Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Table of cases/communications
• Table of instruments
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Public international law
  • 1.2 Public international law—relevant aspects
    • 1.2.1 Sources of international human rights: treaties
      • 1.2.1.1 How States become bound by treaties
      • 1.2.1.2 Why States ratify human rights treaties
      • 1.2.1.3 How States can avoid responsibility for some elements of human rights treaties.
    • 1.2.2 Sources of international human rights: customary international law
  • 1.3 Overview and structure of book
  • Reading
• 2 Historical background
  • 2.1 Origins of international human rights
  • 2.2 The eighteenth century: revolutions and rights
  • 2.3 The role of international law
  • 2.4 The law of aliens
    • 2.4.1 Reparations and reprisals
    • 2.4.2 The two schools of thought
      • 2.4.2.1 The national or equality standard of treatment
      • 2.4.2.2 The International Minimum Standard of Treatment
      • 2.4.2.3 Recognition of the International Minimum Standard
    • 2.4.3 Contemporary law on aliens
  • 2.5 Diplomatic laws
    • 2.5.1 The development of diplomatic law
    • 2.5.2 Modern diplomatic law
  • 2.6 The laws of war—international humanitarian law
    • 2.6.1 The laws of war
    • 2.6.2 Humanitarian law
    • 2.6.3 Modern humanitarian law and laws of war
  • 2.7 Slavery
    • 2.7.1 The development of the law
    • 2.7.2 The modern law of slavery
  • 2.8 Minority rights
    • 2.8.1 The treaty approach to minorities
    • 2.8.2 The link to nationalism
    • 2.8.3 After the First World War
    • 2.8.4 The Peace Conference
      • 2.8.4.1 Plebiscites
      • 2.8.4.2 Forced transfers
      • 2.8.4.3 Transfers of populations
      • 2.8.4.4 Problems associated with these approaches to minorities
    • 2.8.5 The League of Nations and minorities
      • 2.8.5.1 Minority guarantee clauses
      • 2.8.5.2 Enforcing the guarantee clauses
      • 2.8.5.3 The Permanent Court of International Justice
      • 2.8.5.4 The success of the League
    • 2.8.6 The modern law on minorities
  • 2.9 The International Labour Organization
  • 2.10 After the Second World War
    • 2.10.1 The Potsdam Conference
    • 2.10.2 Towards international protection of human rights
    • 2.10.3 On the brink of the United Nations
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 3 The United Nations
  • 3.1 The United Nations Charter
  • 3.2 The Security Council
    • 3.2.1 Self-determination
    • 3.2.2 United Nations interventions
    • 3.2.3 Other situations
    • 3.2.4 Sanctions
  • 3.3 The General Assembly
    • 3.3.1 Debates and declarations on human rights issues
    • 3.3.2 Receiving reports
  • 3.4 The International Court of Justice
  • 3.5 The Economic and Social Council
    • 3.5.1 The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
      • 3.5.1.1 UN Women
  • 3.6 The Human Rights Council
    • 3.6.1 The former Commission on Human Rights
    • 3.6.2 The Human Rights Council
    • 3.6.3 The functions of the Council
    • 3.6.4 Individual complaints
    • 3.6.5 Special procedures
    • 3.6.6 The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
  • 3.7 The High Commissioner for Human Rights
    • 3.7.1 High Commissioner for Human Rights
  • 3.8 International criminal law—an independent system
    • 3.8.1 The influence of the Nuremberg Criminal Tribunal
    • 3.8.2 The International Criminal Court
  • 3.9 Developing international human rights law
    • 3.9.1 Treaty-monitoring bodies
      • 3.9.1.1 The treaty bodies and their members
      • 3.9.1.2 State reports
      • 3.9.1.3 Individual communications
      • 3.9.1.4 Inter-State complaints
      • 3.9.1.5 Investigations, inquiries, and field visits
      • 3.9.1.6 General Comments and Recommendations and Discussion Days
  • 3.10 Building international human rights law
    • 3.10.1 Protection of vulnerable groups
      • 3.10.1.1 Refugees
      • 3.10.1.2 Migrant workers
      • 3.10.1.3 Women
      • 3.10.1.4 Children
  • 3.11 Other human rights instruments
    • 3.11.1 Slavery, torture, forced labour, and trafficking
  • 3.12 The impact of the United Nations on international human rights
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 4 The International Bill of Human Rights
  • 4.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    • 4.1.1 Is the Universal Declaration binding?
