Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Part I Fundamentals
  • Chapter 1 Human Trafficking in Context
    • No-So-Modern Slavery
      • Challenge Yourself 1.1
    • Root Causes of Human Trafficking: Supply, Demand, and Globalization
    • International Definition of Human Trafficking
    • Key Elements of Human Trafficking
      • Trafficking Involves a Broad Range of Exploitive Practices and Is Not Limited to Sexual Exploitation
      • Case Study: “Cristopher”
      • Trafficking Does Not Require Movement
      • Trafficking Does Not Require Physical Bondage
      • Challenge Yourself 1.2
      • Trafficking Is Distinct From Migrant Smuggling
      • There Is No Such Thing as Consenting to Human Trafficking
      • Focus on Migrant Workers in Thailand
      • Anyone Can Be a Trafficker or a Victim of Human Trafficking
      • Challenge Yourself 1.3
    • Approaches to Combating Human Trafficking
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 2 Challenges, Resources, and Recommendations
    • Challenges to Understanding Human Trafficking
      • Definitions of Human Trafficking
      • Challenge Yourself 2.1
      • Focus on Child Marriage: An Example of Cultural Differences
      • International Laws on Human Trafficking
      • United States Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act
      • Challenge Yourself 2.2
      • Focus on Shared Hope International’s Protected Innocence Challenge
      • Focus on State-Level Attention to Human Trafficking
    • Additional Factors Causing Confusion in Understanding Human Trafficking
      • Smuggling
      • Case Study: “Sonia”
      • Focus on the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center
      • Men and Boys
      • Data and Measurement
      • Challenge Yourself 2.3
    • Existing Resources to Improve Our Understanding of Human Trafficking
      • The Trafficking in Persons Report
      • Focus on the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report Tier Rankings
        • The TIP Report: Is It Effective?
        • Politicization of the TIP Report
      • Focus on the Reuters Investigative Report Into the 2015 TIP Report
        • U.S. Authority
        • Data and Methodological Challenges
    • Global Resources to Monitor Human Trafficking
      • The United Nations
      • The Global Slavery Index
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 3 Do Traditional Theories Help Us Understand Human Trafficking?
    • Challenge Yourself 3.1
    • Assessing the Cost/Benefit Ratio: The Motivations of the Trafficker, Victim, and Buyer
      • Rational Choice Theory
      • Routine Activities Theory
      • Situational Crime Prevention
        • Traffickers
      • Focus on Proposed Application of SCP in Turkey to Reduce the Sex Trafficking of Females
        • Victims
        • Sex Buyers
    • Moving Beyond Rational Thinking: Additional Considerations in Explaining the Behavior of Traffickers and Victims at the Individual Level
      • Neutralizing the Decision to Traffic
      • The Role of Strain in the Life of a Trafficking Victim
      • Trauma Bonding
      • Case Study: “Tiffany”: An Illustration of the Development of Trauma-Coerced Bonds
    • Moving Beyond the Trafficker and Victim: Exploring the Impact of Ecological Factors
      • Community and State Disorganization: Creating an Environment Fertile for Trafficking
      • Globalization: Increasing the Options for Maximizing Profit While Reducing Protections to the Vulnerable
    • Conclusion
      • Challenge Yourself 3.2
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 4 The Victims of Human Trafficking
    • Case Study: “Jana”
    • Who Is a Victim?
      • The United States
      • Global
    • Turning Vulnerabilities Into Victimization
      • Gender
        • Push Factors
        • Pull Factors
        • Women Don’t Need to Be Saved
        • Males Are Trafficked Too
      • Challenge Yourself 4.1
      • Youth
        • Children Traveling Alone
        • The Intersection of Child Welfare and Trafficking
        • Weak Child Protection Laws and Policies
      • Poverty
      • Focus on the CNN Freedom Project
      • Statelessness
      • Focus on Statelessness in Thailand
        • Statelessness and Human Trafficking
      • Migrants and Refugees
        • What Is Smuggling? Where Is It Happening?
        • When the Smuggled Become the Trafficked
        • Is This Human Trafficking?
