley’
- Sino-Japanese War: no retreat
- What was the impact of Japan’s relationship with Germany?
- What was the impact of Japan’s relationship with the USSR?
- To what extent was the USA responsible for the war in the Pacific?
- War in the Pacific: historiography
- The role of the emperor in Japan’s road to war
- The war in Europe
- Blitzkrieg – the invasion of Poland (September 1939)
- The Phoney War
- The invasion of Denmark and Norway (April 1940)
- The invasion of Holland, Belgium, and France (May–June 1940)
- The Battle of Britain (1940)
- The Mediterranean and the Balkans (1940–1941)
- Operation Barbarossa (22 June 1941)
- Why were the Soviets able to defeat the German army?
- The defeat of Nazi Germany
- El Alamein (1942)
- The fall of Italy (1943–1945)
- Operation Overlord (June 1944)
- Why did the Allies defeat Hitler?
- The weakness of the Axis powers
- The strengths of the Allies
- War in the East: an overview
- The Battle of Midway (June 1942)
- Japanese retreat
- The atomic bomb, and the Japanese surrender
- Why were the Allies successful in defeating the Japanese?
- How was World War Two fought?
- The war on land
- The successes and failures of blitzkrieg
- The war at sea
- The war in the air
- To what extent did World War Two see the total mobilization of resources?
- The aims of the belligerents
- The use of weaponry
- The impact of war on civilians
- Deportation and genocide
- Mobilization of human resources
- Resistance movements
- Economic mobilization and the growth of government power
- Britain
- Germany
- The Soviet Union
- The USA
- Japan
- Propaganda
- The impact of the war in Europe
- Human cost
- Economic cost
- Political consequences
- The effects of the war on international relations
- The USA and USSR emerge as superpowers
- The impact of the superpowers
- Western Europe
- What was the impact of the war on the position of women?
- Eastern Europe
- Conclusions on the effect of the war in Europe
- The impact of World War Two in Asia
- Japan
- China
- Decolonization: the decline of European influence in Asia
- Other effects of the war
- The establishment of war tribunals
- The United Nations
- Comparative study of cross-regional wars
- Change and continuity
- Compare and contrast the causes of two 20th-century wars
- Practices of 20th-century war and their impact on the outcome
- Comparing the effects of World War One and World War Two
- Peace treaties of World War One and World War Two
- What was the social impact of the First World War and the Second World War?
- Long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War: political instability (1820–1931)
- Weakness of government
- The role of the Spanish army
- The role of the church
- Economic causes
- The role of the regions
- Political opposition
- The fall of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic
- Short-term causes of the Spanish Civil War: political polarization
- The Left Republic (April 1931–November 1933)
- The Right Republic (November 1933–February 1936)
- The Popular Front (February–July 1936)
- The course of the Spanish Civil War
- Why did the Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War?
- Nationalist strengths
- Republican weaknesses
- Overview: foreign intervention
- Britain
- France
- The United States
- The USSR
- Germany
- Italy
- Portugal
- The nature of the Spanish Civil War
- Effects of the civil war on Spain
- Human cost
- Impact on the role of women
- Economic cost
- Political effects
- The international effects of the Spanish Civil War
- USSR and Communism
- Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy
- Britain and France
- The USA
- Was the Spanish Civil War a cause of World War Two?
- Long-term causes of the Chinese Civil War
- Socio-economic factors
- Political weakness and the influence of foreign powers
- The overthrow of the Manchu dynasty
- The rule of Yuan Shikai
- Short-term causes of the Chinese Civil War
- Political weakness: regionalism – the warlords 1916–1928
- The May Fourth Movement
- Communists and Nationalists
- Attempt to unify China: the First United Front
- End of the First United Front: the GMD attacks the CCP
- The course of the war
- The Jiangxi Soviet
- Division within the CCP
- The GMD attempts to exterminate the CCP
- The Long March
- Key events of the Long March
- Mao and revolutionary warfare
- End of the first stage of the Chinese Civil War – the Second United Front, 1937
- Why was the CCP able to survive the first stage of the Chinese Civil War?
- The Sino-Japanese War
- The impact of the war on the GMD
- The impact of the war on the CCP
- Second phase of the Civil War, 1946–1949
- Failure of the USA
- Initial victories for the GMD (1945–1947
- The CCP on the offensive (1947–1948)
- Collapse of GMD resistance
- What were the reasons for the Communist success?
- Strengths of the CCP
- Jiang Jieshi’s errors
- What was the role of foreign support in the final outcome?
- The USA
- The USSR
- Results of the Chinese Civil War
- For China
- For Asia
- For the USSR
- China’s relations with the USA and the West
- Comparative study of civil wars
- Comparative study of the causes of two 20th-century civil wars
- Compare and contrast the practices of two civil wars
- Long-term causes of the Algerian War
- Tensions in Algeria before World War Two
- The impact of World War Two on French rule in Algeria
- Short-term causes of the Algerian war
- The ‘era of broken promises’
- The outbreak of war
- The nature of the fighting in the Algerian War
- The international dimension of guerrilla tactics
- The Battle of Algiers
- What was the role of de Gaulle in the crisis?
- Barricades Week and the Generals’ Insurrection
- The formation of the OAS
- The peace talks
- What were the results of the Algerian Civil War?
- For Algeria
- For the colons
- For the harkis
- For France
- Comparative study of guerrilla wars
- The reasons for the choice of guerrilla tactics
- Which elements of guerrilla warfare were used by each side?
- What was the impact of these tactics on the final outcome of the war?
- Long-term causes of the Falklands War
- Legacy of colonialism and territorial claims
- Short-term causes of the Falklands War
- Economic issues
- Political issues
- Communication
- Military causes
- The role of the navies
- The invasion
- Failure of diplomacy
- The crisis intensifies
- Brinkmanship
- Why did the search for peace fail?
- Practices of the war and their impact on the outcome
- War in the air
- War at sea
- War on the land
- The extent of mobilization: war on the home front
- The role of the UN
- The role of the USA
- Why did Britain win the Falklands/Malvinas war?
- British advantages
- Argentine disadvantages
- Results of the Falklands War
- Results for Argentina
- Results for Britain
- Results for the USSR
- Results for the USA
- Results for the Falkland islanders
- Results for the United Nations
- Long-term causes of the Gulf War
- The war between Iraq and Iran
- The relationship between Iraq and the West
- The decline of Soviet infl uence
- Short-term causes of the Gulf War
- Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
- International reaction to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
- The countdown to war
- Why was a peaceful settlement not possible?
- Why did Saddam not respond to the military threat that faced him?
- The outbreak of war
- Overview of the war
- The nature of the fighting
- The war in the air
- The impact of the bombing
- The land war
- The sea war
- Reasons for Allied success
- Results of the Gulf War
- Casualties
- Economic effects
- Environmental damage
- Political effects
- Comparative study of limited wars
- Causes of war
- Practices of war and their impact on the outcome
- Introduction
- Ways of knowing
- Areas of knowledge
- Historical development
- Personal and shared knowledge
- Conclusion
- Books
- Websites
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