    • 4.1.2 The importance of the Universal Declaration
    • 4.1.3 The content of the Universal Declaration
    • 4.1.4 Minority protection and the Universal Declaration
    • 4.1.5 The relevance of the Universal Declaration
  • 4.2 The United Nations International Covenants of 1966
    • 4.2.1 A family of universal rights?
    • 4.2.2 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
      • 4.2.2.1 Overview
      • 4.2.2.2 The rights
      • 4.2.2.3 Implementation
      • 4.2.2.4 Concluding observations
    • 4.2.3 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
      • 4.2.3.1 Overview
      • 4.2.3.2 The rights
      • 4.2.3.3 Implementation
      • 4.2.3.4 Concluding observations
  • 4.3 Building on the Bill of Rights—extending international human rights law
  • 4.4 Conclusions on the Bill of Human Rights
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 5 Regional protection of human rights
  • 5.1 The advantages of regional systems
    • 5.1.1 Drafting and adopting texts
    • 5.1.2 Accessibility
    • 5.1.3 Enforceability
  • 5.2 The principal regional systems
  • 5.3 Other regional initiatives
    • 5.3.1 The Arab League
    • 5.3.2 The Commonwealth of Independent States
    • 5.3.3 Asia and the Pacific
      • 5.3.3.1 Association of South East Asian Nations
  • 5.4 Conclusions on regional systems
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 6 Europe
  • 6.1 Council of Europe
    • 6.1.1 The development of European human rights protection
    • 6.1.2 The Convention and associated instruments
      • 6.1.2.1 The European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the European Convention)
      • 6.1.2.2 The Protocols
      • 6.1.2.3 Other conventions
        • 6.1.2.3.1 European Social Charter 1961
        • 6.1.2.3.2 The European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages 1992
        • 6.1.2.3.3 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995
        • 6.1.2.3.4 European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights 1996
        • 6.1.2.3.5 Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 1997
        • 6.1.2.3.6 Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 2011
    • 6.1.3 The institutional framework
      • 6.1.3.1 The Secretary-General
      • 6.1.3.2 The Committee of Ministers
      • 6.1.3.3 The Parliamentary Assembly
      • 6.1.3.4 The European Commissioner on Human Rights
      • 6.1.3.5 European Commission for Democracy Through Law (The Venice Commission)
    • 6.1.4 Implementing human rights—the institutional machinery
      • 6.1.4.1 The former European Commission on Human Rights
      • 6.1.4.2 The European Court of Human Rights
      • 6.1.4.3 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
    • 6.1.5 Monitoring the European Convention on Human Rights
      • 6.1.5.1 Inter-State complaints
      • 6.1.5.2 Individual complaints
      • 6.1.5.3 The four stages
        • 6.1.5.3.1 Admissibility: single judges, committees, chambers, Grand Chamber
        • 6.1.5.3.2 Merits: committees, chambers, Grand Chamber
        • 6.1.5.3.3 Appeal: Grand Chamber
        • 6.1.5.3.4 Enforcement: Committee of Ministers
        • 6.1.5.4 Advisory opinions
  • 6.2 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
    • 6.2.1 The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
    • 6.2.2 The High Commissioner on National Minorities
    • 6.2.3 The Representative on Freedom of the Media
  • 6.3 European Union
    • 6.3.1 The European Court of Justice/Court of Justice of the European Union and human rights
      • 6.3.1.1 The overlap between the two courts
    • 6.3.2 Constitutional recognition of human rights in the European Union
    • 6.3.3 The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
    • 6.3.4 The Fundamental Rights Agency
    • 6.3.5 Social policy
      • 6.3.5.1 Non-discrimination
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 7 The Americas
  • 7.1 The development of American human rights
  • 7.2 The Declaration and the Conventions
    • 7.2.1 The American Declaration
    • 7.2.2 The American Convention
    • 7.2.3 Additional Protocols
      • 7.2.3.1 Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) 1988
      • 7.2.3.2 Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty 1990
    • 7.2.4 Other conventions and instruments
