Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
  • 1.1 Materials and Engineering
  • 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
  • 1.3 Types of Materials
    • 1.3.1 Metallic Materials
    • 1.3.2 Polymeric Materials
    • 1.3.3 Ceramic Materials
    • 1.3.4 Composite Materials
    • 1.3.5 Electronic Materials
  • 1.4 Competition Among Materials
  • 1.5 Recent Advances in Materials Science and Technology and Future Trends
    • 1.5.1 Smart Materials
    • 1.5.2 Nanomaterials
  • 1.6 Materials Selection for Engineering Applications
  • 1.7 Environmental Considerations in the Selection of Materials—Life Cycle Analysis
  • 1.8 Summary
  • 1.9 Definitions
  • 1.10 Problems
• CHAPTER 2 Atomic Structure and Bonding
  • 2.1 Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles
  • 2.2 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Atomic Masses
    • 2.2.1 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
  • 2.3 The Electronic Structure of Atoms
    • 2.3.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory and Electromagnetic Radiation
    • 2.3.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
    • 2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle and Schrödinger’s Wave Functions
    • 2.3.4 Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels, and Atomic Orbitals
    • 2.3.5 The Energy State of Multielectron Atoms
    • 2.3.6 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
  • 2.4 Periodic Variations in Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron Affinity
    • 2.4.1 Trends in Atomic Size
    • 2.4.2 Trends in Ionization Energy
    • 2.4.3 Trends in Electron Affinity
    • 2.4.4 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
  • 2.5 Primary Bonds
    • 2.5.1 Ionic Bonds
    • 2.5.2 Covalent Bonds
    • 2.5.3 Metallic Bonds
    • 2.5.4 Mixed Bonding
  • 2.6 Secondary Bonds
  • 2.7 Summary
  • 2.8 Definitions
  • 2.9 Problems
• CHAPTER 3 Crystal and Amorphous Structure in Materials
  • 3.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells
  • 3.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices
  • 3.3 Principal Metallic Crystal Structures
    • 3.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure
    • 3.3.2 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure
    • 3.3.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure
  • 3.4 Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells
  • 3.5 Directions in Cubic Unit Cells
  • 3.6 Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes in Cubic Unit Cells
  • 3.7 Crystallographic Planes and Directions in Hexagonal Crystal Structure
    • 3.7.1 Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit Cells
    • 3.7.2 Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells
  • 3.8 Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal Structures
    • 3.8.1 FCC and HCP Crystal Structures
    • 3.8.2 BCC Crystal Structure
  • 3.9 Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations
    • 3.9.1 Volume Density
    • 3.9.2 Planar Atomic Density
    • 3.9.3 Linear Atomic Density and Repeat Distance
  • 3.10 Polymorphism or Allotropy
  • 3.11 Crystal Structure Analysis
    • 3.11.1 X-Ray Sources
    • 3.11.2 X-Ray Diffraction
    • 3.11.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structures
  • 3.12 Amorphous Materials
  • 3.13 Summary
  • 3.14 Definitions
  • 3.15 Problems
• CHAPTER 4 Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections
  • 4.1 Solidification of Metals
    • 4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals
    • 4.1.2 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure
    • 4.1.3 Grain Structure of Industrial Castings
  • 4.2 Solidification of Single Crystals
  • 4.3 Metallic Solid Solutions
    • 4.3.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions
    • 4.3.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions
  • 4.4 Crystalline Imperfections
    • 4.4.1 Point Defects
    • 4.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations)
    • 4.4.3 Planar Defects
    • 4.4.4 Volume Defects
  • 4.5 Experimental Techniques for Identification of Microstructure and Defects
