Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Syllabus roadmap
• Authors’ introduction to the third edition
• Theme A
  • A Unity and diversity – Molecules
    • A1.1: Water
      • A1.1.1 – The medium of life
      • A1.1.2 – The structure and polarity of water molecules
      • A1.1.3 – Cohesion of water molecules
      • A1.1.4 – Adhesion between water and other polar substances
      • A1.1.5 – The solvent properties of water
      • A1.1.6 – The physical properties of water
      • A1.1.7 – The origin of water on Earth
      • A1.1.8 – The search for extraterrestrial life
    • A1.2 Nucleic acids
      • A1.2.1 – DNA is the universal genetic material
      • A1.2.2 – The structure of nucleotides
      • A1.2.3 – Sugar to phosphate “backbone” of DNA and RNA
      • A1.2.4 – Nitrogenous bases within nucleic acids
      • A1.2.5 – The structure of RNA
      • A1.2.6 – The structure of DNA
      • A1.2.7 – Distinguishing between DNA and RNA
      • A1.2.8 – The importance of complementary base pairing
      • A1.2.9 – Storage of genetic information
      • A1.2.10 – Genetic uniqueness
      • A1.2.11 – Directionality of RNA and DNA strands
      • A1.2.12 – Purine-to-pyrimidine bonding
      • A1.2.13 – Efficient packaging of DNA molecules
      • A1.2.14 – The Hershey–Chase experiment
      • A1.2.15 – Chargaff’s rule
  • A Unity and diversity – Cells
    • A2.1: Origins of cells
      • A2.1.1 – The formation of carbon compounds
      • A2.1.2 – Functions of life
      • A2.1.3 – Evolution of the cell
      • A2.1.4 – Inorganic to carbon compounds
      • A2.1.5 – The formation of vesicles
      • A2.1.6 – RNA as the first genetic material
      • A2.1.7 – Evidence for a last universal common ancestor
      • A2.1.8 – Dating the first living cells and LUCA
      • A2.1.9 – Hydrothermal vents and the evolution of the LUCA
    • A2.2: Cell structure
      • A2.2.1 – Cells and the functions of life
      • A2.2.2 – Cells and the microscope
      • A2.2.3 – Advanced microscopy
      • A2.2.4 – Structures common to all cells
      • A2.2.5 – The prokaryote cell
      • A2.2.6 – The eukaryote cell
      • A2.2.7 – Unicellular organisms
      • A2.2.8 – Different types of eukaryotic cells
      • A2.2.9 – Atypical eukaryotes
      • A2.2.10 and A2.2.11 – Electron micrograph skills
      • A2.2.12 – The origin of eukaryotic cells
      • A2.2.13 and A2.2.14 – Cell specialization and multicellularity
    • A2.3: Viruses
      • A2.3.1 – Characteristics of viruses
      • A2.3.2 – Structural diversity in viruses
      • A2.3.3 and A2.3.4 – The life cycle of viruses
      • A2.3.5 – The origin of viruses
      • A2.3.6 – Rapidly evolving viruses
  • A Unity and diversity – Organisms
    • A3.1: Diversity of organisms
      • A3.1.1 – Variation between organisms
      • A3.1.2 – Species as groups of organisms
      • A3.1.3 – The binomial naming system
      • A3.1.4 – Biological species
      • A3.1.5 – Distinguishing between populations and species
      • A3.1.6 – Diversity in chromosome numbers
      • A3.1.7 – Karyotypes
      • A3.1.8 – Unity and diversity of genomes
      • A3.1.9 – Eukaryote genomes
      • A3.1.10 – Genome sizes
      • A3.1.11 – Whole genome sequencing
      • A3.1.12 – Difficulties with the biological species concept
      • A3.1.13 – Chromosome number as a shared trait
      • A3.1.14 – Dichotomous keys
      • A3.1.15 – DNA barcoding
    • A3.2: Classification and cladistics
      • A3.2.1 – The classification of organisms
      • A3.2.2 – Difficulties in classifying organisms
      • A3.2.3 – Classification using evolutionary relationships
      • A3.2.4 – Clades display common ancestries and shared characteristics
      • A3.2.5 – The evolutionary clock
      • A3.2.6 – Constructing cladograms
      • A3.2.7 – Using cladograms
      • A3.2.8 – Cladistics and reclassification
      • A3.2.9 – Three domains of life, not two
  • A Unity and diversity – Ecosystems
    • A4.1: Evolution and speciation
      • A4.1.1 – Evolution
      • A4.1.2 – Biochemical evidence for evolution
      • A4.1.3 – Selective breeding
      • A4.1.4 – Homologous and analogous structures
      • A4.1.5 – Convergent evolution
      • A4.1.6 – Speciation
      • A4.1.7 – Reproductive isolation and differential selection
      • A4.1.8 – Allopatric and sympatric speciation
      • A4.1.9 – Adaptive radiation
      • A4.1.10 – Barriers to hybridization, and hybrid sterility
      • A4.1.11 – Abrupt speciation in plants
    • A4.2: Conservation of biodiversity
      • A4.2.1 – Biodiversity exists in many forms
      • A4.2.2 – Has biodiversity changed over time?