      • 7.2.4.1 Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture 1985
      • 7.2.4.2 Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons 1994
      • 7.2.4.3 Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) 1994
      • 7.2.4.4 Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities 1999
      • 7.2.4.5 Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons 2015
  • 7.3 The institutional framework
    • 7.3.1 The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
      • 7.3.1.1 Historical development of the Commission
      • 7.3.1.2 Structure of the Commission
      • 7.3.1.3 Function of the Commission
    • 7.3.2 The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
      • 7.3.2.1 Composition of the Court
      • 7.3.2.2 Functions of the Court
    • 7.3.3 The Inter-American Council for Integral Development
    • 7.3.4 The General Assembly
    • 7.3.5 The Inter-American Commission of Women
  • 7.4 Implementing human rights
    • 7.4.1 Monitoring human rights outwith the Convention
    • 7.4.2 Convention—reports
    • 7.4.3 Convention—inter-State complaints
    • 7.4.4 Convention—individual complaints
  • 7.5 Concluding comments on the OAS
  • 7.6 Sub-regional organizations
    • 7.6.1 MERCOSUR
    • 7.6.2 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
      • 7.6.2.1 Caribbean Court of Justice
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 8 Africa
  • 8.1 Development of human rights protection
  • 8.2 The African Charter and other instruments
    • 8.2.1 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
      • 8.2.1.1 The approach of the Charter
      • 8.2.1.2 Duties in the Charter
    • 8.2.2 The OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa 1969
    • 8.2.3 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa 2009
    • 8.2.4 The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990
    • 8.2.5 Protocol on Women’s Rights
  • 8.3 Institutional framework
    • 8.3.1 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
      • 8.3.1.1 Composition and functions
      • 8.3.1.2 Meetings of the Commission
    • 8.3.2 The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
      • 8.3.2.1 Jurisdiction of the Court
      • 8.3.2.2 Composition of the Court
      • 8.3.2.3 Locus standi
    • 8.3.3 Proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights
      • 8.3.3.1 An African Criminal Court?
      • 8.3.3.2 Towards the future
    • 8.3.4 The Assembly of Heads of State and Government
    • 8.3.5 The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
  • 8.4 Enforcing human rights
    • 8.4.1 Reports
    • 8.4.2 Inter-State complaints
    • 8.4.3 Individual complaints
  • 8.5 African (sub-)regional mechanisms
    • 8.5.1 ECOWAS
      • 8.5.1.1 Community Court of Justice
    • 8.5.2 East African Community
      • 8.5.2.1 The East African Court of Justice
  • 8.6 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 9 Monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights
  • 9.1 The reports system
  • 9.2 Inter-State complaints
  • 9.3 Individual complaints
  • 9.4 Special procedures: rapporteurs, independent experts, and working groups
  • 9.5 Site/country visits
    • 9.5.1 Torture Prevention and Visits to Places of Detention
  • 9.6 Fact Finding Missions and Commissions of Inquiry
  • 9.7 The role of ancillary bodies
    • 9.7.1 United Nations bodies
      • 9.7.1.1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
      • 9.7.1.2 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
      • 9.7.1.3 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
    • 9.7.2 International Committee of the Red Cross
  • 9.8 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
  • 9.9 Individuals
  • 9.10 National human rights institutions
  • 9.11 Overview of problems with the present system
    • 9.11.1 Ratifications, declarations, and reservations
      • 9.11.1.1 The influence of global opinion
      • 9.11.1.2 Reservations and declarations
    • 9.11.2 State reports—quantity and quality
      • 9.11.2.1 Addressing the issues
      • 9.11.2.2 Changing the reporting conditions
      • 9.11.2.3 Overlapping obligations
      • 9.11.2.4 Work of the Committees
      • 9.11.2.5 Backlog
    • 9.11.3 Resources
      • 9.11.3.1 Redeploying resources?