    • 4.5.1 Optical Metallography, ASTM Grain Size, and Grain Diameter Determination
    • 4.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
    • 4.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
    • 4.5.4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)
    • 4.5.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic Resolution
  • 4.6 Summary
  • 4.7 Definitions
  • 4.8 Problems
• CHAPTER 5 Thermally Activated Processes and Diffusion in Solids
  • 5.1 Rate Processes in Solids
  • 5.2 Atomic Diffusion in Solids
    • 5.2.1 Diffusion in Solids in General
    • 5.2.2 Diffusion Mechanisms
    • 5.2.3 Steady-State Diffusion
    • 5.2.4 Non–Steady-State Diffusion
  • 5.3 Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes
    • 5.3.1 Case Hardening of Steel by Gas Carburizing
    • 5.3.2 Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers for Integrated Circuits
  • 5.4 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in Solids
  • 5.5 Summary
  • 5.6 Definitions
  • 5.7 Problems
• CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Metals I
  • 6.1 The Processing of Metals and Alloys
    • 6.1.1 The Casting of Metals and Alloys
    • 6.1.2 Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals and Alloys
    • 6.1.3 Extrusion of Metals and Alloys
    • 6.1.4 Forging
    • 6.1.5 Other Metal-Forming Processes
  • 6.2 Stress and Strain in Metals
    • 6.2.1 Elastic and Plastic Deformation
    • 6.2.2 Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain
    • 6.2.3 Poisson’s Ratio
    • 6.2.4 Shear Stress and Shear Strain
  • 6.3 The Tensile Test and The Engineering Stress–Strain Diagram
    • 6.3.1 Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress–Strain Diagram
    • 6.3.2 Comparison of Engineering Stress–Strain Curves for Selected Alloys
    • 6.3.3 True Stress and True Strain
  • 6.4 Hardness and Hardness Testing
  • 6.5 Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals
    • 6.5.1 Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals
    • 6.5.2 Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism
    • 6.5.3 Slip Systems
    • 6.5.4 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals
    • 6.5.5 Schmid’s Law
    • 6.5.6 Twinning
  • 6.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals
    • 6.6.1 Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals
    • 6.6.2 Effect of Plastic Deformation on Grain Shape and Dislocation Arrangements
    • 6.6.3 Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals
  • 6.7 Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals
  • 6.8 Recovery and Recrystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals
    • 6.8.1 Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal before Reheating
    • 6.8.2 Recovery
    • 6.8.3 Recrystallization
  • 6.9 Superplasticity in Metals
  • 6.10 Nanocrystalline Metals
  • 6.11 Summary
  • 6.12 Definitions
  • 6.13 Problems
• CHAPTER 7 Mechanical Properties of Metals II
  • 7.1 Fracture of Metals
    • 7.1.1 Ductile Fracture
    • 7.1.2 Brittle Fracture
    • 7.1.3 Toughness and Impact Testing
    • 7.1.4 Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature
    • 7.1.5 Theoretical Strength, Griffith’s Theorem, and Stress Concentration Factor
    • 7.1.6 Stress Intensity Factor and Fracture Toughness
  • 7.2 Fatigue of Metals
    • 7.2.1 Cyclic Stresses
    • 7.2.2 Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a Ductile Metal in the Fatigue Process
    • 7.2.3 Some Major Factors that Affect the Fatigue Strength of a Metal
  • 7.3 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate
    • 7.3.1 Correlation of Fatigue Crack Propagation with Stress and Crack Length
    • 7.3.2 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress-Intensity Factor Range Plots
    • 7.3.3 Fatigue Life Calculations
  • 7.4 Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals
    • 7.4.1 Creep of Metals
    • 7.4.2 The Creep Test
    • 7.4.3 Creep-Rupture Test
  • 7.5 Graphical Representation of Creep- and Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter
  • 7.6 A Case Study in Failure of Metallic Components
  • 7.7 Recent Advances and Future Directions in Improving the Mechanical Performance of Metals
    • 7.7.1 Improving Ductility and Strength Simultaneously
    • 7.7.2 Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Metals
  • 7.8 Summary
  • 7.9 Definitions
  • 7.10 Problems
• CHAPTER 8 Phase Diagrams
  • 8.1 Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances
  • 8.2 Gibbs Phase Rule
  • 8.3 Cooling Curves
  • 8.4 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems
  • 8.5 The Lever Rule
  • 8.6 Nonequilibrium Solidification of Alloys
  • 8.7 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems
  • 8.8 Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems
  • 8.9 Binary Monotectic Systems
  • 8.10 Invariant Reactions
  • 8.11 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases and Compounds
  • 8.12 Ternary Phase Diagrams
  • 8.13 Summary
  • 8.14 Definitions
  • 8.15 Problems
• CHAPTER 9 Engineering Alloys
  • 9.1 Production of Iron and Steel
    • 9.1.1 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace
    • 9.1.2 Steelmaking and Processing of Major Steel Product Forms
  • 9.2 The Iron-Carbon System
    • 9.2.1 The Iron–Iron-Carbide Phase Diagram
    • 9.2.2 Solid Phases in the Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
    • 9.2.3 Invariant Reactions in the Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
    • 9.2.4 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels
  • 9.3 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon Steels
    • 9.3.1 Martensite
    • 9.3.2 Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite
    • 9.3.3 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon Steel
    • 9.3.4 Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-Carbon Steels
    • 9.3.5 Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels
    • 9.3.6 Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and Typical Mechanical Properties
  • 9.4 Low-Alloy Steels
    • 9.4.1 Classification of Alloy Steels
    • 9.4.2 Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy Steels
    • 9.4.3 Effects of Alloying Elements on the Eutectoid Temperature of Steels
    • 9.4.4 Hardenability
    • 9.4.5 Typical Mechanical Properties and Applications for Low-Alloy Steels
    • 9.4.6 Impact of Specific Alloying Elements on Performance of Steel
  • 9.5 Aluminum Alloys
    • 9.5.1 Precipitation Strengthening (Hardening)
    • 9.5.2 General Properties of Aluminum and Its Production
    • 9.5.3 Wrought Aluminum Alloys
    • 9.5.4 Aluminum Casting Alloys
  • 9.6 Copper Alloys
    • 9.6.1 General Properties of Copper
    • 9.6.2 Production of Copper
    • 9.6.3 Classification of Copper Alloys
    • 9.6.4 Wrought Copper Alloys
  • 9.7 Stainless Steels
    • 9.7.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels
    • 9.7.2 Martensitic Stainless Steels
    • 9.7.3 Austenitic Stainless Steels
  • 9.8 Cast Irons
    • 9.8.1 General Properties
    • 9.8.2 Types of Cast Irons
    • 9.8.3 White Cast Iron
    • 9.8.4 Gray Cast Iron
    • 9.8.5 Ductile Cast Irons
    • 9.8.6 Malleable Cast Irons
  • 9.9 Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel Alloys
    • 9.9.1 Magnesium Alloys
    • 9.9.2 Titanium Alloys
    • 9.9.3 Nickel Alloys
  • 9.10 Special-Purpose Alloys and Applications
    • 9.10.1 Intermetallics
    • 9.10.2 Shape-Memory Alloys
    • 9.10.3 Amorphous Metals
  • 9.11 Summary
  • 9.12 Definitions
  • 9.13 Problems
• CHAPTER 10 Polymeric Materials
  • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.1.1 Thermoplastics
    • 10.1.2 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)
  • 10.2 Polymerization Reactions
    • 10.2.1 Covalent Bonding Structure of an Ethylene Molecule
    • 10.2.2 Covalent Bonding Structure of an Activated Ethylene Molecule
    • 10.2.3 General Reaction for the Polymerization of Polyethylene and the Degree of Polymerization
    • 10.2.4 Chain Polymerization Steps
    • 10.2.5 Average Molecular Weight for Thermoplastics
    • 10.2.6 Functionality of a Monomer
    • 10.2.7 Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers
    • 10.2.8 Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers
    • 10.2.9 Homopolymers and Copolymers
    • 10.2.10 Other Methods of Polymerization
  • 10.3 Industrial Polymerization Methods
  • 10.4 Glass Transition Temperature and Crystallinity in Thermoplastics
    • 10.4.1 Glass Transition Temperature
    • 10.4.2 Solidification of Noncrystalline Thermoplastics
    • 10.4.3 Solidification of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics
    • 10.4.4 Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials
    • 10.4.5 Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics
    • 10.4.6 Ziegler and Natta Catalysts
  • 10.5 Processing of Plastic Materials
    • 10.5.1 Processes Used for Thermoplastic Materials
    • 10.5.2 Processes Used for Thermosetting Materials
  • 10.6 General-Purpose Thermoplastics
    • 10.6.1 Polyethylene
    • 10.6.2 Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers
    • 10.6.3 Polypropylene
    • 10.6.4 Polystyrene
    • 10.6.5 Polyacrylonitrile
    • 10.6.6 Styrene–Acrylonitrile (SAN)
    • 10.6.7 ABS
    • 10.6.8 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
    • 10.6.9 Fluoroplastics
  • 10.7 Engineering Thermoplastics
    • 10.7.1 Polyamides (Nylons)
    • 10.7.2 Polycarbonate
    • 10.7.3 Phenylene Oxide–Based Resins
    • 10.7.4 Acetals
    • 10.7.5 Thermoplastic Polyesters
    • 10.7.6 Polyphenylene Sulfide
    • 10.7.7 Polyetherimide
    • 10.7.8 Polymer Alloys
  • 10.8 Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)
    • 10.8.1 Phenolics
    • 10.8.2 Epoxy Resins
    • 10.8.3 Unsaturated Polyesters
    • 10.8.4 Amino Resins (Ureas and Melamines)
  • 10.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)
    • 10.9.1 Natural Rubber
    • 10.9.2 Synthetic Rubbers
    • 10.9.3 Properties of Polychloroprene Elastomers
    • 10.9.4 Vulcanization of Polychloroprene Elastomers
  • 10.10 Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials
    • 10.10.1 Deformation Mechanisms for Thermoplastics
    • 10.10.2 Strengthening of Thermoplastics
    • 10.10.3 Strengthening of Thermosetting Plastics
    • 10.10.4 Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Plastic Materials
  • 10.11 Creep and Fracture of Polymeric Materials
    • 10.11.1 Creep of Polymeric Materials
    • 10.11.2 Stress Relaxation of Polymeric Materials
    • 10.11.3 Fracture of Polymeric Materials
  • 10.12 Summary
  • 10.13 Definitions
  • 10.14 Problems
• CHAPTER 11 Ceramics
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Simple Ceramic Crystal Structures
    • 11.2.1 Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple Ceramic Compounds
    • 11.2.2 Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in Ionically Bonded Solids
    • 11.2.3 Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.4 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.5 Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices
    • 11.2.6 Zinc Blende (ZnS) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.7 Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.8 Antifluorite Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.9 Corundum (Al2O3) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.10 Spinel (MgAl2O4) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.11 Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal Structure
    • 11.2.12 Carbon and Its Allotropes
  • 11.3 Silicate Structures
    • 11.3.1 Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate Structures
    • 11.3.2 Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of Silicates
    • 11.3.3 Sheet Structures of Silicates
    • 11.3.4 Silicate Networks
  • 11.4 Processing of Ceramics
    • 11.4.1 Materials Preparation
    • 11.4.2 Forming
    • 11.4.3 Thermal Treatments
  • 11.5 Traditional and Structural Ceramics
    • 11.5.1 Traditional Ceramics
    • 11.5.2 Structural Ceramics
  • 11.6 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
    • 11.6.1 General
    • 11.6.2 Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials
    • 11.6.3 Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic Materials
    • 11.6.4 Toughness of Ceramic Materials
    • 11.6.5 Transformation Toughening of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)
    • 11.6.6 Fatigue Failure of Ceramics
    • 11.6.7 Ceramic Abrasive Materials
  • 11.7 Thermal Properties of Ceramics
    • 11.7.1 Ceramic Refractory Materials
    • 11.7.2 Acidic Refractories
    • 11.7.3 Basic Refractories
    • 11.7.4 Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space Shuttle Orbiter
  • 11.8 Glasses
    • 11.8.1 Definition of a Glass
    • 11.8.2 Glass Transition Temperature
    • 11.8.3 Structure of Glasses
    • 11.8.4 Compositions of Glasses
    • 11.8.5 Viscous Deformation of Glasses
    • 11.8.6 Forming Methods for Glasses
    • 11.8.7 Tempered Glass
    • 11.8.8 Chemically Strengthened Glass
  • 11.9 Ceramic Coatings and Surface Engineering
    • 11.9.1 Silicate Glasses
    • 11.9.2 Oxides and Carbides
  • 11.10 Nanotechnology and Ceramics
  • 11.11 Summary
  • 11.12 Definitions
  • 11.13 Problems
• CHAPTER 12 Composite Materials
  • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.1.1 Classification of Composite Materials
    • 12.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Materials over Conventional Materials
  • 12.2 Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials
    • 12.2.1 Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins
    • 12.2.2 Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics
    • 12.2.3 Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins
    • 12.2.4 Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Carbon, Aramid, and Glass Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials
  • 12.3 Matrix Materials for Composites
  • 12.4 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
    • 12.4.1 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics
    • 12.4.2 Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Epoxy Resins
  • 12.5 Equations for Elastic Modulus of Composite Laminates: Isostrain and Isostress Conditions
    • 12.5.1 Isostrain Conditions
    • 12.5.2 Isostress Conditions
  • 12.6 Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
    • 12.6.1 Hand Lay-Up Process
    • 12.6.2 Spray Lay-Up Process
    • 12.6.3 Vacuum Bag–Autoclave Process
    • 12.6.4 Filament-Winding Process
  • 12.7 Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
    • 12.7.1 Compression and Injection Molding
    • 12.7.2 The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC) Process
    • 12.7.3 Continuous-Pultrusion Process
  • 12.8 Concrete
    • 12.8.1 Portland Cement
    • 12.8.2 Mixing Water for Concrete
    • 12.8.3 Aggregates for Concrete
    • 12.8.4 Air Entrainment
    • 12.8.5 Compressive Strength of Concrete
    • 12.8.6 Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures
    • 12.8.7 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
    • 12.8.8 Prestressed Concrete
  • 12.9 Asphalt and Asphalt Mixes
  • 12.10 Wood
    • 12.10.1 Macrostructure of Wood
    • 12.10.2 Microstructure of Softwoods
    • 12.10.3 Microstructure of Hardwoods
    • 12.10.4 Cell-Wall Ultrastructure
    • 12.10.5 Properties of Wood
  • 12.11 Sandwich Structures
    • 12.11.1 Honeycomb Sandwich Structure
    • 12.11.2 Cladded Metal Structures
  • 12.12 Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
    • 12.12.1 Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs)
    • 12.12.2 Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMCs)
    • 12.12.3 Ceramic Composites and Nanotechnology
  • 12.13 Summary
  • 12.14 Definitions
  • 12.15 Problems
• CHAPTER 13 Corrosion
  • 13.1 Corrosion and Its Economical Impact
  • 13.2 Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals
    • 13.2.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    • 13.2.2 Standard Electrode Half-Cell Potentials for Metals
  • 13.3 Galvanic Cells
    • 13.3.1 Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are One Molar
    • 13.3.2 Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are Not One Molar
    • 13.3.3 Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline Electrolytes with No Metal Ions Present
    • 13.3.4 Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of Single Electrodes
    • 13.3.5 Concentration Galvanic Cells
    • 13.3.6 Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in Composition, Structure, and Stress
  • 13.4 Corrosion Rates (Kinetics)
    • 13.4.1 Rate of Uniform Corrosion or Electroplating of a Metal in an Aqueous Solution
    • 13.4.2 Corrosion Reactions and Polarization
    • 13.4.3 Passivation
    • 13.4.4 The Galvanic Series
  • 13.5 Types of Corrosion
    • 13.5.1 Uniform or General Attack Corrosion
    • 13.5.2 Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion
    • 13.5.3 Pitting Corrosion
    • 13.5.4 Crevice Corrosion
    • 13.5.5 Intergranular Corrosion
    • 13.5.6 Stress Corrosion
    • 13.5.7 Erosion Corrosion
    • 13.5.8 Cavitation Damage
    • 13.5.9 Fretting Corrosion
    • 13.5.10 Selective Leaching
    • 13.5.11 Hydrogen Damage
  • 13.6 Oxidation of Metals
    • 13.6.1 Protective Oxide Films
    • 13.6.2 Mechanisms of Oxidation
    • 13.6.3 Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)
  • 13.7 Corrosion Control
    • 13.7.1 Materials Selection
    • 13.7.2 Coatings
    • 13.7.3 Design
    • 13.7.4 Alteration of Environment
    • 13.7.5 Cathodic and Anodic Protection
  • 13.8 Summary
  • 13.9 Definitions
  • 13.10 Problems
• CHAPTER 14 Electrical Properties of Materials
  • 14.1 Electrical Conduction In Metals
    • 14.1.1 The Classic Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals
    • 14.1.2 Ohm’s Law
    • 14.1.3 Drift Velocity of Electrons in a Conducting Metal
    • 14.1.4 Electrical Resistivity of Metals
  • 14.2 Energy-Band Model for Electrical Conduction
    • 14.2.1 Energy-Band Model for Metals
    • 14.2.2 Energy-Band Model for Insulators
  • 14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.3.1 The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.3.2 Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon
    • 14.3.3 Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors
    • 14.3.4 Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductivity
  • 14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.4.1 n-Type (Negative-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.4.2 p-Type (Positive-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.4.3 Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material
    • 14.4.4 Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors
    • 14.4.5 Effect of Total Ionized Impurity Concentration on the Mobility of Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room Temperature
    • 14.4.6 Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Extrinsic Semiconductors
  • 14.5 Semiconductor Devices
    • 14.5.1 The pn Junction
    • 14.5.2 Some Applications for pn Junction Diodes
    • 14.5.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
  • 14.6 Microelectronics
    • 14.6.1 Microelectronic Planar Bipolar Transistors
    • 14.6.2 Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect Transistors
    • 14.6.3 Fabrication of Microelectronic Integrated Circuits
  • 14.7 Compound Semiconductors
  • 14.8 Electrical Properties of Ceramics
    • 14.8.1 Basic Properties of Dielectrics
    • 14.8.2 Ceramic Insulator Materials
    • 14.8.3 Ceramic Materials for Capacitors
    • 14.8.4 Ceramic Semiconductors
    • 14.8.5 Ferroelectric Ceramics
  • 14.9 Nanoelectronics
  • 14.10 Summary
  • 14.11 Definitions
  • 14.12 Problems
• CHAPTER 15 Optical Properties and Superconductive Materials
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • 15.3 Refraction of Light
    • 15.3.1 Index of Refraction
    • 15.3.2 Snell’s Law of Light Refraction
  • 15.4 Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of Light
    • 15.4.1 Metals
    • 15.4.2 Silicate Glasses
    • 15.4.3 Plastics
    • 15.4.4 Semiconductors
  • 15.5 Luminescence
    • 15.5.1 Photoluminescence
    • 15.5.2 Cathodoluminescence
  • 15.6 Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Lasers
    • 15.6.1 Types of Lasers
  • 15.7 Optical Fibers
    • 15.7.1 Light Loss in Optical Fibers
    • 15.7.2 Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers
    • 15.7.3 Fabrication of Optical Fibers
    • 15.7.4 Modern Optical-Fiber Communication Systems
  • 15.8 Superconducting Materials
    • 15.8.1 The Superconducting State
    • 15.8.2 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors
    • 15.8.3 Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in Superconductors
    • 15.8.4 High-Current, High-Field Superconductors
    • 15.8.5 High Critical Temperature (Tc) Superconducting Oxides
  • 15.9 Definitions
  • 15.10 Problems
• CHAPTER 16 Magnetic Properties
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Magnetic Fields and Quantities
    • 16.2.1 Magnetic Fields
    • 16.2.2 Magnetic Induction
    • 16.2.3 Magnetic Permeability
    • 16.2.4 Magnetic Susceptibility
  • 16.3 Types of Magnetism
    • 16.3.1 Diamagnetism
    • 16.3.2 Paramagnetism
    • 16.3.3 Ferromagnetism
    • 16.3.4 Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired Atomic Electron
    • 16.3.5 Antiferromagnetism
    • 16.3.6 Ferrimagnetism
  • 16.4 Effect of Temperature on Ferromagnetism
  • 16.5 Ferromagnetic Domains
  • 16.6 Types of Energies that Determine the Structure of Ferromagnetic Domains
    • 16.6.1 Exchange Energy
    • 16.6.2 Magnetostatic Energy
    • 16.6.3 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Energy
    • 16.6.4 Domain Wall Energy
    • 16.6.5 Magnetostrictive Energy
  • 16.7 The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal
  • 16.8 Soft Magnetic Materials
    • 16.8.1 Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic Materials
    • 16.8.2 Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic Materials
    • 16.8.3 Iron–Silicon Alloys
    • 16.8.4 Metallic Glasses
    • 16.8.5 Nickel–Iron Alloys
  • 16.9 Hard Magnetic Materials
    • 16.9.1 Properties of Hard Magnetic Materials
    • 16.9.2 Alnico Alloys
    • 16.9.3 Rare Earth Alloys
    • 16.9.4 Neodymium–Iron–Boron Magnetic Alloys
    • 16.9.5 Iron–Chromium–Cobalt Magnetic Alloys
  • 16.10 Ferrites
    • 16.10.1 Magnetically Soft Ferrites
    • 16.10.2 Magnetically Hard Ferrites
  • 16.11 Summary
  • 16.12 Definitions
  • 16.13 Problems
• CHAPTER 17 Biological Materials and Biomaterials
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Biological Materials: Bone
    • 17.2.1 Composition
    • 17.2.2 Macrostructure
    • 17.2.3 Mechanical Properties
    • 17.2.4 Biomechanics of Bone Fracture
    • 17.2.5 Viscoelasticity of Bone
    • 17.2.6 Bone Remodeling
    • 17.2.7 A Composite Model of Bone
  • 17.3 Biological Materials: Tendons and Ligaments
    • 17.3.1 Macrostructure and Composition
    • 17.3.2 Microstructure
    • 17.3.3 Mechanical Properties
    • 17.3.4 Structure-Property Relationship
    • 17.3.5 Constitutive Modeling and Viscoelasticity
    • 17.3.6 Ligament and Tendon Injury
  • 17.4 Biological Material: Articular Cartilage
    • 17.4.1 Composition and Macrostructure
    • 17.4.2 Microstructure
    • 17.4.3 Mechanical Properties
    • 17.4.4 Cartilage Degeneration
  • 17.5 Biomaterials: Metals in Biomedical Applications
    • 17.5.1 Stainless Steels
    • 17.5.2 Cobalt-Based Alloys
    • 17.5.3 Titanium Alloys
    • 17.5.4 Some Issues in Orthopedic Application of Metals
  • 17.6 Polymers in Biomedical Applications
    • 17.6.1 Cardiovascular Applications of Polymers
    • 17.6.2 Ophthalmic Applications
    • 17.6.3 Drug Delivery Systems
    • 17.6.4 Suture Materials
    • 17.6.5 Orthopedic Applications
  • 17.7 Ceramics in Biomedical Applications
    • 17.7.1 Alumina in Orthopedic Implants
    • 17.7.2 Alumina in Dental Implants
    • 17.7.3 Ceramic Implants and Tissue Connectivity
    • 17.7.4 Nanocrystalline Ceramics
  • 17.8 Composites in Biomedical Applications
    • 17.8.1 Orthopedic Applications
    • 17.8.2 Applications in Dentistry
  • 17.9 Corrosion in Biomaterials
  • 17.10 Wear in Biomedical Implants
  • 17.11 Tissue Engineering
  • 17.12 Summary
  • 17.13 Definitions
  • 17.14 Problems
• APPENDIX I Important Properties of Selected Engineering Materials
• APPENDIX II Some Properties of Selected Elements
• APPENDIX III Ionic Radii of the Elements
• APPENDIX IV Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature of Selected Polymers
• APPENDIX V Selected Physical Quantities and Their Units
• APPENDIX VI Unit Abbreviations
• APPENDIX VII Constants and Conversion Factors
• References for Further Study by Chapter
• Glossary
• Answers
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu