Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Detailed Contents
• 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
  • 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy
    • 1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
      • Other Branches of Anatomy
    • 1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
    • FOCUS FIGURE 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
    • 1.1c Units of Measurement
    • 1.1d Anatomical Terminology
  • 1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
    • 1.2a Regional and Directional Terms
    • 1.2b Body Planes and Sections
    • 1.2c The Human Body Plan
    • 1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes
      • Dorsal Body Cavity
      • Ventral Body Cavity
      • Serous Cavities
    • 1.2e Abdominal Quadrants
    • 1.2f Anatomical Variability
  • 1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
    • 1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy
    • 1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy
    • 1.3c Artifacts
  • 1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
    • 1.4a X‐Ray Imaging
    • 1.4b Advanced X‐Ray Techniques
      • Computed Tomography
      • Angiography
    • 1.4c Positron Emission Tomography
    • 1.4d Sonography
    • 1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 2 Cells: The Living Units
  • 2.1 Overview of Cells
  • 2.2 The Plasma Membrane
    • 2.2a Structure
    • 2.2b Functions
    • 2.2c Membrane Transport
  • 2.3 The Cytoplasm
    • 2.3a Cytosol
    • 2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles
      • Ribosomes
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum
      • Golgi Apparatus
      • Lysosomes
      • Mitochondria
      • Peroxisomes
      • Cytoskeleton
      • Centrosome and Centrioles
    • 2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions
  • 2.4 The Nucleus
    • 2.4a Nuclear Envelope
    • 2.4b Nucleolus
    • 2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes
  • 2.5 The Cell Life Cycle
    • 2.5a Interphase
    • 2.5b Cell Division
      • Mitosis
      • FOCUS FIGURE 2.17 Mitosis
      • Cytokinesis
  • 2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells
    • 2.6a Cell Differentiation
    • 2.6b Aging
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Hypercholesterolemia 
    • Tay‐Sachs Disease
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 3 Basic Embryology
  • 3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development
  • 3.2 The Basic Body Plan
  • 3.3 The Embryonic Period
    • 3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
    • 3.3b Week 2: The Two‐Layered Embryo
    • 3.3c Week 3: The Three‐Layered Embryo
      • The Primitive Streak and the Three Germ Layers
      • The Notochord
      • Neurulation
      • The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate
    • 3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
      • Folding
      • Derivatives of the Germ Layers
    • 3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
  • 3.4 The Fetal Period
    • A CLOSER LOOK Focus on Birth Defects
  • CLINICAL APPLICATION
    • Conjoined (Siamese) Twins 
    • Neural Tube Defects
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 4 Tissues
  • 4.1 Epithelial Tissue
    • 4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia
    • 4.1b Classification of Epithelia
      • Simple Epithelia
      • Stratified Epithelia
    • 4.1c Glands
      • Endocrine Glands
      • Exocrine Glands
    • 4.1d Epithelial Surface Features
      • Lateral Surface Features: Cell Junctions
      • Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
      • Apical Surface Features: Microvilli and Cilia
  • 4.2 Connective Tissue
    • 4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
    • 4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues
      • Cells
      • Fibers
      • Ground Substance
    • 4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues
      • Connective Tissue Proper—Loose Connective Tissues
      • Connective Tissue Proper—Dense Connective Tissue
      • Cartilage
      • Bone
      • Blood
    • 4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes
      • FOCUS FIGURE 4.11 Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues
  • 4.3 Muscle Tissue
  • 4.4 Nervous Tissue
  • 4.5 Tissue Response to Injury
    • 4.5a Inflammation
    • 4.5b Repair
  • 4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life
    • A CLOSER LOOK Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
  • CLINICAL APPLICATION
    • Basement Membranes and Diabetes 
    • Kartagener’s Syndrome
    • Scurvy
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 5 The Integumentary System
  • 5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