      • 9.11.3.2 Individual communications: challenges
    • 9.11.4 Implementation and sanctions
      • 9.11.4.1 Denouncing treaties
      • 9.11.4.2 Political enforcement
      • 9.11.4.3 The success of the United Nations
  • 9.12 Pluralism and homogeneity
  • 9.13 Reform? Some observations
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 10 Substantive rights—general comments
  • 10.1 Content of rights
  • 10.2 State discretion and other limitations
    • 10.2.1 State discretion
    • 10.2.2 Clash of rights
    • 10.2.3 Derogations
      • 10.2.3.1 What is a derogation?
      • 10.2.3.2 Non-derogable rights
      • 10.2.3.3 Procedural requirements
    • 10.2.4 Reservations
      • 10.2.4.1 Definition and scope of reservations
      • 10.2.4.2 Other reservations
      • 10.2.4.3 Can States object to reservations?
      • 10.2.4.4 Removing and reviewing reservations
      • 10.2.4.5 Conclusions
    • 10.2.5 Declarations
    • 10.2.6 Denunciations
  • 10.3 Interpretation and application
  • 10.4 Remedies and reparations; compensation and damages
  • 10.5 Examining human rights
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Reading—Specific Rights
  • Websites
• 11 Equality and non-discrimination
  • 11.1 The concept of equality
  • 11.2 The prohibition on discrimination
  • 11.3 Sex discrimination
    • 11.3.1 The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
    • 11.3.2 Developing the law
    • 11.3.3 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
    • 11.3.4 Strengthening women’s rights
  • 11.4 Race discrimination
    • 11.4.1 Development of international law
    • 11.4.2 The Declaration and the Convention
    • 11.4.3 Definition of ‘racial discrimination’
    • 11.4.4 Conclusions
  • 11.5 Religious discrimination
    • 11.5.1 Developing the international prohibition
    • 11.5.2 Developing the Declaration
    • 11.5.3 Content of the Declaration
    • 11.5.4 Developing the concept
    • 11.5.5 Special thematic rapporteurs on religious intolerance and discrimination
    • 11.5.6 Discrimination at work
    • 11.5.7 Conclusions
  • 11.6 Other grounds of discrimination
    • 11.6.1 Language
    • 11.6.2 Ability/disability
    • 11.6.3 Others
  • 11.7 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 12 Rights for specific vulnerable persons
  • 12.1 Vulnerable people
  • 12.2 Refugees
    • 12.2.1 Historical issues
    • 12.2.2 Refugees’ rights and the 1951 Convention
    • 12.2.3 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    • 12.2.4 Regional developments
      • 12.2.4.1 Africa
      • 12.2.4.2 The Americas
      • 12.2.4.3 Europe
    • 12.2.5 Developments
  • 12.3 Internally displaced persons
    • 12.3.1 International developments
    • 12.3.2 Regional developments
      • 12.3.2.1 Africa
  • 12.4 Stateless persons
    • 12.4.1 International developments
    • 12.4.2 Rights of stateless persons
  • 12.5 Women
    • 12.5.1 Historical issues
    • 12.5.2 Rights of women
      • 12.5.2.1 Family rights
      • 12.5.2.2 Violence and other abuse
    • 12.5.3 International developments
    • 12.5.4 Regional developments
      • 12.5.4.1 Americas
      • 12.5.4.2 Africa
      • 12.5.4.3 Europe
  • 12.6 Children
    • 12.6.1 Historical issues
    • 12.6.2 Children’s rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
      • 12.6.2.1 Protection of children from harm
      • 12.6.2.2 Providing children with basic needs
