Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Information
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the fifth edition
• Acknowledgements
• Part 1 Principles and procedures
  • 1 Introduction and principles
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment
      • 1.2.1 Definitions
      • 1.2.2 Environmental impact assessment: a process
      • 1.2.3 Environmental impact statements: the documentation
    • 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment
      • 1.3.1 An aid to decision-making
      • 1.3.2 An aid to the formulation of development actions
      • 1.3.3 A vehicle for stakeholder consultation and participation
      • 1.3.4 An instrument for sustainable development
        • The nature of sustainable development
        • Institutional responses to sustainable development
    • 1.4 Projects, environment and impacts
      • 1.4.1 The nature of major projects
      • 1.4.2 Dimensions of the environment
      • 1.4.3 The nature of impacts
    • 1.5 Key participants in the EIA process
    • 1.6 Evolving perspectives on EIA
      • 1.6.1 EIA in its theoretical context
      • 1.6.2 The importance of adaptive EIA
      • 1.6.3 EIA in a rapidly growing impact assessment (IA) family
        • Scope
        • Scale
        • Integration
    • 1.7 Current issues in environmental impact assessment
      • 1.7.1 The nature of methods of assessment
      • 1.7.2 The relative roles of participants in the process
      • 1.7.3 The quality and effectiveness of EIA
      • 1.7.4 The quality, efficiency and proportionate nature of the EIA process
      • 1.7.5 Beyond the decision
      • 1.7.6 Managing the widening scope and complexity of IA activity
    • 1.8 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters
    • Some questions 1
    • References
  • 2 US origins and worldwide development
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems
      • 2.2.1 Legislative history
      • 2.2.2 An interpretation of NEPA
      • 2.2.3 A summary of NEPA procedures
      • 2.2.4 Recent trends in EIS activity
      • 2.2.5 Little NEPAs and the case of California
    • 2.3 NEPA critique, review and changes
      • 2.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses
      • 2.3.2 System review
      • 2.3.3 Important amendments
      • 2.3.4 Streamlining, synchronizing and integrating
    • 2.4 The worldwide spread of EIA
      • 2.4.1 Rapid evolution of EIA systems worldwide
      • 2.4.2 System variations and trends
    • 2.5 International bodies and EIA procedures
    • 2.6 Summary
    • Some questions 2
    • Notes
    • References
  • 3 EU and UK agency and legislative contexts
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 EC Directive 85/337
      • 3.2.1 Legislative history
      • 3.2.2 Summary of EC Directive 85/337 procedures
    • 3.3 EC Directive – ongoing issues and reviews
      • 3.3.1 Divergent practice in a converging system?
      • 3.3.2 Reviews and amendments 1993 to 2009
        • 1993 review; 1997 amendments and subsequent review
        • The 2003 review of the amended Directive 97/11/EC and further amendments
        • 2009 review and 2011 amendments/consolidation of Directive (2011/92/EU)
    • 3.4 Current EIA Directive (2014/52/EU)
      • 3.4.1 Genesis of the revised EIA Directive
      • 3.4.2 Main changes in the revised EIA Directive (2014/52/EU)
      • 3.4.3 Detailing specific changes
    • 3.5 UK development of EIA
      • 3.5.1 Limitations of the land-use planning system
      • 3.5.2 North Sea oil- and gas-related EIA initiatives
      • 3.5.3 Department of the Environment scepticism
    • 3.6 UK EIA regulations and agencies – an overview
      • 3.6.1 UK EIA regulations: an overview
      • 3.6.2 The principal actors in the UK EIA system
    • 3.7 The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017
      • 3.7.1 Screening – which projects require EIA?
      • 3.7.2 The contents of the EIA
      • 3.7.3 Statutory and other consultees
      • 3.7.4 Carrying out the EIA; preparing the EIS
      • 3.7.5 Submitting the EIS and planning application: public consultation (see Figure 3.3)
      • 3.7.6 Planning decision (Figure 3.3)
    • 3.8 Infrastructure Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017 (HMG 2017)
    • 3.9 Summary
    • Some questions 3
    • Notes
    • References
• Part 2 Process
  • 4 Starting up: early stages
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Managing the EIA process
      • 4.2.1 The EIA team
      • 4.2.2 The style of the EIA process
      • 4.2.3 EIA costs and resources
    • 4.3 Project screening – is an EIA needed?
    • 4.4 Scoping – which impacts and issues to consider?
    • 4.5 The consideration of alternatives
      • 4.5.1 Regulatory requirements
      • 4.5.2 Identification of reasonable alternatives
      • 4.5.3 Assessment and comparison of alternatives
      • 4.5.4 Explanation of the choice of preferred alternative
    • 4.6 Understanding the project/development action
      • 4.6.1 Understanding the dimensions of the project
      • 4.6.2 Sources and presentation of data
    • 4.7 Establishing the environmental baseline
      • 4.7.1 General considerations
      • 4.7.2 Sources and presentation of data
    • 4.8 Impact identification
      • 4.8.1 Checklists
      • 4.8.2 Matrices
      • 4.8.3 Networks or causal chain analyses
      • 4.8.4 Overlay (or constraints) maps
      • 4.8.5 Summary of identification methods
    • 4.9 Summary
    • Some questions 4
    • Note
    • References
  • 5 Impact prediction, evaluation, mitigation and enhancement
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Prediction
      • 5.2.1 Dimensions of prediction (what to predict)
      • 5.2.2 Methods and models for prediction (how to predict)
        • Mathematical and computer-based models
        • Physical/architectural models and computer graphics
        • Expert judgements and analogue models
        • Other methods for prediction
        • Choice of prediction methods
        • Causal networks in EIA prediction
      • 5.2.3 Living with uncertainty
        • The nature of uncertainty, uncertainty in EIA and uncertainty disclosure
        • Handling uncertainty
      • 5.2.4 Some current data forecasting sources
    • 5.3 Evaluation and assessing significance
      • 5.3.1 Evaluation in the EIA process – the determination of significance
        • The importance of significance
        • Frameworks for determining significance
        • Criteria and standards for determining significance thresholds
        • Range of methods for assessing significance
      • 5.3.2 Cost–benefit analysis and monetary valuation techniques
      • 5.3.3 Scoring, weighting and multicriteria methods
    • 5.4 Mitigation and enhancement
      • 5.4.1 The nature of mitigation measures and the mitigation hierarchy
      • 5.4.2 Mitigation in the EIA process
      • 5.4.3 Enhancement of potential benefits
        • Nature and importance of enhancement
        • Enhancement examples
        • Community Benefits Agreements
      • 5.4.4 Trading off impacts
    • 5.5 Summary
    • Some questions 5
    • References
  • 6 Participation, presentation and review
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Public consultation and participation
      • 6.2.1 What is public participation?
      • 6.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public participation
      • 6.2.3 Requirements and methods for effective participation
      • 6.2.4 EU procedures
    • 6.3 Consultation with statutory consultees and other countries
    • 6.4 EIA presentation
      • 6.4.1 Contents and organization
      • 6.4.2 Clarity of communication
      • 6.4.3 Presentation
    • 6.5 Review of EISs
    • 6.6 Decisions on projects
      • 6.6.1 EIA and project authorization
      • 6.6.2 EIA and public inquiries
      • 6.6.3 Challenging a decision: judicial review
      • 6.6.4 Challenging a decision: the European Commission
    • 6.7 Summary
    • Some questions 6
    • Notes
    • References
  • 7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 The importance of monitoring and auditing in the EIA process
    • 7.3 Some key questions for monitoring and auditing in EIA
      • 7.3.1 What, how, by whom and where?
      • 7.3.2 Mandatory or discretionary?
    • 7.4 Some international monitoring practice
      • 7.4.1 USA – NEPA, and the specific case of California
      • 7.4.2 The case of Hong Kong
      • 7.4.3 UK experience
      • 7.4.4 Some developing countries’ experiences
    • 7.5 Auditing in practice
    • 7.6 A UK case study: monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts of the Sizewell B PWR construction project
      • 7.6.1 Background to the case study
      • 7.6.2 Operational characteristics of the monitoring study
      • 7.6.3 Some findings from the studies
        • Employment
        • Local economy
        • Housing
        • Traffic and noise
        • Crime
        • Residents’ perceptions
      • 7.6.4 Learning from monitoring: Sizewell B and Sizewell C
    • 7.7 A UK case study: monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project
      • 7.7.1 Nature of the project and its impacts life cycle
      • 7.7.2 Construction stage monitoring
    • 7.8 Summary
    • Some questions 7
    • References
• Part 3 Practice
  • 8 UK practice
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 EIA activity – number and type of EISs and projects
      • 8.2.1 Mainstream regulations
        • Number and broad location of EISs
        • Types of projects
        • Sources of EISs
      • 8.2.2 The particular case of NSIPs/major projects
    • 8.3 A SWOT analysis overview of UK EIA practice
    • 8.4 Particular features of UK EIA practice
      • 8.4.1 Pre-submission – screening and scoping
        • Screening
        • Scoping and pre-submission consultation
      • 8.4.2 Submission – EIS quality
        • Studies of EIS quality
        • Determinants of EIS quality
      • 8.4.3 The post-submission EIA process
        • Review
        • Consultation and public participation
        • Decision-making
    • 8.5 Legal challenges – UK and EU
    • 8.6 Costs and benefits of EIA
      • 8.6.1 Costs of EIA
      • 8.6.2 Benefits of EIA
    • 8.7 Some case studies in UK EIA practice
      • 8.7.1 Public participation – Portsmouth incinerator project
        • Context
        • Background to the proposed scheme
        • The two-stage participation approach
        • Evaluation of the process
        • Summary
      • 8.7.2 Mitigation and enhancement – Hinkley Point C new nuclear project
        • The project
        • Predicted scale of in-migrant construction stage workforce
        • Managing traffic impacts – mitigation and enhancement
        • Managing accommodation impacts – mitigation and enhancement
        • Summary and project local legacy impacts
      • 8.7.3 Cumulative impacts – ornithological impacts of North Sea offshore wind farms
        • UK offshore wind farm under construction
        • Assessing cumulative impacts on North Sea ornithology
        • Approaches to mitigation
        • Summary and cumulative assessment issues
      • 8.7.4 Potential trade-offs for a controversial project – Heathrow Runway 3
        • Context
        • Trade-off issues (as reported by the national press)
    • 8.8 Summary
    • Some questions 8
    • References
  • 9 EIA practice worldwide
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Africa and the Middle East
      • 9.2.1 Overview
      • 9.2.2 Example: Benin
    • 9.3 Asia
      • 9.3.1 Overview
      • 9.3.2 Example: China
    • 9.4 Central and South America
      • 9.4.1 Overview
      • 9.4.2 Example: Peru
    • 9.5 Central and Eastern Europe
      • 9.5.1 Overview
      • 9.5.2 Example: Latvia
    • 9.6 Oceania
      • 9.6.1 Overview
      • 9.6.2 Example: Western Australia
    • 9.7 Small island developing states
    • 9.8 Marine areas and areas beyond national jurisdictions
    • 9.9 Disasters
    • 9.10 Summary
    • Some questions
    • References
• Part 4 Prospects
  • 10 EIA impact areas, current and emerging
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 EIA topic areas
    • 10.3 Biophysical impacts
      • 10.3.1 Water
      • 10.3.2 Soils, land and geology
      • 10.3.3 Air
      • 10.3.4 Flora, fauna and biodiversity
      • 10.3.5 Noise
      • 10.3.6 Transport
      • 10.3.7 Landscape and visual
    • 10.4 Socio-economic impacts
      • 10.4.1 Economic
      • 10.4.2 Social
      • 10.4.3 Health
    • 10.5 Emerging impact areas
      • 10.5.1 Equality/deprivation
      • 10.5.2 Culture and language
      • 10.5.3 Land acquisition, resettlement and livelihoods
      • 10.5.4 Climate change
      • 10.5.5 Ecosystem services
    • 10.6 Wider impact considerations
      • 10.6.1 Risk
      • 10.6.2 Resilience
      • 10.6.3 Cumulative impacts
    • 10.7 Summary
    • Some questions
    • References
  • 11 EIA next steps: the effectiveness and efficiency of the process
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 EIA effectiveness
      • 11.2.1 What is effectiveness?
      • 11.2.2 EIA effectiveness studies
    • 11.3 A more proportionate EIA
      • 11.3.1 What is disproportionate about EIA?
      • 11.3.2 How can we deliver a more proportionate EIA? Some international examples
      • 11.3.3 Are there dangers in this approach?
    • 11.4 Technological change and EIA
      • 11.4.1 Remote sensing and better baselines
      • 11.4.2 Expanding roles for the public and social media
      • 11.4.3 Big data
      • 11.4.4 Data visualization
      • 11.4.5 Expert systems and decision support systems
    • 11.5 Changing interpretation of the ‘project’: new types, project splitting, ‘in principle’ projects, environmental impact design, and demolition and decommissioning
      • 11.5.1 New project types and sectors
      • 11.5.2 Salami slicing
      • 11.5.3 ‘In principle’ projects
      • 11.5.4 Project design and environmental limits
      • 11.5.5 Decommissioning
    • 11.6 Links to project implementation and adaptive management via EMS and EMPs
      • 11.6.1 Context: the assessment–implementation gap
      • 11.6.2 Environmental management systems (EMS)
      • 11.6.3 Environmental management plans (EMPs)
      • 11.6.4 An evolving and divergent management practice
    • 11.7 Towards integrated assessment
    • 11.8 Conclusions
    • Some questions
    • References
  • 12 Widening the scope: strategic environmental assessment
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
      • 12.2.1 Definitions
      • 12.2.2 The need for SEA
      • 12.2.3 Problems with SEA
    • 12.3 SEA worldwide
      • 12.3.1 The USA
      • 12.3.2 European Union and UNECE
      • 12.3.3 England
      • 12.3.4 China
    • 12.4 SEA effectiveness
    • 12.5 Summary
    • Some questions
    • References
• Appendix 1: The text of EC EIA Directive 2014/52/EU
• Appendix 2: Town and Country Planning (EIA) Regulations 2017
• Appendix 3: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review package (IAU, Oxford Brookes University)
• Index

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