Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Contents
• Chapter 1 The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce
  • 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
    • A Brief History of Biotechnology
    • The Do-It-Yourself Biotechnology Movement
    • Biotechnology: A Science of Many Disciplines
    • Products of Modern Biotechnology
    • Ethics and Biotechnology
  • 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
    • Microbial Biotechnology
    • Agricultural Biotechnology
    • Animal Biotechnology
    • Forensic Biotechnology
    • Bioremediation
    • Aquatic Biotechnology
    • Medical Biotechnology
    • Biotechnology Regulations
    • The Biotechnology “Big Picture”
  • 1.3 What Will the New Biotechnology Century Look Like? An Example from Medical Biotechnology
    • A Scenario in the Future: How Might We Benefit from the Human Genome Project?
  • 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
    • The Business of Biotechnology
    • Top Regions for Biotechnology Jobs
    • What Is a Biotechnology Company?
    • Jobs in Biotechnology
    • Salaries in Biotechnology
    • Hiring Trends in the Biotechnology Industry
  • Questions & Activities
• Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
  • 2.1 A Review of Cell Structure
    • Prokaryotic Cells
    • Eukaryotic Cells
  • 2.2 The Molecule of Life
    • DNA Structure
    • What Is a Gene?
  • 2.3 Chromosome Structure, DNA Replication, and Genomes
    • Chromosome Structure
  • 2.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
    • Copying the Code: Transcription
    • Translating the Code: Protein Synthesis
  • 2.5 Regulation of Gene Expression
    • Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression
    • Noncoding RNAs and Their Roles in Regulating Gene Expression
    • Bacteria Use Operons to Regulate Gene Expression
  • 2.6 Mutations: Causes and Consequences
    • Types of Mutations
    • Mutations Are the Basis of Variation in Genomes and a Cause of Human Genetic Diseases
  • 2.7 Revealing the Epigenome
  • 2.8 Immune Response Mechanism in Prokaryotes Results in Extraordinary New Technology for Editing Gen
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Loss of Circular RNA Impacts miRNA Degradation and Brain Function
• Chapter 3 Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics
  • 3.1 Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology and DNA Cloning
    • Restriction Enzymes and Plasmid DNA Vectors
    • Transformation of Bacterial Cells and Antibiotic Selection of Recombinant Bacteria
    • Introduction to Human Gene Cloning and Expressing Proteins for Biotechnology Applications
    • What Makes a Good Vector?
  • 3.2 How Do You Identify and Clone a Gene of Interest?
    • DNA Libraries: Collections of Cloned Genes
  • 3.3 Laboratory Techniques and Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
    • Restriction Mapping
    • DNA Sequencing
    • Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
    • Third-Generation Sequencing Technology
    • Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
    • Southern Blotting
    • Studying Gene Expression
    • Analyzing Gene Function
  • 3.4 Genomics and Bioinformatics: The Hottest Disciplines in the History of Biotechnology
    • Whole-Genome Sequencing
    • Bioinformatics: Merging Molecular Biology with Computing Technology
    • Examples of Bioinformatics in Action
    • A Genome Cloning Effort of Epic Proportion: The Human Genome Project
    • What Have We Learned from the Human Genome?
    • Accessing Human Genome Information Via the Internet
    • The Human Genome Project Started an “Omics” Revolution
    • After the HGP: What Is Next?
  • 3.5 Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study The PANTHER Database
• Chapter 4 Proteins as Products
  • 4.1 Proteins as Biotechnology Products
    • Biotech Drugs and Other Medical Applications
    • Bioremediation: Treating Pollution with Proteins
  • 4.2 Protein Structures
    • Structural Arrangement
    • Protein-Protein Interaction Map Created
    • Protein Folding
    • Post-Translational Protein Modifications
    • Protein Engineering by Directed Molecular Evolution
  • 4.3 Protein Production
    • Protein Expression: Upstream Processing
    • Protein Purification Methods: Downstream Processing
    • Verification
    • Preserving Proteins
    • Scaling Up Protein Purification
    • Postpurification Analysis Methods
  • 4.4 Proteomics
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Tau-Tau Protein Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease Study
• Chapter 5 Microbial Biotechnology
  • 5.1 The Structure of Microbes
    • Yeasts Are Important Microbes, Too
  • 5.2 Microorganisms as Tools
    • Microbial Enzymes
    • Bacterial Transformation
    • Cloning and Expression Techniques
  • 5.3 Using Microbes for a Variety of Everyday Applications
    • Food Products
    • Therapeutic Proteins
    • Using Microbes Against Other Microbes
  • 5.4 Vaccines
    • A Primer on Antibodies
    • Types of Vaccines: How Are Vaccines Made?
    • Major Targets for Vaccine Development
  • 5.5 Microbial Genomics
    • Why Sequence Microbial Genomes?
    • Metagenomic Studies Sequence Genomes from Microbial Communities
    • Viral Genomics
    • Creating Synthetic Genomes
  • 5.6 Microbial Diagnostics
    • Detecting and Tracking Disease-Causing Microorganisms
  • 5.7 Combating Bioterrorism
    • Microbes as Bioweapons
    • Targets of Bioterrorism
    • Using Biotechnology against Bioweapons
  • 5.8 Microbes for Making Biofuels
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Designer Microbes Rely on Synthetic Amino Acids
• Chapter 6 Plant Biotechnology
  • 6.1 Uses of Biotechnology to Enhance Selective Breeding
    • Marker-Assisted Selection
    • Mutation Breeding
    • Protoplast Fusion
  • 6.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants
    • Using Agrobacterium to Insert Genes
    • The Leaf Fragment Technique
    • Gene Guns
    • Chloroplast Engineering
    • Gene Inactivation Using CRISPR-Cas Technology
    • Antisense Technology
    • Gene Stacking
  • 6.3 Practical Applications
    • Protecting Plants from Viruses
    • Genetic Pesticides
    • Herbicide Resistance
    • Enhanced Nutrition
    • “Biopharming”
    • Engineered Deletion of Gene Promoters Rather Than Genes
  • 6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns
    • Concerns about Human Health
    • Concerns about the Environment
    • Regulations
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Can RNA Interference Silence Genes in a Citrus Pest?
• Chapter 7 Animal Biotechnology
  • 7.1 Animals in Research
    • Why Use Animals in Research?
    • Types of Animals Used in Research
    • Regulations in Animal Research
    • Alternatives to the Use of Animals
    • Regulation of Animal Research
    • Veterinary Medicine: Benefits for Humans and Animals
  • 7.2 Cloning
    • Creating Dolly: A Breakthrough in Cloning
    • Limits to Cloning
    • Human Organ Development in GM Animals
  • 7.3 Transgenic Animals
    • Transgenic Techniques
    • GM Animals for the Agriculture Industry
    • Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors
    • Kidney on a Chip Determines Drug Dosing
    • Gene Editing Technologies in Animals
  • 7.4 Producing Human Antibodies in Animals
    • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Using Zebrafish as a Heart Disease Model
• Chapter 8 DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis
  • 8.1 What Is a DNA Fingerprint?
    • How Is DNA Typing Performed?
  • 8.2 Preparing a DNA Fingerprint
    • Specimen Collection
    • Extracting DNA for Analysis
    • PCR and STR Analysis
    • STR Analysis
  • 8.3 Putting DNA to Use
    • The Narborough Village Murder Case Led to a New Method of DNA Separation
    • How Significant Is Contamination?
    • World Events Lead to the Development of New Technologies
  • 8.4 DNA and the Rules of Evidence
    • DNA Fingerprinting and the Chain of Evidence
    • Human Error and Sources of Contamination
    • DNA Forensics from “Touch DNA”
  • 8.5 Familial Relationships and DNA Profiles
    • Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
    • Y-Chromosome Analysis
  • 8.6 Nonhuman DNA Analysis
    • Identifying Plants through DNA
    • Protein Analysis May Join DNA Forensics
    • Animal DNA Analysis
    • Food Fraud—A Recent DNA Forensics Application
    • Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Testing
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Mouse Cell Line Contamination ID Using DNA Forensics
• Chapter 9 Bioremediation
  • 9.1 What Is Bioremediation?
    • Why Is Bioremediation Important?
  • 9.2 Bioremediation Basics
    • What Needs to Be Cleaned Up?
    • Chemicals in the Environment
    • Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions
    • The Players: Metabolizing Microbes
    • Bioremediation Genomics Programs
  • 9.3 Cleanup Sites and Strategies
    • Soil Cleanup
    • Bioremediation of Water
  • 9.4 Turning Wastes into Energy
  • 9.5 Applying Genetically Engineered Strains to Clean Up the Environment
    • Petroleum-Eating Bacteria
    • Engineering Microbes to Clean Up Heavy Metals
    • Genetically Modified Plants and Phytoremediation
    • Biosensors
  • 9.6 Environmental Disasters: Case Studies in Bioremediation
    • The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
    • Oil Fields of Kuwait
    • The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
  • 9.7 Challenges for Bioremediation
    • Recovering Valuable Metals
    • Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
    • Degrading Macro- and Microplastics in the Environment
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Turning Outhouses into Light houses?