    • 5.1a Epidermis
      • Layers of the Epidermis
    • 5.1b Dermis
      • Papillary Dermis
      • Reticular Dermis
    • A CLOSER LOOK Tattoos
    • 5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue
    • 5.1d Skin Color
  • 5.2 Appendages of the Skin
    • 5.2a Nails
    • 5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles
      • Hair
      • Hair Follicles
      • Types and Growth of Hair
      • Hair Thinning and Baldness
    • 5.2c Sebaceous Glands
    • 5.2d Sweat Glands
      • Eccrine Sweat Glands
      • Apocrine Sweat Glands
  • 5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System
    • 5.3a Burns
    • 5.3b Skin Cancer
      • Basal Cell Carcinoma
      • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
      • Melanoma
  • 5.4 The Skin Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Skin’s Response to Friction 
    • Decubitus Ulcer
    • The Patch Drug Delivery System
    • Acne
    • Freckles and Moles 
    • Cyanosis 
    • Chemotherapy and Hair Loss
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
  • 6.1 Cartilages
    • 6.1a Location and Basic Structure
    • 6.1b Types of Cartilage
      • Hyaline Cartilage
      • A CLOSER LOOK The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
      • Elastic Cartilage
      • Fibrocartilage
    • 6.1c Growth of Cartilage
  • 6.2 Bones
    • 6.2a Functions of Bones
    • 6.2b Bone Tissue
      • Extracellular Matrix
      • Cells
    • 6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones
      • Classification of Bones
      • Compact and Spongy Bone
      • Structure of a Typical Long Bone
      • Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
      • Bone Design and Stress
    • 6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone
      • Compact Bone
      • Spongy Bone
    • 6.2e Bone Development and Growth
      • Intramembranous Ossification
      • Endochondral Ossification
      • Anatomy of the Epiphyseal Plate
      • Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones
    • 6.2f Bone Remodeling
    • 6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures
  • 6.3 Disorders of Bones
    • 6.3a Osteoporosis
    • 6.3b Osteomalacia and Rickets
    • 6.3c Osteosarcoma
  • 6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Achondroplasia
    • Paget’s Disease
    • Traction
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
  • 7.1 The Skull
    • 7.1a Overview of Skull Geography
    • 7.1b Cranial Bones
      • Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
      • Sutural Bones
      • Frontal Bone
      • Occipital Bone
      • Temporal Bones
      • Sphenoid Bone
      • Ethmoid Bone
    • 7.1c Facial Bones
      • Mandible
      • Maxillary Bones
      • Zygomatic Bones
      • Nasal Bones
      • Lacrimal Bones
      • Palatine Bones
      • Vomer
      • Inferior Nasal Conchae
    • 7.1d Special Parts of the Skull
      • Nasal Cavity
      • Paranasal Sinuses
      • Orbits
      • The Hyoid Bone
  • 7.2 The Vertebral Column
    • 7.2a Regions and Normal Curvatures
    • 7.2b Ligaments of the Spine
    • 7.2c Intervertebral Discs
    • 7.2d General Structure of Vertebrae
    • 7.2e Regional Vertebral Characteristics
      • Cervical Vertebrae
      • Thoracic Vertebrae
      • Lumbar Vertebrae
      • Sacrum
      • Coccyx
  • 7.3 The Thoracic Cage
    • 7.3a Sternum
    • 7.3b Ribs
  • 7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
    • 7.4a Cleft Palate
    • 7.4b Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
    • 7.4c Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
  • 7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Deviated Septum
    • Herniated Disc
    • The Dens and Fatal Trauma
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
  • 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
    • 8.1a Clavicles
    • 8.1b Scapulae
  • 8.2 The Upper Limb
    • 8.2a Arm
    • 8.2b Forearm
      • Ulna
      • Radius
    • 8.2c Hand
      • Carpus
      • Metacarpus
      • Phalanges of the Fingers
  • 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle
    • 8.3a Ilium
    • 8.3b Ischium
    • 8.3c Pubis
    • 8.3d Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
  • 8.4 The Lower Limb
    • 8.4a Thigh
    • 8.4b Leg
      • Tibia
      • Fibula
    • 8.4c Foot
      • Tarsus
      • Metatarsus
      • Phalanges of the Toes
      • Arches of the Foot
  • 8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
  • 8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Fractures of the Clavicle
    • Palpation of Colles’ Fracture
    • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
    • Hip Fracture as a Result of Osteoporosis
    • Ankle Fractures
    • Metatarsal Stress Fracture