      • Case Study: The Life of Migrants Crossing the U.S. Southern Border
      • Disabilities
      • Challenge Yourself 4.2
      • Religious Vulnerabilities
        • Religious Belief Systems
        • Religious Minorities
      • Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
      • Political Instability, War, and Conflict
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 5 The Traffickers
    • Challenge Yourself 5.1
    • Motivation
      • Offenders’ Self-Reported Justifications and Risk Mitigation Strategies
    • Roles
      • Recruiters
        • Abusive Recruitment Practices
      • Focus on Prosecution for Unfair Recruitment Practices
        • Policies and Legislation Against Unfair Recruitment Practices
      • Transporters
      • Case Study: Recruiter Working in a Transit Station
        • Buses and Trains
        • Airplanes
      • Case Study: Transportation Used by Trafficker to Exploit Victim, and Used by Victim for Escape
        • Response
      • Case Study: Flight Attendant Identifies Trafficker and Trafficking Victim
      • Other Roles in Trafficking Operations
      • Case Study: Manager in a Trafficking Operation
    • Organizational Structure of Trafficking Operations
      • Focus on Human Trafficking by MS-13
      • Case Study: Human Trafficking in a Regional Hierarchy—the Fuk Ching
    • Characteristics of Traffickers
      • Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background
      • Gender
      • Case Study: Female Trafficker Working With a Romantic Partner
      • Victims Who Become Traffickers
      • Age
      • Family/Marital Status
      • Case Study: Family Involvement in Trafficking
      • Occupation
      • Government Corruption
        • Perceived Corruption
        • Involvement of Corrupt Government Officials
      • Case Study: Corruption at Multiple Levels of Government
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
• Part II Sex Trafficking
  • Chapter 6 The Colliding Worlds of Prostitution and Human Trafficking
    • What Is Prostitution?
    • Prevalence
    • Demographics
      • Gender
      • Age
    • Push Factors for Prostitution
      • Poverty and Gender
      • Abuse and Addiction
      • Socialization
      • Challenge Yourself 6.1
      • Focus on Why and How Pimps Do What They Do
    • Are Prostitution and Sex Trafficking the Same Thing?
      • Case Study: The Challenges Faced by a Prostitute by Choice
    • Regulating Prostitution
      • The United States
      • Challenge Yourself 6.2
      • Focus on How All Laws Are Not Created Equal
        • Acknowledging the Nonconsenting Sex Worker in the U.S.
      • Focus on How What Happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas
      • Global Perspectives
        • International Trends in Regulating Prostitution
      • Advantages and Disadvantages of Regulation
    • Efforts to Control Prostitution and Their Impacts on Sex Trafficking
      • Criminalization
      • Challenge Yourself 6.3
      • Abolition
      • Focus on Sweden
      • Decriminalization
      • Focus on New Zealand
      • Case Study: India’s Sex Work Collectives
      • Legalization
      • A New Model?
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 7 Moving Past the Prostitution Debate: An Examination of Sex Trafficking
    • Case Study: “Tonya”
    • An Introduction to Sex Trafficking
    • Explaining the Prevalence of Sex Trafficking
      • Challenge Yourself 7.1
    • Stages in Sex Trafficking
      • Recruitment
      • Trafficking Experience
      • Case Study: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
      • Case Study: Violence in Brothels
      • Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
      • Identification
      • Case Study: Escaping From Brothels
      • Recovery and Reintegration
      • Case Study Continued: Through the Eyes of the Victim: The Experiences of Four Thai Girls Trafficked to Japan
      • Focus on the Challenge of Housing in the U.S.—Where to Place Sex Trafficking Victims Immediately After Identification
    • Child Sex Trafficking
      • Special Legislative Attention to Child Sex Trafficking
        • United States
        • International Law
      • Focus on the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (“the Convention”)
      • Magnitude
      • Vulnerabilities
        • Child Welfare Involvement
        • Age
      • Focus on Sex Trafficking and HIV/AIDS
        • Race
        • Drug Addiction
        • Homelessness
        • LGBTQ Youth
      • Focus on Gang Involvement and Sex Trafficking
    • Women and Children Are Not the Only Victims
      • Males
      • Challenge Yourself 7.2
      • Case Study: Urban Light
      • LGBTQ Individuals
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 8 Sex Trafficking: Demand and Prevention
    • Demand
      • Sex Tourism
      • Challenge Yourself 8.1
      • The Use of the Internet to Drive Demand
      • Challenge Yourself 8.2
      • Focus on FOSTA: The Takedown of Backpage
      • Challenge Yourself 8.3
    • Reactions to Sex Trafficking
    • Prevention
      • Trauma-Informed Care
      • Research
      • Using Technology for Good
        • DARPA
        • Thorn
        • Project Vic
    • Protection
      • Safe Harbor
      • Challenge Yourself 8.4
      • Post-Conviction Relief
      • Human Trafficking Courts
      • Temporary Visas
        • United States
        • Canada
        • United Kingdom
      • Challenge Yourself 8.5
    • Prosecution
      • Case Study: “Jennifer”
      • Focus on the Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal Case Law Database
      • Case Study: Successful Investigations Lead to Successful Prosecutions
    • Partnership
      • Task Forces
      • Other Forms of Partnership
      • Focus on Strategies to Reduce Sex Trafficking Between Nepal and India
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
• Part III Labor Trafficking
  • Chapter 9 More Than Unfair Labor Practices
    • What Is Labor Trafficking?
      • Unfair Practices Versus Labor Trafficking
      • Challenge Yourself 9.1
    • Portrait of Labor Trafficking in the U.S.
      • Prevalence
      • Laws
      • Focus on the 13th Amendment
      • U.S. Law
      • Focus on Which U.S. Government Agencies Are Involved in Anti-Trafficking Efforts
      • Migrant Workers in the U.S.
      • Focus on History of Temporary Work Visa Programs in the U.S.
      • Case Study: H-2B Visa
    • Portrait of Labor Trafficking Globally
      • Prevalence
      • Challenge Yourself 9.2
      • Revenue
      • Industries
        • Domestic Work
      • Case Study: Qatar Commits to Strengthen Workers’ Rights for Two Million Migrants
        • Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
        • Construction, Manufacturing, Mining, Utilities, and Hospitality
      • International Laws
      • Case Study: Labor Trafficking in the United Kingdom
    • Vulnerabilities and Demographics of Labor Trafficking Victims
      • Migration
      • Age
      • Gender
      • Education and Literacy
      • Poverty
      • Marginalized Populations
    • Child Labor Trafficking
      • Case Study: Forced Labor in North Korea
      • Case Study: Forced Labor of Talibés
      • Consequences of Child Labor Trafficking
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
    • Full-Length Case Studies
  • Chapter 10 Responses to Labor Trafficking
    • Reactions to Labor Trafficking
      • Challenge Yourself 10.1
    • Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Existing Responses to Labor Trafficking
      • Human Rights Approach
      • Labor Approach
      • Review of Human Rights Guaranteed by International Statutes
      • Research
      • Data-Driven Responses to Labor Trafficking
        • Use of Financial Services Data
      • Challenge Yourself 10.2
        • Use of Big Data to Identify Traffickers
      • Focus on the Global Emancipation Network
    • Recovery: The Identification of Traffickers and Victims
      • Prioritize Prosecution of Civil Labor Violations
      • Increase Investigation Efforts
      • Focus on Justice at Work
      • Involve Health Care Providers
      • Case Study: When Traffickers Have Diplomatic Immunity
      • Case Study: Health Care Provider Identifies Labor Trafficking Victim
      • Transparency in Supply Chain Laws, aka “Name and Shame”
      • Focus on Supply Chain Transparency
      • Resources and Restoration
      • Case Study: Recovery and Restoration For Natalia
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
• Part IV Other Forms of Human Trafficking
  • Chapter 11 Child Soldiers
    • Case Study: Junior Nzita Nsuami
    • Historical Context
    • Definition
      • Focus on Definitions
    • Where Are Child Soldiers Found?
      • Country-Level Examples
    • Is This Human Trafficking?