• Chapter 10 Aquatic Biotechnology
  • 10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
  • 10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World’s Food Supply through Biotechnology
    • The Economics of Aquaculture
    • Fish-Farming Practices
    • Improving Strains for Aquaculture
    • Enhancing the Quality and Safety of Seafood
    • Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture
  • 10.3 Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms
    • Analysis of Novel Genes from Aquatic Species
    • Genetic Manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish
  • 10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
    • Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea
  • 10.5 Nonmedical Products
    • A Potpourri of Products
    • Aquatic Biomass and Bioprocessing Applications
  • 10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
    • Antifouling Agents
    • Biosensors
    • Environmental Remediation
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Massive Fish Escape Jeopardizes New Salmon Farm
• Chapter 11 Medical Biotechnology
  • 11.1 Animal Models of Human Disease
  • 11.2 Detecting and Diagnosing Human Disease Conditions
    • Biomarkers for Disease Detection
    • The Human Genome Project Revealed Disease Genes on All Human Chromosomes
    • Genetic Testing: Detecting Chromosomal Abnormalities and Defective Genes
  • 11.3 Sequence Analysis of Individual Genomes
    • Whole-Exome Sequencing
    • Genomic Analysis of Single Cells by DNA and RNA Sequencing
    • Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations in Populations
  • 11.4 Precision Medicine and Biotechnology
    • What Is the Precision Medicine Initiative?
    • Harnessing the Immune System for Treating Disease: Antibodies and Immunotherapy
  • 11.5 Gene Therapy
    • How Is It Done?
    • Genome Editing Approaches for Gene Therapy
    • Curing Genetic Diseases: Targets for Gene Therapy
    • Challenges Facing Gene Therapy
    • Future Challenges to Address
  • 11.6 The Potential of Regenerative Medicine
    • Cell and Tissue Transplantation
    • Tissue Engineering
    • Stem Cells
    • Cloning
    • Therapeutic Cloning and Reproductive Cloning
    • Regulations Governing Embryonic Stem Cell and Therapeutic Cloning in the United States
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study Personal Genomics Helps Elizabeth Davis Walk Again
• Chapter 12 International Biotechnology Regulations
  • 12.1 Overview of International Regulations
  • 12.2 Protection of Human, Animal, and Plant Health
    • Biotechnology for Disease Control, Surveillance, and Response
    • Safe Handling, Transfer, and Use of Biological Materials
    • Food Safety
  • 12.3 Biodiversity Conservation and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
  • 12.4 Management of Genetic Resources
    • State Sovereign Rights
    • The Nagoya Protocol
    • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
    • The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework
  • 12.5 Trade and Intellectual Property Rights
    • Trade in Biotechnology Products
    • Intellectual Property Rights
    • Plant Variety Rights
  • 12.6 Human Rights
  • 12.7 Preventing the Hostile Use of Biotechnology
  • 12.8 Role of Scientists in the Development of International Regulations
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study How Should the Safe Transport of Infectious Substances Be Ensured?
• Chapter 13 Ethics and Biotechnology
  • 13.1 What Is Ethics?
    • Approaches to Ethical Decision Making
    • Ethical Exercise Warm-up
  • 13.2 Examples of Ethics and Biotechnology
    • Cells and Products
    • GM Crops: Are You What You Eat?
    • Animal Husbandry or Animal Tinkering?
    • Synthetic Genomes and Synthetic Biology
    • Drug Trials with Human Patients
    • What Does It Mean to Be Human?
    • Spare Embryos for Research Versus Creating Embryos for Research
    • Should Humans and Other Animals Be Cloned for Any Reason?
    • Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
    • Patient Rights and Biological Materials
    • Genetic Information and Genetic Privacy
    • More or Less Human?
    • Genome Editing and Germline Gene Modifications
  • 13.3 Economics, the Role of Science, and Communication
  • Questions & Activities
  • Case Study The GTEx Project, Cadavers, and Family Rights
• Appendix 1: Answers to Questions & Activities
• Appendix 2: The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins
• Credits
• Glossary
• Index

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