Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Table of Cases
• Table of International Instruments and National Legislation
• List of Acronyms
• 1. Introduction
  • I. Climate change as an intractable policy challenge
  • II. Three perspectives on the climate change problem
    • A. Climate change as an environmental problem
    • B. Climate change as an economic problem
    • C. Climate change as an ethical problem
  • III. Demarcating international climate change law
  • IV. The subject matter of international climate change law
    • A. Mitigation
    • B. Adaptation
    • C. Finance
    • D. Oversight
  • V. Recurring themes in the UN climate regime
    • A. Legal bindingness
      • 1. Treaties
      • 2. Decisions of parties
      • 3. Political agreements
    • B. Architecture
    • C. Differentiation
  • VI. The broader context for international climate change law
  • Select Bibliography
• 2. Climate Change and International Law
  • I. Introduction
  • II. The sources of international law
  • III. Key principles of international environmental law
    • A. The no-harm rule and related principles
      • 1. Harm prevention and due diligence
      • 2. Procedural obligations
      • 3. Prevention and precaution
    • B. Establishing state responsibility for violation of the no-harm rule
      • 1. General considerations
      • 2. Legal action for climate harm—some examples
    • C. Invoking state responsibility for harm to the global commons
    • D. Common concern and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
    • E. Precaution, sustainable development, and the intertemporal reach of international environmental law
  • IV. Treaty-based approaches to environmental protection
    • A. Treaty-development over time
      • 1. The framework-protocol model
      • 2. Institutionalization
      • 3. Ongoing standard-setting processes
    • B. Treaty design to induce participation
    • C. Promotion of implementation and compliance
      • 1. Emergence of the implementation and compliance focus
      • 2. Modern multilateral environmental agreements and compliance
  • V. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 3. Treaty-Based Law-Making: Rules, Tools, and Techniques
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Treaties and treaty-based law-making
    • A. What is a treaty?
    • B. Treaty negotiations
      • 1. The pre-negotiation phase: issue, forum, and mandate
      • 2. The negotiating process
    • C. Adoption, signature, ratification, and entry into force of treaties
    • D. Treaty development
      • 1. New treaties to supplement the framework
      • 2. Amendments
      • 3. Decisions of the parties
      • 4. Political agreements
      • 5. Ambiguity, interpretation, and subsequent practice
  • III. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 4. Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Agenda-setting (1985–1990)
  • III. Constitutional phase: negotiation and entry into force of the FCCC (1990–1995)
  • IV. Regulatory phase: negotiation and elaboration of the kyoto protocol (1995–2005)
  • V. Second constitutional phase: negotiating the future climate regime (2005–2016)
    • A. Bali Action Plan
    • B. Copenhagen Accord
    • C. Cancun Agreements
    • D. Durban Platform and Doha Amendment
  • VI. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 5. The Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Overarching issues
    • A. Legal bindingness
    • B. Architecture
    • C. Scope
    • D. Differentiation
  • III. Preamble, objective, and principles (Articles 2 and 3)
    • A. Preamble
    • B. Objective (Article 2)
    • C. Principles (Article 3)
      • 1. Background
      • 2. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
      • 3. Precaution and cost-effectiveness
      • 4. Sustainable development
      • 5. Supportive and open economic system
  • IV. Commitments (Articles 4–6 and 12)
    • A. General commitments (Articles 4.1, 5, 6, and 12.1)
    • B. Mitigation (Articles 4.1(b)–(d) and 4.2)
      • 1. Targets and timetables
      • 2. Comprehensive approach
      • 3. Joint implementation
    • C. Adaptation (Articles 4.1(b) and (e), 4.8, and 4.9)
    • D. Financial support (Articles 4.3 and 4.4)
    • E. Technology transfer (Article 4.5)
    • F. Transparency (Articles 4.1(a) and 12)
  • V. Institutions (Articles 7–11)
    • A. Conference of the Parties (Article 7)
    • B. Secretariat (Article 8)
    • C. Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (Article 9)
    • D. Subsidiary Body for Implementation (Article 10)
    • E. Financial mechanism (Articles 11 and 21.3)
  • VI. Implementation and compliance mechanisms (Articles 7.2 and 12–14)
    • A. Overview
    • B. Reporting (Article 12)
    • C. International review (Article 7.2)
    • D. Multilateral consultative process to resolve questions regarding implementation (Article 13)
    • E. Dispute settlement (Article 14)
  • VII. Final clauses (Articles 15–25)
    • A. Amendments, annexes, and protocols to the convention (Articles 15, 16, and 17)
    • B. Voting rights, signature, and ratification (Articles 18, 20, and 22)
    • C. Entry into force (Article 23)
    • D. Reservations and withdrawal (Articles 24 and 25)
  • VIII. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 6. Kyoto Protocol
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Overarching issues
    • A. Legal bindingness
    • B. Architecture
    • C. Scope
    • D. Differentiation
      • 1. Differentiation between Annex I and non-Annex I parties
      • 2. Differentiation within the category of Annex I parties
      • 3. Voluntary commitments for developing countries
  • III. Preamble and definitions (Article 1)
  • IV. Commitments (Articles 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11)
    • A. General commitments
    • B. Specific commitments for Annex I and Annex II parties
      • 1. Policies and measures (Article 2)
      • 2. Mitigation targets and timetables (Article 3)
        • a) Legal character
        • b) Differentiated targets
        • c) Collective target
        • d) Base year
        • e) Assigned amount units
        • f) Sinks
        • g) Multi-year commitment period
        • h) Banking
        • i) Joint fulfilment
      • 3. Financial support (Article 11)
  • V. Mechanisms (Articles 6, 12, and 17)
    • A. Joint implementation (Article 6)
    • B. Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12)
      • 1. Additionality
      • 2. Sustainable development
      • 3. Project eligibility
      • 4. Project types
        • a) Unilateral CDM
        • b) Programmatic CDM
        • c) Other project types
      • 5. Equitable geographical distribution of CDM projects
      • 6. Share of proceeds
    • C. Emissions trading (Article 17)
    • D. Outlook
  • VI. Reporting, review, and compliance (Articles 5, 7, 8, and 18)
    • A. Reporting and review (Articles 5, 7, and 8)
    • B. Compliance procedures and mechanisms
      • 1. Context and goals
      • 2. Triggers
      • 3. The Compliance Committee and its process
        • a) The facilitative branch
        • b) The enforcement branch
      • 4. Outlook
  • VII. Institutions (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
  • VIII. Multilateral consultative process (Article 16)
  • IX. Final clauses (Articles 19–28)
  • X. The second and future commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol
  • XI. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 7. Paris Agreement
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Overarching issues
    • A. Legal bindingness
      • 1. Legal form of the 2015 Agreement
      • 2. Legal character of the provisions in the 2015 Agreement
    • B. Architecture
    • C. Scope
    • D. Differentiation
      • 1. The CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
      • 2. Operationalizing the CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
        • a) Differentiation in mitigation
        • b) Differentiation in transparency
        • c) Differentiation in finance
  • III. Preamble
  • IV. Purpose (Articles 2 and 4.1)
  • V. Mitigation (Article 4)
    • A. Obligations in relation to nationally determined contributions (NDCs)
    • B. Registering NDCs
    • C. Progression in NDCs
    • D. Ambition cycle
  • VI. Market-based approaches (Article 6)
  • VII. Adaptation (Article 7)
  • VIII. Loss and damage (Article 8)
  • IX. Support (Articles 9, 10, and 11)
    • A. Finance
      • 1. Financial commitments
      • 2. Donor pool
      • 3. Mobilization goal
    • B. Technology
    • C. Capacity-building
  • X. Oversight system (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
    • A. Transparency (Article 13)
    • B. Global stocktake (Article 14)
    • C. Implementation and Compliance Mechanism (Article 15)
  • XI. Institutions (Articles 16–19)
  • XII. Final clauses (Articles 20–28)
  • XIII. Next steps
  • XIV. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 8. Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Multi-level climate governance
  • III. Public and private climate governance
  • IV. Climate governance by other multilateral institutions
    • A. Bunker emissions
      • 1. International Maritime Organization
      • 2. International Civil Aviation Organization
    • B. Ozone-depleting substances
    • C. Black carbon and other short-lived climate forcers
    • D. UN Security Council
    • E. Informal political forums
      • 1. Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
      • 2. G-8/G-20
      • 3. Bilateral initiatives
  • V. Sub-national climate governance
  • VI. Judicial governance
    • A. Functions of litigation
    • B. Source of law
    • C. Forum
    • D. Assessment
  • VII. Polycentric governance of the carbon market
  • VIII. Polycentric governance and the UN climate change regime
  • IX. Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
• 9. Intersections between International Climate Change Law and Other Areas of International Law
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Climate change and human rights
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Distinguishing features of a human rights approach to climate change
    • C. Advantages and disadvantages of a human rights approach to climate change
    • D. Which human rights are affected by the impacts of climate change?
      • 1. Extending the ambit of existing rights to address climate impacts
      • 2. Recognizing a right to a healthy or clean environment
    • E. Nature of duties
      • 1. Types of duties
      • 2. Duty holders
      • 3. Duty beneficiaries
    • F. Human rights implications of response measures
    • G. Human rights in the UN climate regime
  • III. Climate change, migration, and displacement
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Existing international protection
      • 1. Internal displacement
      • 2. Cross-border displacement
        • a) International refugee law
        • b) International human rights law
        • c) Law relating to statelessness
    • C. Addressing gaps in protection
    • D. Climate-induced displacement and migration in the UN climate regime
  • IV. Climate change and trade
    • A. The World Trade Organization
    • B. GATT principles
      • 1. Trade disciplines
      • 2. Exceptions
      • 3. The dispute settlement process
      • 4. The relationship between trade rules and climate protection measures
        • a) Unilateral or multilateral measures?
        • b) Direct and indirect trade restrictions
        • c) The role of the ‘likeness’ standard
        • d) Criteria for assessing ‘likeness’
        • e) Processes and production methods (PPMs) and ‘likeness’
      • 5. Trade-related climate measures
        • a) Border adjustments
        • b) Subsidies
    • C. Trade in the UN climate regime
  • Select Bibliography
• 10. Conclusion
  • I. The evolution of international climate change law: A brief recap
  • II. Distinctive features of international climate change law
  • III. Effectiveness of international climate change law
  • IV. Looking ahead
• Index

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