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 9 Joints
  • 9.1 Classification of Joints
  • 9.2 Fibrous Joints
    • 9.2a Sutures
    • 9.2b Syndesmoses
    • 9.2c Gomphoses
  • 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
    • 9.3a Synchondroses
    • 9.3b Symphyses
  • 9.4 Synovial Joints
    • 9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints
    • 9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
      • Gliding
      • Angular Movements
      • Special Movements
    • 9.4c Types of Synovial Joints
    • 9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
      • Articular Surfaces
      • FOCUS FIGURE 9.8 Synovial Joints
      • Ligaments
      • Muscle Tone
  • 9.5 Selected Synovial Joints
    • 9.5a Temporomandibular Joint
    • 9.5b Sternoclavicular Joint
    • 9.5c Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
    • 9.5d Elbow Joint
    • 9.5e Wrist Joint
    • 9.5f Hip Joint
    • 9.5g Knee Joint
    • 9.5h Ankle Joint
  • 9.6 Disorders of Joints
    • 9.6a Joint Injuries
      • Torn Cartilage
      • Sprains
      • Dislocations
    • 9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
      • Bursitis, Tendonitis, and Tenosynovitis
      • Arthritis
  • 9.7 The Joints Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Temporomandibular Disorders
    • Shoulder Dislocations
    • Elbow Trauma
    • Knee Injuries
    • Ankle Sprains
    • Autologous Cartilage Implantation
    • Nursemaid’s Elbow
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  • 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue
    • 10.1a Properties of Muscle Tissue
      • Terminology Specific to Muscle Tissue
    • 10.1b Functions of Muscle Tissue
    • 10.1c Types of Muscle Tissue
      • Skeletal Muscle Tissue
      • Cardiac Muscle Tissue
      • Smooth Muscle Tissue
  • 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
    • 10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
      • Connective Tissue and Fascicles
      • Nerves and Blood Vessels
      • Muscle Attachments
    • 10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
      • The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
      • Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
      • Titin and Other Myofibril Proteins
      • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules
    • 10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
      • Mechanism of Contraction
      • Muscle Extension
      • Muscle Fiber Length and the Force of Contraction
      • Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
      • Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  • 10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
    • 10.3a Muscular Dystrophy
    • 10.3b Myofascial Pain Syndrome
    • 10.3c Fibromyalgia
  • 10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
    • A CLOSER LOOK: Anabolic Steroid Abuse
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness
    • Muscle Twitch
    • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 11 Muscles of the Body
  • 11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function
    • 11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
    • 11.1b Lever Systems: Bone‐Muscle Relationships
      • First‐Class Lever
      • Second‐Class Lever
      • Third‐Class Lever
    • 11.1c Muscle Actions and Interactions
    • FOCUS FIGURE 11.4 Muscle Action
  • 11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles
    • 11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
    • 11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
      • Upper Limb
      • Lower Limb
  • 11.3 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
    • 11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles
    • 11.3b The Muscle Tables
      • Table 11.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
      • Table 11.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
      • Table 11.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
      • Table 11.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
      • Table 11.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
      • Table 11.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
      • Table 11.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
      • Table 11.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula
      • Table 11.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
      • Table 11.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
      • Table 11.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
      • Table 11.12 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
      • Table 11.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
      • Table 11.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
      • Table 11.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
      • Table 11.16 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
      • Table 11.17 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Foot Support
  • 11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy
    • 11.4a The Head
      • The Cranium
      • The Face
    • 11.4b The Neck
      • Skeletal Landmarks
      • Muscles of the Neck
      • Triangles of the Neck
    • 11.4c The Thorax
      • Skeletal Landmarks
      • Muscles of the Thorax
    • 11.4d The Abdomen
      • Skeletal Landmarks
      • Muscles and Other Abdominal Surface Features
    • 11.4e The Back
      • Bones of the Back
      • Muscles of the Back
    • 11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder
      • The Axilla
      • The Shoulder
      • The Arm
      • The Elbow Region
      • The Forearm and Hand
    • 11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
      • The Gluteal Region
      • The Thigh
      • The Leg and Foot
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Compartment Syndrome
    • Torticollis
    • Hernia
    • Tennis Elbow
    • Lacerations to the Neck
    • The Triangle of Auscultation
    • Gluteal Intramuscular Injections
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  • 12.1 The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
    • 12.1a Functions of the Nervous System
    • 12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
      • Somatic Sensory (SS)
      • Visceral Sensory (VS)
      • Somatic Motor (SM)
      • Visceral Motor (VM)
  • 12.2 Nervous Tissue
    • 12.2a The Neuron
      • The Cell Body
      • Neuron Processes
      • Synapses
      • Classification of Neurons
    • 12.2b Neuroglia
      • Neuroglia in the CNS
      • Neuroglia in the PNS
      • Myelin Sheaths
  • 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
    • 12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS
    • 12.3b Nerves
  • 12.4 Neuronal Integration
    • 12.4a Reflex Arcs
      • Monosynaptic Reflex
      • Polysynaptic Reflex
    • 12.4b Neuronal Circuits
      • Diverging Circuit
      • Converging Circuit
      • Reverberating Circuit
      • Serial Processing
      • Parallel Processing
      • FOCUS FIGURE 12.13 Neuronal Pathways
    • 12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS
  • 12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue
    • 12.5a Multiple Sclerosis
    • 12.5b Neuronal Regeneration
  • 12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
    • 12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Gliomas
    • Tic Douloureux
    • Regeneration and Spinal Cord Injuries
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 13 The Central Nervous System
  • 13.1 The Brain
    • 13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain
    • 13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
      • Ventricles of the Brain
      • Distribution of Gray Matter and White Matter
    • 13.1c The Brain Stem
      • The Medulla Oblongata
      • The Pons
      • The Midbrain
    • 13.1d The Cerebellum
      • The Cerebellar Peduncles
    • 13.1e The Diencephalon
      • The Thalamus
      • The Hypothalamus
      • The Epithalamus
    • 13.1f The Cerebrum
      • Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
      • Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
      • White Matter of the Cerebrum
      • Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
    • 13.1g Functional Brain Systems
      • The Limbic System
      • The Reticular Formation
    • 13.1h Protection of the Brain
      • Meninges
      • Cerebrospinal Fluid
      • Blood Brain Barrier
  • 13.2 The Spinal Cord
    • 13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord
    • 13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
    • 13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord
  • 13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
    • 13.3a Ascending Pathways
      • Spinocerebellar Pathway
      • Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
      • Spinothalamic Pathway
    • 13.3b Descending Pathways
      • Direct Pathways (Pyramidal Tracts)
      • Indirect Pathways (Extrapyramidal Tracts)
  • 13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System
    • 13.4a Spinal Cord Damage
    • 13.4b Brain Dysfunction
      • Cerebrovascular Accidents
      • A CLOSER LOOK Traumatic Brain Injury
      • Alzheimer’s Disease
  • 13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
    • 13.5a Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
    • 13.5b Postnatal Changes in the Brain
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Localization of a Brain Stem Injury
    • Injury to the Cerebellum
    • Why Won’t Teenagers Sleep at Night?
    • Phantom Limb Pain
    • Agnosia
    • Neglect Syndrome
    • Dyskinesia
    • Hydrocephalus
    • Flaccid and Spastic Paralysis
    • Meningitis
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 14 The Peripheral Nervous System
  • 14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
  • 14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors
    • 14.2a Functional Classification
      • Location of Receptors
      • Stimulus Type
    • 14.2b Structural Classification
      • Free Nerve Endings
      • Encapsulated Nerve Endings
  • 14.3 Cranial Nerves
  • 14.4 Spinal Nerves
    • 14.4a Innervation of the Back
    • 14.4b Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
    • 14.4c Nerve Plexuses
      • The Cervical Plexus and Innervation of the Neck
      • The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
      • FOCUS FIGURE 14.10 Innervation of the Upper Limb
      • The Lumbar Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
      • The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
      • FOCUS FIGURE 14.13 Innervation of the Lower Limb
    • 14.4d Innervation of Joints of the Body
    • 14.4e Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
  • 14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
    • 14.5a Shingles
    • 14.5b Migraines
    • 14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy
  • 14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Paresthesia
    • Anosmia
    • Optic Nerve Damage
    • Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis
    • Trochlear Nerve Damage
    • Anesthesia for Upper and Lower Jaws
    • Abducens Nerve Paralysis
    • Bell’s Palsy
    • Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage
    • Glossopharyngeal Nerve Damage
    • Vagus Nerve Damage
    • Damage to Accessory Nerves
    • Hypoglossal Nerve Damage
    • Hiccups
    • Brachial Plexus Injuries
    • Median Nerve Injury
    • Ulnar Nerve Injuries
    • Radial Nerve Injuries
    • Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
    • Sciatic Nerve Injuries
    • Clinical Importance of Dermatomes
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
  • 15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
    • 15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
      • FOCUS FIGURE 15.2 Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation
    • 15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • 15.2 The Parasympathetic Division
    • 15.2a Cranial Outflow
      • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
      • Facial Nerve (VII)
      • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
      • Vagus Nerve (X)
    • 15.2b Sacral Outflow
  • 15.3 The Sympathetic Division
    • 15.3a Basic Organization
      • Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
      • Collateral Ganglia
    • 15.3b Sympathetic Pathways
      • Pathways to the Body Periphery
      • Pathways to the Head
      • Pathways to the Thoracic Organs
      • Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
      • Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
    • 15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
  • 15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons
  • 15.5 Visceral Reflexes
  • 15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
    • 15.6a Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
    • 15.6b Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body
    • 15.6c Control by the Cerebral Cortex
  • 15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • 15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Autonomic Neuropathy
    • Horner’s Syndrome
    • Stress‐Induced Hypertension
    • Autonomic Hyperreflexia
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 16 The Special Senses
  • 16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
    • 16.1a Taste (Gustation)
      • Taste Buds
      • Taste Sensations and the Gustatory Pathway
    • 16.1b Smell (Olfaction)
    • 16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
    • 16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses
  • 16.2 The Eye and Vision
    • 16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye
      • Eyebrows
      • Eyelids
      • Conjunctiva
      • Lacrimal Apparatus
      • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
    • 16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball
      • The Fibrous Layer
      • The Vascular Layer
      • The Inner Layer
      • Internal Chambers and Fluids
      • The Lens
    • 16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device
    • 16.2d Visual Pathways
      • Visual Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex
      • Visual Pathways to Other Parts of the Brain
    • 16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye
    • 16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision
  • 16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
    • 16.3a The External Ear
    • 16.3b The Middle Ear
    • 16.3c The Internal Ear
      • The Cochlea
      • The Vestibule and the Utricle and Saccule
      • The Semicircular Canals and Semicircular Ducts
    • 16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
    • 16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear
    • 16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
      • Motion Sickness
      • Meniere’s Syndrome
      • Deafness
  • 16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life
    • Olfaction and Taste
    • Vision
    • Hearing
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Anosmia
    • Strabismus
    • Corneal Transplants
    • Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
    • Detached Retina
    • Glaucoma
    • Cataract
    • Focusing Disorders
    • Perforated Eardrum
    • Middle Ear Infections
    • Otosclerosis
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 17 The Endocrine System
  • 17.1 Overview
    • 17.1a Endocrine Organs
    • 17.1b Hormones
      • Classes of Hormones
      • Basic Hormone Action
      • Control of Hormone Secretion
  • 17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
    • 17.2a The Pituitary Gland
      • Gross Anatomy
      • The Anterior Lobe
      • Hypothalamic Control of Hormone Secretion from the Anterior Lobe
      • The Posterior Lobe
      • FOCUS FIGURE 17.4 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
    • 17.2b The Thyroid Gland
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 17.2c The Parathyroid Glands
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
      • Gross Anatomy
      • The Adrenal Medulla
      • The Adrenal Cortex
    • 17.2e The Pineal Gland
    • 17.2f The Pancreas
    • 17.2g The Thymus
    • 17.2h The Gonads
  • 17.3 Other Endocrine Structures
  • 17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System
    • 17.4a Pituitary Disorders
    • 17.4b A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
      • Type 1 Diabetes
      • Type 2 Diabetes
    • 17.4c Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
    • 17.4d Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
  • 17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Therapeutic Uses of Growth Hormone
    • Therapeutic Uses of Oxytocin
    • Osteoporosis Treatment
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 18 Blood
  • 18.1 Composition of Blood
    • 18.1a Blood Plasma
    • 18.1b Formed Elements
      • Erythrocytes
      • Leukocytes
      • Platelets
  • 18.2 Blood Cell Formation
    • 18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
    • 18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
      • Genesis of Erythrocytes
      • Formation of Leukocytes and Platelets
  • 18.3 Disorders of the Blood
    • 18.3a Disorders of Erythrocytes
    • 18.3b Disorders of Leukocytes
    • 18.3c Disorders of Platelets
  • 18.4 The Blood Throughout Life
    • A CLOSER LOOK Hematopoietic Cell Transplants
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Hemochromatosis
    • Thalassemia
    • Complete Blood Count
    • Thrombus
    • Abnormal Numbers of Immature Blood Cells
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 19 The Heart
  • 19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax
  • 19.2 Structure of the Heart
    • 19.2a Coverings
    • 19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall
    • 19.2c Heart Chambers
      • Right Atrium
      • Right Ventricle
      • Left Atrium
      • Left Ventricle
  • 19.3 Heart Valves
    • 19.3a Valve Structure
    • 19.3b Valve Function
    • 19.3c Heart Sounds
  • 19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
    • FOCUS FIGURE 19.10 Blood Flow Through the Heart
  • 19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
    • 19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle
    • 19.5b Mechanism of Contraction
  • 19.6 Conducting System and Innervation
    • 19.6a Conducting System
    • 19.6b Innervation
  • 19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart
    • 19.7a Coronary Arteries
    • 19.7b Cardiac Veins
  • 19.8 Disorders of the Heart
    • 19.8a Coronary Artery Disease
    • 19.8b Heart Failure
    • A CLOSER LOOK Coronary Artery Disease
    • 19.8c Disorders of the Conduction System
  • 19.9 The Heart Throughout Life
    • 19.9a Development of the Heart
    • 19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
    • Valve Disorders
    • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
    • Damage to the Conducting System
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 20 Blood Vessels
  • Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
  • 20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
  • 20.2 Types of Blood Vessels
    • 20.2a Arteries
      • Elastic Arteries
      • Muscular Arteries
      • Arterioles
    • 20.2b Capillaries
      • Continuous Capillaries
      • Fenestrated Capillaries
      • Sinusoid Capillaries (Sinusoids)
      • Capillary Permeability
      • Capillary Beds
    • 20.2c Venous Vessels
      • Venules
      • Veins
  • 20.3 Vascular Anastomoses
  • Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
  • 20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation
  • 20.5 The Systemic Circulation
    • 20.5a Systemic Arteries
      • Aorta
      • Arteries of the Head and Neck
      • Arteries of the Thorax
      • Arteries of the Upper Limbs
      • Arteries of the Abdomen
      • Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
    • 20.5b Systemic Veins
      • Venae Cavae and Their Major Tributaries
      • Veins of the Head and Neck
      • Veins of the Thorax
      • Veins of the Upper Limbs
      • Veins of the Abdomen
      • Portal‐Systemic Anastomoses
      • Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
  • 20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels
    • A CLOSER LOOK Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno
    • FOCUS FIGURE 20.25 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
  • 20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life
    • 20.7a Fetal Circulation
      • Vessels to and from the Placenta
      • Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
    • 20.7b Blood Vessels in Adulthood
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Varicose Veins
    • Pulse Points in the Head and Neck
    • Pulse Points in the Upper Limb
    • Pulse Points in the Lower Limb
    • Medical Importance of The Cavernous Sinus
    • Medical Importance of the Saphenous Veins
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  • 21.1 The Lymphatic System
    • 21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries
    • 21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
      • Lymph Transport
    • 21.1c Lymph Nodes
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 21.1d Lymph Trunks
    • 21.1e Lymph Ducts
      • Thoracic Duct
      • Right Lymphatic Duct
  • 21.2 The Immune System
    • 21.2a Lymphocytes
    • 21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
    • 21.2c Lymphoid Tissue
    • A CLOSER LOOK AIDS: The Modern‐Day Plague?
    • 21.2d Lymphoid Organs
      • Thymus
      • Lymph Nodes
      • Spleen
      • Tonsils
      • Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
  • 21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  • 21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • The Lymph Vessels and Edema
    • Swollen Lymph Nodes
    • Vaccination
    • Splenectomy
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 22 The Respiratory System
  • 22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
    • 22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
      • The Nose
      • The Nasal Cavity
      • The Paranasal Sinuses
    • 22.1b The Pharynx
      • The Nasopharynx
      • The Oropharynx
      • The Laryngopharynx
    • 22.1c The Larynx
      • Voice Production
      • Sphincter Functions of the Larynx
      • Innervation of the Larynx
    • 22.1d The Trachea
    • 22.1e The Bronchial Tree
      • Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
      • The Respiratory Zone
    • 22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae
      • Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
      • Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
      • The Pleurae
  • 22.2 Ventilation
    • 22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation
      • Inspiration
      • Expiration
    • 22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation
  • 22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System
    • 22.3a Bronchial Asthma
    • 22.3b Cystic Fibrosis
    • A CLOSER LOOK Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
    • 22.3c Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      • Chronic Bronchitis
      • Emphysema
  • 22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Rhinitis
    • Epistaxis
    • Sinusitis
    • Infection of the Adenoids
    • Laryngitis
    • Tracheotomy (Tracheostomy)
    • Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion
    • Collapsed Lung
    • Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 23 The Digestive System
  • 23.1 Overview
    • 23.1a Abdominal Regions
      • FOCUS FIGURE 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs
    • 23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
      • Mesenteries
    • 23.1c Digestive Processes
  • 23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
    • 23.2a Histology
      • The Mucosa
      • The Submucosa
      • The Muscularis Externa
      • The Serosa
    • 23.2b Smooth Muscle
      • Structure of Smooth Muscle
      • Mechanism of Contraction
      • Innervation of Smooth Muscle and Glands
    • 23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs
      • The Mouth
      • The Tongue
      • The Teeth
      • The Salivary Glands
    • 23.2d The Pharynx
    • 23.2e The Esophagus
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 23.2f The Stomach
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 23.2g The Small Intestine
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 23.2h The Large Intestine
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Defecation
      • Microscopic Anatomy
      • FOCUS FIGURE 23.24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal
  • 23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
    • 23.3a The Liver
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 23.3b The Gallbladder
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 23.3c The Pancreas
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
  • 23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System
    • 23.4a Peptic Ulcers
    • 23.4b Intestinal Obstruction
    • 23.4c Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    • 23.4d Viral Hepatitis
    • 23.4e Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
  • 23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life
    • 23.5a Embryonic Development
    • 23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Bowel Sounds
    • Peritonitis
    • Impacted Tooth
    • Gum Disease
    • Mumps
    • Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
    • Appendicitis
    • Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
    • Hemorrhoids
    • Cirrhosis
    • Gallstones
    • Pancreatitis
    • Developmental Abnormalities
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 24 The Urinary System
  • 24.1 Kidneys
    • 24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
      • Location and External Anatomy
      • Internal Gross Anatomy
      • Gross Vasculature and Nerve Supply
    • 24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
      • Mechanisms of Urine Production
      • Nephron Structure
      • Blood Vessels Associated with Nephrons
      • Juxtaglomerular Complex
  • 24.2 Ureters
    • 24.2a Gross Anatomy
    • 24.2b Microscopic Anatomy
  • 24.3 Urinary Bladder
    • 24.3a Gross Anatomy
      • Vessels and Nerves
    • 24.3b Microscopic Anatomy
  • 24.4 Urethra
  • 24.5 Micturition
  • 24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System
    • 24.6a Urinary Tract Infections
    • 24.6b Renal Calculi
    • 24.6c Cancer of Urinary Organs
  • 24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Pyelography
    • Micturition Dysfunctions
    • Kidney Transplant
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• 25 The Reproductive System
  • 25.1 The Male Reproductive System
    • 25.1a The Testes
      • Location
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts
      • The Epididymis
      • The Ductus Deferens
      • The Spermatic Cord
      • The Urethra
    • 25.1c Accessory Glands
      • The Seminal Glands
      • The Prostate
      • The Bulbo‐urethral Glands
    • 25.1d The Penis
      • Vessels and Nerves
      • Male Sexual Response
    • 25.1e The Male Perineum
    • 25.1f Spermatogenesis
  • 25.2 The Female Reproductive System
    • 25.2a The Ovaries
      • Gross Anatomy
      • Microscopic Anatomy
    • 25.2b The Uterine Tubes
    • 25.2c The Uterus
      • Supports of the Uterus
      • The Uterine Wall
    • 25.2d The Vagina
    • 25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
    • 25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle
      • Oogenesis
      • The Ovarian Cycle
      • The Uterine Cycle
    • 25.2g The Mammary Glands
    • A CLOSER LOOK Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
  • 25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • 25.3a Pregnancy
      • Events Leading to Fertilization
      • Implantation
      • Formation of the Placenta
      • Exchange Across the Placenta
    • 25.3b Childbirth
  • 25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System
    • 25.4a Reproductive System Cancers in Males
      • Testicular Cancer
      • Prostate Cancer
    • 25.4b Reproductive System Cancers in Females
      • Ovarian Cancer
      • Endometrial Cancer
      • Cervical Cancer
      • Breast Cancer
  • 25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life
    • 25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
    • 25.5b Descent of the Gonads
    • 25.5c Puberty
    • 25.5d Menopause
  • CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
    • Varicocele
    • Vasectomy
    • Inguinal Hernia
    • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Circumcision
    • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
    • Episiotomy
    • Endometriosis
    • Ectopic Pregnancy
    • Displaced Placenta
    • Hypospadias
    • Cryptorchidism
  • Related Clinical Terms
  • Chapter Summary
  • Review Questions
• Answers Appendix
• Appendix A The Metric System
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• Word Roots: Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes

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