      • Risk Factors
        • Age Blindness
        • Structural Factors
      • Challenge Yourself 11.1
        • Individual-Level Factors
      • Case Study: Child Soldiers in Africa: A Synopsis of Armed & Underage, an Exposé of Child Soldiers in Africa
      • The Experiences of Child Soldiers
        • Recruitment
      • Living as a Child Soldier
        • Exposure to Violence and Sexual Exploitation
        • Reintegration
      • Case Study: Boko Haram
    • Responses to the Use of Child Soldiers
      • International Responses
        • Improvements to Existing Policy
      • Focus on Child Soldiers International’s 10-Point Checklist
      • The U.S. Child Soldiers Prevention Act
        • The United States’ Failed Opportunity
    • Consequences
      • Psychological Consequences
      • Community Acceptance
      • Other Forms of Human Trafficking
    • Moving Forward
      • Challenge Yourself 11.2
      • Focus on Sierra Leone
      • Research
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 12 Organ Trafficking
    • Brief History of Organ Transplantation
      • Challenge Yourself 12.1
    • Brief History of Trafficking in Organs
    • Forms of Trafficking in Organs
    • Legal and Ethical Frameworks Pertaining to Trafficking in Organs
      • Guiding Instruments
      • Legally Binding Instruments
      • Case Study: Harvesting Organs From Prisoners in China
    • Prevalence of Organ Trafficking
    • Causes of Organ Trafficking
    • Structure of Organ-Trafficking Operations
      • Local Middlemen/Recruiters
      • International Coordinators/Brokers
      • Medical Professionals
      • Case Study: Medical Professional Acts as International Coordinator
      • Medical Facilities and Administrative Staff
      • Lab Technicians
      • Administrative Health Officials
      • Health Insurance Companies
      • Corrupt Government Officials
      • Focus on a Medical Facility Involved in Trafficking
      • Victim Donors
        • Outcomes for Donors
      • Organ Recipients
        • Outcomes for Recipients
      • Case Study: Doctor Charged With Organized Crime: The Medicus Clinic
    • Organ Trafficking as Organized Crime
      • Challenge Yourself 12.2
    • Research
    • Economic Approaches
      • Challenge Yourself 12.3
      • Challenge Yourself 12.4
    • Recovery
      • Identification of Traffickers and Victims
      • Policy Measures
      • Resources and Restoration
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resource
  • Chapter 13 Forced and Child Marriage
    • Case Study: Talamt
    • The Fundaments of Forced and Child Marriage
      • Challenge Yourself 13.1
    • The Prevalence of Forced and Child Marriage
      • Gender
      • Age
      • Case Study: Slave Grooms
    • The Condemnation of Child Marriage
      • If Condemnation Isn’t Universal, Is Child Marriage So Wrong?
      • Challenge Yourself 13.2
    • Global Perspectives of Child Marriage
      • Asia
      • Africa
      • Focus on India: Efforts to Reduce Child Marriage
        • A Comparison of Child Marriage Hot Spots
      • Focus on Ghana
      • The Americas
      • Focus on Tahirih Justice Center’s Work on Forced Marriage
      • Europe
    • What Fuels Child Marriage?
      • Poverty
      • Culture, Religion, and Social Norms
      • Focus on Additional Factors That Contribute to Child Marriage
    • The Consequences of Child Marriage
      • Limited Education
        • A Call for Education and Empowerment
      • Exposure to Domestic Violence
      • Sexual Health
        • Pregnancy
      • Case Study: Aysheh
      • Focus on Obstetric Fistulas
      • Mental Health
    • Responding to Forced and Child Marriage
      • International Response
      • Focus on Reducing Child Marriage in Ethiopia: A Promising Intervention
    • Predicting the Future of Child Marriage
    • Conclusion
    • Key Words
    • Discussion Questions
    • Resources
  • Chapter 14 Conclusion
    • Overview
      • Challenge Yourself 14.1
    • Defining Elements
      • Challenge Yourself 14.2
    • Root Causes
      • Challenge Yourself 14.3
    • Research
    • Identifying Traffickers
    • Where Do We Go From Here?
      • Case Study: “Now I Dare to Speak”: SYSTERM Students Reflect on the Project’s Impact
    • Remaining Issues in the Field of Human Trafficking
      • Primary Prevention Efforts
        • Educational Programs
        • Demand Reduction Efforts
      • Focus on “I Am Little Red”
        • Public Awareness Campaigns
      • Focus on John Schools
      • Focus on Responsible Public Awareness Campaigns for Anti-trafficking
      • Secondary Prevention Efforts
      • Tertiary Prevention Efforts
        • Victim/Survivor Services
        • Prosecuting Traffickers
      • Challenge Yourself 14.4
    • Final Remarks
• References
• Index

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