      • 12.6.2.3 Participation of the child
    • 12.6.3 International developments
    • 12.6.4 Regional developments
      • 12.6.4.1 Africa
      • 12.6.4.2 Europe
      • 12.6.4.3 Americas
  • 12.7 Older persons
    • 12.7.1 Key issues
    • 12.7.2 International developments
    • 12.7.3 Regional developments
      • 12.7.3.1 The Americas
      • 12.7.3.2 Africa
      • 12.7.3.3 Europe
  • 12.8 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 13 The right to life
  • 13.1 Right to life
    • 13.1.1 A positive obligation to protect life
      • 13.1.1.1 Obligations to legally protect life
      • 13.1.1.2 Obligation to investigate deaths
      • 13.1.1.3 Link to healthcare
    • 13.1.2 Parameters of life
      • 13.1.2.1 The start of life
  • 13.2 Permissible deprivation of life
    • 13.2.1 Death penalty
      • 13.2.1.1 Abolishing the death penalty
      • 13.2.1.2 Regional developments
    • 13.2.2 Death by actions of State security forces
      • 13.2.2.1 Application by the Human Rights Committee
      • 13.2.2.2 Application to actions of security forces
      • 13.2.2.3 Application to ‘forced disappearances’
    • 13.2.3 Death during armed conflict
      • 13.2.3.1 Civil unrest
      • 13.2.3.2 International conflicts
  • 13.3 Genocide
    • 13.3.1 Definition of genocide
    • 13.3.2 The Genocide Convention
    • 13.3.3 Genocide as an international crime
    • 13.3.4 The work of the International Criminal Tribunals
      • 13.3.4.1 Rwanda
      • 13.3.4.2 Former Yugoslavia
      • 13.3.4.3 UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals
    • 13.3.5 Conclusions on the prohibition on genocide
  • 13.4 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 14 The right to liberty of person
  • 14.1 Slavery and servitude
    • 14.1.1 Slavery
    • 14.1.2 Slave trade and trafficking
    • 14.1.3 Analogous practices
    • 14.1.4 Forced or compulsory labour
  • 14.2 Liberty and security of person
    • 14.2.1 Deprivation of liberty
    • 14.2.2 Grounds of detention
      • 14.2.2.1 Detention following conviction by a competent court
      • 14.2.2.2 Extradition, expulsion, or deportation
      • 14.2.2.3 Minors
      • 14.2.2.4 Compulsory residence orders
      • 14.2.2.5 Detention for medical reasons
      • 14.2.2.6 Detention on suspicion of a criminal offence
    • 14.2.3 Procedural guarantees
      • 14.2.3.1 Prompt determination of legitimacy of detention
      • 14.2.3.2 Release pending trial
      • 14.2.3.3 Review of legitimacy of detention
      • 14.2.3.4 Compensation for non-justified detention
      • 14.2.3.5 Link to conditions for treatment of prisoners
      • 14.2.3.6 Link to enforced disappearances
    • 14.2.4 Derogations from the provisions
  • 14.3 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 15 Equality before the law—the right to a fair trial
  • 15.1 Recognition, equality, and access issues
    • 15.1.1 Recognition as a person before the law
    • 15.1.2 Lack of capacity to enter legal obligations
    • 15.1.3 Problems with defining ‘persons’
    • 15.1.4 Equality of persons before the law
    • 15.1.5 A right of access to a court?
  • 15.2 Prohibition on retroactive penal legislation
    • 15.2.1 National and international crimes
    • 15.2.2 Defining crimes
    • 15.2.3 Examples of violations
  • 15.3 What are ‘courts and tribunals’?
    • 15.3.1 The treaty-monitoring bodies?
  • 15.4 An independent and impartial court
    • 15.4.1 Jurisprudence
  • 15.5 Presumption of innocence
  • 15.6 Minimum guarantees for criminal trials
    • 15.6.1 The language of the trial and charges
    • 15.6.2 Adequate time and facilities to prepare and conduct a defence
    • 15.6.3 Trial in absentia
    • 15.6.4 Legal aid
    • 15.6.5 Trial within a reasonable time
    • 15.6.6 Public hearing
    • 15.6.7 Double jeopardy
    • 15.6.8 Appeal hearing
  • 15.7 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 16 The right to an adequate standard of living
  • 16.1 The right to an adequate standard of living
    • 16.1.1 The duty incumbent on States
    • 16.1.2 Components of the right to an adequate standard of living
  • 16.2 Food
    • 16.2.1 Scope of right
    • 16.2.2 Food distribution and supply
  • 16.3 Housing
    • 16.3.1 Scope of right
    • 16.3.2 Forced evictions
    • 16.3.3 Homelessness
    • 16.3.4 Environmental concerns
  • 16.4 Right to water
    • 16.4.1 Scope of right
  • 16.5 Social security and protection
    • 16.5.1 Scope of right
  • 16.6 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 17 Freedom from torture; cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment
  • 17.1 A hierarchy of treatment?
    • 17.1.1 The inclusion of mental suffering
  • 17.2 Torture
    • 17.2.1 The international position
    • 17.2.2 The Inter-American system
    • 17.2.3 The European system
    • 17.2.4 Threat of torture
    • 17.2.5 Reprisals
    • 17.2.6 Scientific and medical experimentation
    • 17.2.7 Compensation for victims
  • 17.3 Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
    • 17.3.1 Corporal punishment
      • 17.3.1.1 Judicial corporal punishment
      • 17.3.1.2 Corporal punishment of children
    • 17.3.2 Death-row phenomenon
  • 17.4 Prevention of torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
    • 17.4.1 The international position
    • 17.4.2 The regional position
      • 17.4.2.1 The Americas
      • 17.4.2.2 Europe
      • 17.4.2.3 Africa
  • 17.5 Emergency situations
  • 17.6 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 18 The right to self-determination
  • 18.1 The right to self-determination
  • 18.2 The origins of the right to self-determination
    • 18.2.1 After the First World War
    • 18.2.2 The era of the League of Nations
  • 18.3 The United Nations, decolonization, and self-determination
  • 18.4 Self-determination today
    • 18.4.1 Examples of non-colonial self-determination
    • 18.4.2 Secession
    • 18.4.3 Different covenants, different rights?
      • 18.4.3.1 Political self-determination
      • 18.4.3.2 Economic self-determination
    • 18.4.4 Autonomy for minority and indigenous groups
    • 18.4.5 Free, prior, and informed consent
    • 18.4.6 Self-determination and the African Charter
  • 18.5 Claiming self-determination
  • 18.6 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 19 Indigenous peoples’ and minority rights
  • 19.1 Minority rights
    • 19.1.1 Background to minority rights
    • 19.1.2 The need for minority protection
      • 19.1.2.1 Rationalizing minority protection
      • 19.1.2.2 The Universal Declaration and minority rights
    • 19.1.3 Defining ‘minorities’
      • 19.1.3.1 Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
      • 19.1.3.2 Tests employed to determine minority status
    • 19.1.4 The scope of Art 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
      • 19.1.4.1 The right to enjoy one’s culture
        • 19.1.4.1.1 ‘Culture’ through the case law
      • 19.1.4.2 The right to profess and practise religion
      • 19.1.4.3 The right to use one’s own language
      • 19.1.4.4 Using the International Covenant
      • 19.1.4.5 The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 1992
    • 19.1.5 Other UN initiatives
    • 19.1.6 Regional developments
      • 19.1.6.1 European developments
        • 19.1.6.1.1 Council of Europe
        • 19.1.6.1.2 European Union
        • 19.1.6.1.3 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
  • 19.2 Indigenous peoples
    • 19.2.1 Historical issues
    • 19.2.2 Claims of indigenous peoples
      • 19.2.2.1 Right to an existence
      • 19.2.2.2 Autonomy
      • 19.2.2.3 Land rights
      • 19.2.2.4 Cultural rights
    • 19.2.3 International developments
    • 19.2.4 Regional developments
      • 19.2.4.1 Americas
      • 19.2.4.2 Africa
      • 19.2.4.3 Europe
  • 19.3 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 20 Freedom of expression
  • 20.1 Freedom of expression
  • 20.2 Freedom of the press and media
    • 20.2.1 State-owned media
    • 20.2.2 Regional developments
    • 20.2.3 Link to human rights education
  • 20.3 Overlap with other rights (correspondence, privacy, association)
  • 20.4 Exceptions
    • 20.4.1 Propaganda for war or national, racial, or religious hatred
    • 20.4.2 War/public emergency
    • 20.4.3 National security/public order
      • 20.4.3.1 The gathering of intelligence
      • 20.4.3.2 Publication of ‘memoirs’ of former intelligence/security/military personnel
      • 20.4.3.3 Military information
    • 20.4.4 Public health and morals
    • 20.4.5 The rights and reputations of others
  • 20.5 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 21 The right to education and human rights education
  • 21.1 The right to education
    • 21.1.1 Access to education
      • 21.1.1.1 Provision of free education
      • 21.1.1.2 Non-discrimination in the provision of education
    • 21.1.2 Nature of education
      • 21.1.2.1 Scope of education offered
      • 21.1.2.2 Influence of parents and guardians
    • 21.1.3 Academic freedom
    • 21.1.4 The United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the right to education
  • 21.2 The right to human rights education
    • 21.2.1 Links to other human rights
    • 21.2.2 Achieving universal education on human rights
    • 21.2.3 Teaching non-discrimination
    • 21.2.4 The United Nations Decade of Human Rights Education
  • 21.3 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 22 Sustainable development and human rights
  • 22.1 The right to development
  • 22.2 The Millennium Development Goals
  • 22.3 Towards Agenda 2030
  • 22.4 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development
    • 22.4.1 People: social development
    • 22.4.2 Planet: environmental rights
    • 22.4.3 Prosperity: economic development
    • 22.4.4 Peace
  • 22.5 UN Sustainable Development Goals
    • 22.5.1 Monitoring progress towards the SDGs
      • 22.5.1.1 High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
    • 22.5.2 Cross-cutting human rights themes
      • 22.5.2.1 Leave no one behind
    • 22.5.3 Accountability
    • 22.5.4 Participation
  • 22.6 Related frameworks, goals, and targets
  • 22.7 Conclusions
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 23 Human rights in practice: the COVID-19 pandemic
  • 23.1 COVID-19
  • 23.2 Duties on States
    • 23.2.1 Derogations
    • 23.2.2 Limiting or restricting enjoyment of rights
    • 23.2.3 Non-retrogression of enjoyment of rights
    • 23.2.4 Relationship with other international duties and obligations
    • 23.3 Interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible universal rights
    • 23.3.1 Right to respect for life
      • 23.3.1.1 Actions to protect life
    • 23.3.2 Right to highest attainable standard of health
      • 23.3.2.1 Mental health
      • 23.3.2.2 Social determinants of health
      • 23.3.2.3 Equitable access to effective vaccines
    • 23.3.3 Freedoms of information and expression and the right to privacy (information and expression)
      • 23.3.3.1 Freedoms of information and expression
      • 23.3.3.2 Right to privacy
    • 23.3.4 Family rights (including marriage) and cultural celebrations and commemorations, including religious observances
      • 23.3.4.1 Family rights
      • 23.3.4.2 Religious observances
    • 23.3.5 Work
      • 23.3.5.1 Prohibitions on work
      • 23.3.5.2 Safe working conditions
    • 23.3.6 Freedom of Movement
  • 23.4 Duties on States moving forward
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• 24 Current issues: non-State actors
  • 24.1 Positive obligations to protect, respect, promote, and fulfil treaty obligations
  • 24.2 Non-State armed groups
    • 24.2.1 Private armed security firms
  • 24.3 Business and human rights
    • 24.3.1 ILO fundamental conventions
    • 24.3.2 UN Global Compact
    • 24.3.3 UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
  • 24.4 International, regional, and non-governmental organizations
    • 24.4.1 The United Nations
    • 24.4.2 Non-governmental organizations
  • 24.5 Conclusions
  • Cases
  • Reading
  • Websites
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu