Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• 1. The origins and rôles of today’s livestock breeds
  • Natural Selection and Evolution
  • Domestication
  • Livestock Breeds and Their Origins
  • The Rôles of Livestock
  • Summary
• 2. Genes, Genetic Codes and Genetic Variation
  • Introduction
  • Chromosomes and Genes
  • The Structure and Function of Genes
    • DNA and genetic codes
    • Loci and alleles
    • Transfer of genetic codes during cell division
      • Mitosis
      • Meiosis
      • Mutation
      • Tracking genes across generations
  • Genes, Genotypes and Phenotypes
    • Predicting the outcome of matings among different genotypes
    • Genotype and gene (or allele) frequencies
    • Sources of genetic variation between animals
  • Types of Gene Action
    • Additive and non-additive gene action
      • Co-dominance, no dominance or additive gene action
      • Complete dominance
      • Partial dominance
      • Overdominance
    • Other types of gene action and inheritance
      • Sex-linked genes
      • Sex-limited gene action
      • Sex-influenced gene action
      • Genomic imprinting
      • Pleiotropy
      • Epistasis
      • Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity
      • Cytoplasmic or mitochondrial inheritance
    • Names and abbreviations of genes
  • The Nature of Traits of Interest in Farmed Animals
    • Qualitative and quantitative traits
    • Genetic and environmental influences
    • Traits affected by single genes
    • Traits affected by many genes
  • Measuring Variation in Performance
  • Measuring Associations Between Traits and Between Animals
  • Phenotypic, Genetic and Environmental Associations
  • Summary
• 3. Strategies for Genetic Improvement
  • Introduction
  • The Structure of Livestock Breeding Industries
  • Selection Between Breeds or Breed Types
  • Selection Within Breeds or Breed Types
    • Requirements for within-breed selection
    • Factors affecting rates of improvement
    • Selection for more than one trait
  • Crossbreeding
    • Reasons for crossing
    • Types of heterosis
    • Systems of crossing
  • Conservation of Genetic Resources
    • Why conserve rare breeds?
    • Which breeds should be conserved?
    • Methods of conservation
  • Summary
• 4. What Affects Response to Selection Within Breeds?
  • Introduction
  • Factors Affecting Rates of Genetic Gain
    • Selection differential
    • Heritability
    • Generation interval
    • A more useful formula for predicting response
    • The link between selection intensity and generation interval
    • Using information from relatives
      • Accuracy of selection
      • Additive genetic standard deviation
      • A practical example
    • Using repeated records of performance
    • Predicting correlated responses to selection
    • Limitations of these predictions
      • Reduction in variation following selection
      • Selection limits
      • Variation in response
  • Controlling Inbreeding
  • Summary
  • Appendix
  • References
• 5. Tools and Technologies in Animal Breeding
  • Introduction
  • Reproductive Technologies
    • Artificial insemination
    • Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
    • In vitro production of embryos
    • Semen and embryo sexing
    • Embryo cloning
    • Surrogate sire technology
    • Value of reproductive technologies in genetic improvement
  • Molecular Genetic Tools
    • Linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes
    • Laboratory methodology
    • Genome mapping
      • Whole genome sequencing methods
      • Sequence databases
      • Current status of livestock genomes
      • Genome annotation
    • Use of molecular markers in selection
      • Choice of markers
      • Establishing a link between a marker and a trait of interest
      • An example of marker assisted introgression
      • An example of marker assisted selection
      • Genome-wide association studies
      • Signatures of selection
      • Genomic selection
      • Genotype imputation
    • Genetic engineering
    • Genome editing
  • Modern Data Capture Tools
    • Milk mid-infrared spectral data
    • Sensors for health, reproduction and live weight traits
    • Automated systems for measuring feed intake
    • In vivo prediction of carcass traits
    • Video image analysis/computer vision to measure weight, conformation and carcass traits
    • Measuring greenhouse gas emissions
    • Use of mobile apps to capture phenotypic data
  • Summary
• 6. Analysing Genetic Variation in Farm Animals
  • Introduction
  • Estimating Heritability
    • Additive variance
    • Observational and causal variances
    • Sire-based methods
    • Animal model
    • Alternative models
    • Additional causal components of variance
  • Estimating Non-Additive Parameters, Correlations and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions
    • Non-additive components of variance
    • Genetic correlations
    • Genotype-by-environment interactions
    • Random regression
    • Software solutions
  • Molecular Genetics and Trait Variation
  • Calculating inbreeding using SNP markers
  • Summary
• 7. Predicting Breeding Values
  • Introduction
  • Performance Data and Pedigrees
  • Management of Candidates for Selection
  • Adjusting Records of Performance
    • Additive correction factors
    • Multiplicative correction factors
    • Standardising to adjust records
  • Principles of Breeding Values and Indexes
    • Clues to an animal’s breeding value
    • Calculating PBVs
      • Using the animal’s own performance
      • Using information from relatives
    • Selection indexes
      • Combining information from relatives on a single trait
      • Combing information on different traits
      • A practical example
  • Predicting Breeding Values Using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction
    • How BLUP works
    • BLUP models
    • Direct and maternal genetic effects
    • Single and multi-trait BLUP
    • Random regression models
    • Social interaction model
  • Estimates of Heritabilities and Correlations for PBV Calculations
  • Genomic Prediction of Breeding Values
    • Models for genomic prediction and selection
      • GBLUP
      • SNP-BLUP
      • Single step procedure
  • Benefits of BLUP
  • Using Economic Values with BLUP
  • Scale of Presentation of Genetic Merit
  • Accuracies and Reliabilities
  • Publishing Results
    • Genetic bases
  • International Evaluations and Conversions
    • International evaluations
    • International conversions
  • Summary
• 8. Dairy Cattle Breeding
  • Introduction
  • Breeding Goals
  • Breeds and Crosses Used in Dairying
  • Selection Within Breeds
    • Systems of testing
      • Progeny testing schemes
        • How progeny testing works
        • Pathways of genetic improvement with progeny testing
        • Pros and cons of progeny testing
      • Genomic selection
        • Relationship between genomic breeding values of young bulls and their  subsequent progeny test results
      • Nucleus breeding schemes
        • Theoretical benefits
        • Nucleus schemes in the genomic era
    • Traits recorded
      • Milk recording
      • Type traits
      • Claw disease traits
      • Reproduction, health and workability
      • Feed intake, feed efficiency, live weight and body condition
      • Climate change mitigation and adaptation traits
        • Methane emissions
        • Milk urea nitrogen
        • Heat tolerance
    • Methods and results of genetic evaluation
      • Milk production traits
      • Other traits
    • Indexes of overall economic merit
    • Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
    • Genotype-by-environment interactions
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
  • Summary
• 9. Beef Cattle Breeding
  • Introduction
  • Breeding Goals
    • Beef breeding goals in dairy and dual-purpose breeds
    • Terminal sires for use in dairy herds and specialised beef herds
    • Breeding replacement females for specialized beef herds
  • Smallholder and pastoral systems in lower income countries
  • Breeds and Crosses Used in Beef Production
  • Selection within breeds
    • Systems of testing
      • Performance testing
      • Progeny testing
      • Other breeding schemes
    • Traits recorded
    • Methods and results of genetic evaluation
      • Overview
      • Evaluations across herds, breeds and countries
      • Indexes of overall economic merit
      • Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
        • Estimates of genetic change
        • Value of genetic improvement
  • Genotype × Environment Interactions
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
    • Selection between breeds or crosses
    • Selection of bulls (or semen) for use in a purebred herd
    • Selection of replacement females in a purebred herd
    • Selection of replacement bulls and cows for a commercial herd
  • Summary
• 10. Sheep and Goat Breeding
  • Introduction
  • Breeding goals
    • Meat production
    • Wool production
    • Milk production
    • Additional breeding goals
    • Multi-purpose breeding goals
  • Breeds and Crosses Used in Sheep Production
    • Meat production
    • Wool production
    • Dual-purpose meat and wool production
    • Milk production
  • Goat Breeds
  • Selection Within Breeds
    • Meat production
      • Systems of testing
      • Traits recorded
      • Methods and results of genetic evaluation
      • Use of indexes of overall economic merit
      • Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
    • Wool production
      • Systems of testing
      • Traits recorded
      • Methods of genetic evaluation
      • Use of indexes of overall economic merit
      • Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
    • Milk production
    • Use of genomics in sheep and goat breeding
  • Genotype x Environment Interactions
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
    • Selection between breeds or crosses
    • Selection of rams, bucks or semen for use in a purebred flock or herd
    • Selection of replacement females in a purebred flock or herd
    • Selection of replacement males and females for commercial flocks or herds
  • Summary
• 11. Poultry Breeding
  • Introduction
  • The Global Poultry Sector
  • Breeding Goals
    • Meat production
      • Selection for early growth, feed conversion and carcass composition
      • Selection for health and welfare traits
      • Selection for adult traits
    • Egg production
      • Legislative framework
      • Consumer preferences
      • Housing systems
      • Layer breeding objectives and criteria
      • Selection for egg traits
      • Selection for health traits
      • Selection for social and behavioural traits
      • Future selection goals
  • Breeds, Crosses and Hybrid Lines Used in Poultry Production
  • Genetic Improvement Strategies in Large-Scale Chicken Production Systems
    • Overview
    • Meat production
      • Health traits in broilers
      • Male and female traits in broilers
      • Methods and results of genetic evaluation in broilers
      • Use of indexes of overall economic merit in broilers
      • Using genomics in broiler production
      • Evidence of genetic change in broilers
    • Egg production
      • Welfare of layers
      • Layer breeding structures
      • Methods and results of genetic evaluation in layers
      • Use of indexes of overall economic merit in layers
      • Using genomics in layers
      • Evidence of genetic improvement in layers
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
  • Summary
• 12. Pig Breeding
  • Introduction
  • The Global Pig Sector
  • Pig-meat Value Chains
  • Breeding Objectives
    • Drivers of profitability
    • Historical and modern breeding objectives
  • Breeds and Lines Used in Pig Production
  • Genetic Improvement Strategies within Large-scale Pig-production Systems Typical of Developed Countries
    • Overview
    • Systems of testing
      • Breeding companies
      • National genetic improvement programmes
      • Breed societies
    • Traits recorded
  • Methods of Genetic Evaluation
  • Use of Indexes
  • Evidence of Genetic Improvement and its Value
  • Genetic Improvement Strategies Within the Smallholder Pig Sectors
    • Use of reproductive technologies in dissemination of improved genetics
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
  • Summary
• 13. Aquaculture Breeding
  • Introduction
  • Aquaculture: Global Status and Trends
  • Aquaculture Versus Terrestrial Livestock
  • The Potential of Selective Breeding
  • History of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture
    • Atlantic salmon breeding programmes
    • Breeding programmes for other aquaculture species
    • Disease resistance as a primary target trait
  • Genotype x Environment Interactions
  • Reproductive Technologies in Aquaculture Production
  • Use of Genomic Technology in Aquaculture Breeding
    • Molecular markers
    • Genomic selection
    • Possibilities for genome editing
  • Practical Guidelines on Selection
  • Summary
• 14. Future Directions
  • Introduction
  • Towards Sustainable Livestock Production
    • Economic dimension
    • Environmental dimension
    • Societal dimension
    • Ethical implications of livestock breeding
  • Tailpiece
  • Summary
• Appendix: Values of selection intensity for different proportions of animals selected
• Glossary of Technical Terms
• Index
• Cabi
• Back

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