      • A4.2.3 – Human activities and the rate of species extinction
      • A4.2.4 – Human activities and ecosystem loss
      • A4.2.5 – A biodiversity crisis
      • A4.2.6 – Causes of the biodiversity crisis
      • A4.2.7 – Conservation of biodiversity
      • A4.2.8 – The EDGE of Existence programme
• Theme B
  • B Form and function – Molecules
    • B1.1: Carbohydrates and lipids
      • B1.1.1 – The variety of compounds containing carbon
      • B1.1.2 and B1.1.3 – Condensation and hydrolysis
      • B1.1.4 – Monosaccharides
      • B1.1.5 – Polysaccharides and energy storage
      • B1.1.6 – Cellulose as a structural polysaccharide
      • B1.1.7 – Conjugated carbon molecules
      • B1.1.8 – Lipid solubility
      • B1.1.9 – Triglycerides and phospholipids
      • B1.1.10 – Properties of fatty acids
      • B1.1.11 – Adipose tissue
      • B1.1.12 – Phospholipid bilayers
      • B1.1.13 – Steroid hormones
    • B1.2: Proteins
      • B1.2.1 – The common structure of amino acids
      • B1.2.2 – Condensation reactions bond amino acids together
      • B1.2.3 – Essential amino acids
      • B1.2.4 – The vast variety of polypeptides
      • B1.2.5 – The effect of pH and temperature
      • B1.2.6 – R-groups provide diversity
      • B1.2.7 – Primary structure of a protein
      • B1.2.8 – Secondary structure of a protein
      • B1.2.9 – Tertiary structure of a protein
      • B1.2.10 – Polar and non-polar amino acids
      • B1.2.11 – Quaternary structure of proteins
      • B1.2.12 – Protein shape and its function
  • B Form and function – Cells
    • B2.1: Membranes and membrane transport
      • B2.1.1 and B2.1.2 – Membrane structure
      • B2.1.3 – Diffusion across cellular membranes
      • B2.1.4 – Membrane proteins
      • B2.1.5 and B2.1.6 – Membrane transport
      • B2.1.7 – Active transport and pump proteins
      • B2.1.8 – Membrane permeability
      • B2.1.9 – Glycoproteins and glycolipids
      • B2.1.10 – The fluid mosaic model
      • B2.1.11 – Fatty acids and membrane fluidity
      • B2.1.12 – Cholesterol and membrane fluidity
      • B2.1.13 – Bulk transport and membrane fluidity
      • B2.1.14 – Gated ion channels and cellular transport
      • B2.1.15 – The sodium−potassium pump
      • B2.1.16 – Indirect active transport
      • B2.1.17 – Cell adhesion
    • B2.2: Organelles and compartmentalization
      • B2.2.1 – Cell compartmentalization
      • B2.2.2 – The nucleus and cytoplasm
      • B2.2.3 – Compartmentalization of the cytoplasm
      • B2.2.4 – The mitochondrion
      • B2.2.5 – The chloroplast
      • B2.2.6 – The double membrane of the nucleus
      • B2.2.7 – The ribosome
      • B2.2.8 – The Golgi apparatus
      • B2.2.9 – Cellular vesicles
    • B2.3: Cell specialization
      • B2.3.1 – Cell reproduction and organism development
      • B2.3.2 – Stem cells
      • B2.3.3 – Stem cell niches
      • B2.3.4 – Types of stem cell
      • B2.3.5 – Cell size and specialization
      • B2.3.6 – Constraints on cell size
      • B2.3.7 – Surface area-to-volume adaptations
      • B2.3.8 – Lung alveoli
      • B2.3.9 – Muscle fibres
      • B2.3.10 – Sperm and egg cells
  • B Form and function – Organisms
    • B3.1: Gas exchange
      • B3.1.1 – The exchange of gases between organisms and their environment
      • B3.1.2 – Gas exchange surfaces
      • B3.1.3 – Concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals
      • B3.1.4 – Gas exchange in mammalian lungs
      • B3.1.5 – Lung ventilation
      • B3.1.6 – Lung volume
      • B3.1.7 – Gas exchange in leaves
      • B3.1.8 – Leaf tissue distribution
      • B3.1.9 – Transpiration
      • B3.1.10 – Stomata
      • B3.1.11 – Haemoglobin and oxygen transport
      • B.3.1.12 – The Bohr shift
      • B3.1.13 – Oxygen dissociation curves
    • B3.2: Transport
      • B3.2.1 – Capillaries and chemical exchange
      • B3.2.2 – Arteries and veins
      • B3.2.3 – Adaptations of arteries
      • B3.2.4 – Measuring the pulse rate
      • B3.2.5 – Adaptations of veins
      • B3.2.6 – Occlusion of coronary arteries
      • B3.2.7 – Water transport from roots to leaves
      • B3.2.8 – Adaptations of xylem vessels
      • B3.2.9 – Tissues in a dicotyledonous stem
      • B3.2.10 – Tissues in a dicotyledonous root
      • B3.2.11 – Capillaries and tissue fluid
      • B3.2.12 – Exchange between cells and tissue fluid
      • B3.2.13 – Lymph ducts
      • B3.2.14 – Single and double circulation
      • B3.2.15 – The mammalian heart
      • B3.2.16 – The cardiac cycle
      • B3.2.17 – Xylem root pressure
      • B3.2.18 – Phloem translocation of sap
    • B3.3: Muscle and motility
      • B3.3.1 – Adaptations for movement
      • B3.3.2 – The sliding filament theory
      • B3.3.3 – Antagonistic muscle pairs and titin
      • B3.3.4 – Motor units
      • B3.3.5 – Skeletons as levers and anchor points
      • B3.3.6 – Synovial joints
      • B3.3.7 – Range of motion
      • B3.3.8 – Antagonistic muscle action
      • B3.3.9 – The need for locomotion
      • B3.3.10 – Swimming adaptations
  • B Form and function – Ecosystems
    • B4.1: Adaptation to environment
      • B4.1.1 – What is a habitat?
      • B4.1.2 – Adaptation to the abiotic environment
      • B4.1.3 – Abiotic variables
      • B4.1.4 – Limiting factors
      • B4.1.5 – Coral reef formation
      • B4.1.6 – Terrestrial biomes
      • B4.1.7 – Biomes, ecosystems and communities
      • B4.1.8 – Hot deserts and tropical rainforests
    • B4.2: Ecological niches
      • B4.2.1 – Species and ecosystems
      • B4.2.2 – Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes
      • B4.2.3 – Photosynthesis
      • B4.2.4 – Holozoic nutrition
      • B4.2.5 – Mixotrophic nutrition
      • B4.2.6 – Saprotrophic nutrition
      • B4.2.7 – Diversity of nutrition in archaea
      • B4.2.8 – The relationship between dentition and diet
      • B4.2.9 – Adaptations of herbivores and plants
      • B4.2.10 – Adaptations of predators and prey
      • B4.2.11 – Harvesting light
      • B4.2.12 – Ecological niches
      • B4.2.13 – Competitive exclusion
• Theme C
  • C Interaction and interdependence – Molecules
    • C1.1: Enzymes and metabolism
      • C1.1.1 – Enzymes as catalysts
      • C1.1.2 – Metabolism
      • C1.1.3 – Anabolism and catabolism
      • C1.1.4 – Globular proteins and active sites
      • C1.1.5 and C1.1.10 – Enzyme activation
      • C1.1.6 – Molecular motion
      • C1.1.7 – Mechanism of enzyme action
      • C1.1.8 – Factors affecting enzyme-catalysed reactions
      • C1.1.9 – Measuring enzyme-catalysed reactions
      • C1.1.11 – Intracellular and extracellular reactions
      • C1.1.12 – Metabolic efficiency
      • C1.1.13 – Metabolic pathways
      • C1.1.14 – Non-competitive inhibition
      • C1.1.15 – Competitive inhibition
      • C1.1.16 – Feedback inhibition
      • C1.1.17 – Mechanism-based inhibition
    • C1.2: Cell respiration
      • C1.2.1 – ATP structure and function
      • C1.2.2 – Life processes within cells require ATP
      • C1.2.3 – ATP and ADP
      • C1.2.4 and C1.2.5 – ATP and cell respiration
      • C1.2.6 – The rate of cell respiration
      • C1.2.7 – The role of NAD in cellular respiration
      • C1.2.8 – Glycolysis, ATP and NAD
      • C1.2.9 – The fate of pyruvate
      • C1.2.10 – Anaerobic cell respiration in yeast
      • C1.2.11 – The link reaction
      • C1.2.12 – Oxidation and decarboxylation in the Krebs cycle
      • C1.2.13 – Reduced NAD
      • C1.2.14 and C1.2.15 – The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
      • C1.2.16 – The role of oxygen
      • C1.2.17 – Respiratory substrates
    • C1.3: Photosynthesis
      • C1.3.1 – Light energy and life processes
      • C1.3.2 and C1.3.3 – The equation for photosynthesis
      • C1.3.4 – Photosynthetic pigments and light absorption
      • C1.3.5 and C1.3.6 – Absorption and action spectra
      • C1.3.7 – Measuring the rate of photosynthesis
      • C1.3.8 – Carbon dioxide levels and future rates of photosynthesis
      • C1.3.9 – Light-dependent reactions and photosystems
      • C1.3.10 – Advantages of the structured array
      • C1.3.11 – Oxygen as a waste product
      • C1.3.12 and C1.3.13 – Photophosphorylation
      • C1.3.14 – The role of thylakoids
      • C1.3.15, C1.3.16 and C1.3.17 – Light independentreactions and the Calvin cycle
      • C1.3.18 – Synthesis of other carbohydrates and amino acids
      • C1.3.19 – Overview of photosynthesis
  • C Interaction and interdependence – Cells
    • C2.1: Chemical signalling
      • C2.1.1 – The requirements for cell signalling
      • C2.1.2 – Quorum sensing in bacteria
      • C2.1.3 – Functional categories of animal signalling chemicals
      • C2.1.4 – The diversity of signalling chemicals
      • C2.1.5 – The range of effects of signalling molecules
      • C2.1.6 and C2.1.7 – Differences between transmembrane and intracellular receptors
      • C2.1.8 – Acetylcholine and changes to membrane potential
      • C2.1.9 and C2.1.10 – G protein-coupled receptors
      • C2.1.11 – Tyrosine kinase activity
      • C2.1.12 – Intracellular receptors and gene expression
      • C2.1.13 – Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on target cells
      • C2.1.14 – Regulation of cell signalling pathways
    • C2.2 – Neural signalling
      • C2.2.1 – The role of neurons
      • C2.2.2 and C2.2.3 – Generation and transmission of an impulse along a neuron
      • C2.2.4 – The speed of nerve impulses
      • C2.2.5 and C2.2.6 – Synapses,neurotransmitters, and their actions
      • C2.2.7 – Acetylcholine and the generation of a postsynaptic potential
      • C2.2.8, C2.2.9 and C2.2.10 – Neuron depolarization and repolarization
      • C2.2.11 – Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons
      • C2.2.12 – The effect of exogenous chemicals
      • C2.2.13 – Neurotransmitters and postsynaptic potentials
      • C2.2.14 – Summation of inhibitory and excitatory effects
      • C2.2.15 – Perception of pain
      • C2.2.16 – Consciousness as an emergent property
  • C Interaction and interdependence – Organisms
    • C3.1: Integration of body systems
      • C3.1.1 – Coordinating systems
      • C3.1.2 – Hierarchy of body subsystems
      • C3.1.3 – Integration of organs in animals
      • C3.1.4 – The brain and information processing
      • C3.1.5 – The spinal cord and unconscious processes
      • C3.1.6 – Sensory neurons and conveying information
      • C3.1.7 – Motor neurons and muscle stimulation
      • C3.1.8 – Nerve fibres
      • C3.1.9 – Pain reflex arcs
      • C3.1.10 – The cerebellum and skeletal muscle coordination
      • C3.1.11 – Melatonin secretion and sleep patterns
      • C3.1.12 – Epinephrine and vigorous activity
      • C3.1.13 – The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and endocrine system
      • C3.1.14 – Feedback control of heart rate
      • C3.1.15 – Feedback control of ventilation rate
      • C3.1.16 – Control of peristalsis in the alimentary canal
      • C3.1.17 and C3.1.18 – Tropic responses
      • C3.1.19 – Plant hormones
      • C3.1.20 – Auxin efflux carriers
      • C3.1.21 – Plant cell elongation
      • C3.1.22 – Integration of root and shoot growth
      • C3.1.23 – Feedback control of fruit ripening
    • C3.2: Defence against disease
      • C3.2.1 – Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens
      • C3.2.2 – Skin and mucous membranes as the first line of defence
      • C3.2.3 – Blood clotting minimizes blood loss and infection
      • C3.2.4 – A two-layered immune system: innate and adaptive
      • C3.2.5 – The role of phagocytes
      • C3.2.6 – The role of lymphocytes
      • C3.2.7 – Antigens trigger antibody production
      • C3.2.8 – The role of helper T-lymphocytes
      • C3.2.9 – Activation of a B-lymphocyte results in cloning
      • C3.2.10 – The role of memory cells
      • C3.2.11 – HIV transmission
      • C3.2.12 – The result of HIV infection
      • C3.2.13 – Antibiotics against bacterial infections
      • C3.2.14 – Pathogenic resistance to antibiotics
      • C3.2.15 – Zoonotic diseases
      • C3.2.16 – Vaccines and immunity
      • C3.2.17 – The role of herd immunity
      • C3.2.18 – Evaluating COVID-19 data
  • C Interaction and interdependence – Ecosystems
    • C4.1: Populations and communities
      • C4.1.1 – Populations
      • C4.1.2 – Estimating population size
      • C4.1.3 – Sampling sessile organisms
      • C4.1.4 – Sampling motile organisms
      • C4.1.5 – Carrying capacity
      • C4.1.6 – Negative feedback
      • C4.1.7 – Population growth
      • C4.1.8 – Modelling population growth
      • C4.1.9 – Communities
      • C4.1.10 – Intraspecific relationships
      • C4.1.11 – Interspecific relationships
      • C4.1.12 – Mutualism
      • C4.1.13 – Endemic and invasive species
      • C4.1.14 – Interspecific competition
      • C4.1.15 – The chi-squared test
      • C4.1.16 – Predator–prey relationships
      • C4.1.17 – Control of populations
      • C4.1.18 – Allelopathy and antibiotic secretion
    • C4.2: Transfers of energy and matter
      • C4.2.1 – Ecosystems are open systems
      • C4.2.2 – Sunlight sustains most ecosystems
      • C4.2.3 – The flow of energy
      • C4.2.4 – Food chains and food webs
      • C4.2.5 – Decomposers
      • C4.2.6 – Autotrophs
      • C4.2.7 – Energy sources
      • C4.2.8 – Heterotrophs
      • C4.2.9 – The release of energy by cell respiration
      • C4.2.10 – Trophic levels
      • C4.2.11 – Energy pyramids
      • C4.2.12 – Energy loss between trophic levels
      • C4.2.13 – Heat loss from cell respiration
      • C4.2.14 – The number of trophic levels
      • C4.2.15 – Primary production
      • C4.2.16 – Secondary production
      • C4.2.17 – The carbon cycle
      • C4.2.18 – Carbon sinks and sources
      • C4.2.19 – The release of carbon dioxide during combustion
      • C4.2.20 – The Keeling Curve
      • C4.2.21 – The dependence on atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide
      • C4.2.22 – The recycling of chemical elements
• Theme D
  • D Continuity and change – Molecules
    • D1.1: DNA replication
      • D1.1.1 – The role of DNA replication
      • D1.1.2 and D1.1.3 – Semi-conservative replication and complementary base pairing
      • D1.1.4 – Amplifying and separating DNA
      • D1.1.5 – Applications of amplifying and separating DNA
      • D1.1.6 – DNA polymerases
      • D1.1.7 – Leading and lagging strands
      • D1.1.8 – Functions of specifi c enzymes and molecules
      • D1.1.9 – Removing mismatched nucleotides
    • D1.2: Protein synthesis
      • D1.2.1 – The synthesis of RNA
      • D1.2.2 – Hydrogen bonding and complementary base pairing
      • D1.2.3 – DNA templates
      • D1.2.4 – The expression of genes
      • D1.2.5 – The synthesis of polypeptides
      • D1.2.6 – RNA and ribosomes
      • D1.2.7 – RNA complementary base pairing
      • D1.2.8 – The genetic code
      • D1.2.9 – mRNA codons
      • D1.2.10 – Producing a polypeptide chain
      • D1.2.11 – Changing the protein structure
      • D1.2.12 – Directionality
      • D1.2.13 – Initiating transcription
      • D1.2.14 – Non-coding sequences
      • D1.2.15 – Post-transcriptional modification
      • D1.2.16 – Alternative splicing of exons
      • D1.2.17 – Initiating translation
      • D1.2.18 – Modifying polypeptides
      • D1.2.19 – Recycling amino acids
    • D1.3: Mutation and gene editing
      • D1.3.1 – Gene mutations
      • D1.3.2 – Base substitutions
      • D1.3.3 – Insertions and deletions
      • D1.3.4 – Mutagens and replication errors
      • D1.3.5 – Location of mutations
      • D1.3.6 – Mutations in germ cells and somatic cells
      • D1.3.7 – Genetic variation
      • D1.3.8 – Gene knockout
      • D1.3.9 – CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
      • D1.3.10 – Conserved and highly conserved sequences
  • D Continuity and change – Cells
    • D2.1: Cell and nuclear division
      • D2.1.1 – Generating new cells
      • D2.1.2 – Cytokinesis
      • D2.1.3 – Cytoplasm division
      • D2.1.4 – Nuclear division
      • D2.1.5 – DNA replication
      • D2.1.6 – DNA condensation and chromosome movement
      • D2.1.7 – Mitosis
      • D2.1.8 – Identifying the phases of mitosis
      • D2.1.9 – Meiosis
      • D2.1.10 – Non-disjunction
      • D2.1.11 – Genetic diversity
      • D2.1.12 – Cell proliferation
      • D2.1.13 – The cell cycle
      • D2.1.14 – Interphase
      • D2.1.15 – Cyclins
      • D2.1.16 – The effect of mutations
      • D2.1.17 – Tumour growth
    • D2.2: Gene expression
      • D2.2.1 – Phenotype
      • D2.2.2 – Regulation of transcription
      • D2.2.3 – Degradation of mRNA to regulate translation
      • D2.2.4 – Epigenesis
      • D2.2.5 – Genome, transcriptome and proteome
      • D2.2.6 – Methylation
      • D2.2.7 – Epigenetic inheritance
      • D2.2.8 – Environmental effects
      • D2.2.9 – Removal of epigenetic tags
      • D2.2.10 – Monozygotic twins
      • D2.2.11 – External factors
    • D2.3: Water potential
      • D2.3.1 – Water as a solvent
      • D2.3.2 – Water movement in relation to solute concentration
      • D2.3.3 and D2.3.4 – Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and osmosis
      • D2.3.5 – Water movement without cell walls
      • D2.3.6 – Water movement with cell walls
      • D2.3.7 – Isotonic solutions
      • D2.3.8, D2.3.9 and D2.3.10 – Water movement through plants
      • D2.3.11 – Water potential in plant tissue
  • D Continuity and change – Organisms
    • D3.1: Reproduction
      • D3.1.1 – Sexual and asexual reproduction
      • D3.1.2 – The role of meiosis and gametes
      • D3.1.3 – Male and female gametes
      • D3.1.4 – Male and female reproductive systems
      • D3.1.5 – Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
      • D3.1.6 – The process of fertilization
      • D3.1.7 – In vitro fertilization
      • D3.1.8 – Sexual reproduction in plants
      • D3.1.9 – Insect pollination
      • D3.1.10 – Cross-pollination in plants
      • D3.1.11 – Self-incompatibility mechanisms
      • D3.1.12 – The role of seeds
      • D3.1.13 – Developmental changes during puberty
      • D3.1.14 – The production of gametes
      • D3.1.15 – Preventing polyspermy
      • D3.1.16 – Embryo development
      • D3.1.17 – Pregnancy testing
      • D3.1.18 – The role of the placenta
      • D3.1.19 – Pregnancy and childbirth
      • D3.1.20 – Hormone replacement therapy
    • D3.2: Inheritance
      • D3.2.1 – Haploid gametes and diploid zygotes
      • D3.2.2 – Genetic crosses in flowering plants
      • D3.2.3 – Combinations of alleles
      • D3.2.4 – Phenotype
      • D3.2.5 – Dominant and recessive alleles
      • D3.2.6 – Phenotypic plasticity
      • D3.2.7 – Recessive genetic conditions
      • D3.2.8 – Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles
      • D3.2.9 – ABO blood groups
      • D3.2.10 – Intermediate and dual phenotypes
      • D3.2.11 – Sex determination
      • D3.2.12 – Haemophilia
      • D3.2.13 – Pedigree charts
      • D3.2.14 – Continuous variation
      • D3.2.15 – Box-and-whisker plots
      • D3.2.16 – Segregation and independent assortment
      • D3.2.17 – Predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios
      • D3.2.18 – Gene loci and polypeptide products
      • D3.2.19 – Gene linkage
      • D3.2.20 – Recombinants
      • D3.2.21 – Chi-squared tests
    • D3.3 Homeostasis
      • D3.3.1 – Maintaining the body’s internal environment
      • D3.3.2 – Negative feedback mechanisms
      • D3.3.3 – The role of hormones
      • D3.3.4 – Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
      • D3.3.5 and D3.3.6 – Body temperature control
      • D3.3.7 – The role of the kidneys
      • D3.3.8 – The glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
      • D3.3.9 – The loop of Henle
      • D3.3.10 – Osmoregulation
      • D3.3.11 – Variable blood supply dependent on activity
  • D Continuity and change – Ecosystems
    • D4.1: Natural selection
      • D4.1.1 – Evolutionary change
      • D4.1.2 – Sources of variation
      • D4.1.3 – Overproduction and competition
      • D4.1.4 – Selection pressure
      • D4.1.5 – Intraspecific competition
      • D4.1.6 – Heritable traits
      • D4.1.7 – Sexual selection
      • D4.1.8 – Modelling selection pressures
      • D4.1.9 – Gene pools
      • D4.1.10 – Geographically isolated populations
      • D4.1.11 – Changes in allele frequency
      • D4.1.12 – Reproductive isolation of populations
      • D4.1.13 – The Hardy–Weinberg equation
      • D 4.1.14 – Genetic equilibrium
      • D4.1.15 – Artificial selection
    • D4.2: Stability and change
      • D4.2.1 – Sustainability of natural ecosystems
      • D4.2.2 – Requirements for sustainability
      • D4.2.3 – Tipping points
      • D4.2.4 – Mesocosms
      • D4.2.5 – Keystone species
      • D4.2.6 – Sustainable harvesting of natural resources
      • D4.2.7 – Sustainability of agriculture
      • D4.2.8 – Eutrophication
      • D4.2.9 – Biomagnification
      • D4.2.10 – Microplastic and macroplastic pollution
      • D4.2.11 – Rewilding
      • D4.2.12 – Ecological succession
      • D4.2.13 – Primary succession
      • D4.2.14 – Cyclical succession
      • D4.2.15 – Climax communities
    • D4.3: Climate change
      • D4.3.1 – Human activity and climate change
      • D4.3.2 – Global warming
      • D4.3.3 – Tipping points
      • D4.3.4 – Polar habitat change
      • D4.3.5 – Ocean current change
      • D4.3.6 – Range shifts
      • D4.3.7 – Ecosystem collapse
      • D4.3.8 – Carbon sequestration
      • D4.3.9 – Phenology
      • D4.3.10 – Disruption of phenological events
      • D4.3.11 – Insect life cycles
      • D4.3.12 – Evolution and climate change
• Theory of Knowledge in biology
• Internal Assessment
• Skills in the study of biology
• Extended Essay
• Index
• Back Cover

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
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Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
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Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu