Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
  • New to the Edition
  • How This Book Is Organized
  • What’s Special about This Book?
  • A Note to the Instructor
  • How to Use This Book
  • Available Instructor Resources
  • A Big Thanks
  • Global Edition Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. The Role and Importance of Research
  • Say Hello to Research!
  • What Research Is and What It Isn’t
  • A Model of Scientific Inquiry
    • Asking the Question
    • Identifying the Important Factors
    • Formulating a Hypothesis
    • Collecting Relevant Information
    • Testing the Hypothesis
    • Working with the Hypothesis
    • Reconsidering the Theory
    • Asking New Questions
  • Different Types of Research
    • Nonexperimental Research
    • Experimental Research
    • True Experimental Research
    • Quasi-Experimental Research
  • What Research Method to Use When?
  • Basic Research versus Applied Research
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 2. The Research Process: Coming to Terms
  • From Problem to Solution
  • The Language of Research
  • All about Variables
    • Dependent Variables
    • Independent Variables
    • The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables
  • Other Important Types of Variables
  • Hypotheses
    • The Null Hypothesis
    • The Research Hypothesis
    • Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
    • What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
  • Samples and Populations
  • The Concept of Significance
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 3A. Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
  • Selecting a Problem
  • Defining Your Interests
  • Ideas, Ideas, Ideas (and What to Do with Them)
  • From Idea to Research Question to Hypothesis
  • Reviewing the Literature
  • Using General Sources
    • Using Secondary Sources
    • Using Primary Sources
  • Reading and Evaluating Research
    • What Does a Research Article Look Like?
    • Criteria for Judging a Research Study
  • Using Electronic Tools in Your Research Activities
    • Searching Online
    • Using Google Scholar for Your Literature Review
    • Using Bibliographic Database Programs
  • Using the Internet: Beyond Searches
    • Research Activities and the Internet
    • A Bit about E-Mail
    • Open-Access Journal Articles
    • Using Social Media in Research
  • Writing the Literature Review
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 3B. The Importance of Practicing Ethics in Research
  • A Bit of History
  • Basic Principles of Ethical Research
    • Protection from Risk
    • Maintenance of Privacy
    • Voluntary Participation
    • Informed Consent
    • Confidentiality
    • Debriefing
    • Sharing Benefits
  • Key Principles of Research Ethics
    • A Summary of Ethical Guidelines
    • Ethics and Children
    • Ethics Regarding Online Research
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 4. Sampling and Generalizability
  • Populations and Samples
  • Probability Sampling Strategies
    • Simple Random Sampling
    • Systematic Sampling
    • Stratified Sampling
    • Cluster Sampling
  • Nonprobability Sampling Strategies
    • Convenience Sampling
    • Quota Sampling
  • Samples, Sample Size, and Sampling Error
    • How Big Is Big?
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 5. Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
  • The Measurement Process
  • Levels of Measurement
    • Nominal
    • Ordinal
    • Interval
    • Ratio
    • Continuous versus Discrete Variables
    • What Is All the Fuss?
  • Reliability and Validity: Why They Are Very, Very Important
    • A Conceptual Definition of Reliability
    • Increasing Reliability
    • How Reliability Is Measured
    • Types of Reliability
    • Establishing Reliability: An Example
    • Calculating Internal Consistency Reliability with SPSS
  • Validity
    • A Conceptual Definition of Validity
    • Types of Validity
    • Establishing Validity: An Example
  • The Relationship between Reliability and Validity
  • Closing (and Very Important) Thoughts
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior
  • Tests and Their Development
    • Why Use Tests?
    • What Tests Look Like
  • Types of Tests
    • Achievement Tests
    • Multiple-Choice Achievement Items
    • Personality Tests
    • Attitude Methods
    • Reaction-Time Tests
    • Observational Techniques
    • Techniques for Recording Behavior
    • Developing Effective Questionnaires
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 7. Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
  • Getting Ready for Data Collection
  • The Data Collection Process
    • Developing Your Datafile
    • Coding Data
    • The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
  • Getting Ready for Data Analysis
  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Distributions of Scores
    • Comparing Distributions of Scores
    • Measures of Central Tendency
    • Computing Measures of Central Tendency in IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Measures of Variability
    • The Range
    • The Standard Deviation
    • You and IBM SPSS Statistics—Computing Measures of Variability
  • Understanding Distributions
    • The Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve
    • The Mean and the Standard Deviation
    • Standard Scores: Computing and Using z Scores
    • Computing z Scores in SPSS
    • What z Scores Really, Really Mean
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 8. Introducing Inferential Statistics
  • Say Hello to Inferential Statistics!
    • How Inference Works
    • The Role of Chance
    • The Central Limit Theorem
  • The Idea of Statistical Significance
  • Tests of Significance
    • How a Test of Significance Works
    • t-Test for Independent Means
    • How to Select the Appropriate Test
    • You and SPSS—Computing a t-Value for a Test of Independent Means Using IBM SPSS Statistics
    • Some Other Tests of Significance
    • Working with More Than One Dependent Variable
  • Significance versus Meaningfulness
  • Meta-Analysis
    • How Meta-Analyses Are Done
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 9. Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
  • Descriptive Research
    • Survey Research
    • How to Conduct Survey Research
  • Correlational Research
    • The Relationship between Variables
    • What Correlation Coefficients Look Like
    • Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
    • You and Excel—Computing a Correlation Using the ToolPak
    • Interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 10. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research: Qualitative Methods
  • Conducting Qualitative Research
    • How Qualitative Research Differs
  • Research Sources
    • Documentation
    • Archival Records
    • Social Media and Online Content
    • Physical Artifacts
    • Direct Observation
    • Participant Observation
    • Focus Groups
    • One-to-one Interviews
  • Case Studies
    • Some Advantages of the Case Study Method
    • Some Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
  • Ethnographies
  • Historical Research
    • Conducting Historical Research
    • The Steps in Historical Research
    • Sources of Historical Data
    • Primary or Secondary Sources: Which Are Best?
    • Authenticity and Accuracy
    • The Limitations of Historical Research
    • Mixed Methods Research
  • Qualitative Data Analysis Software
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 11. Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
  • Experimental Designs
    • Pre-Experimental Designs
    • True Experimental Designs
  • Internal and External Validity and Experimental Design
    • Threats to Internal Validity
    • Threats to External Validity
    • Increasing Internal and External Validity
    • Internal and External Validity: A Trade-Off?
  • Controlling Extraneous Variables
    • Matching
    • Use of Homogeneous Groups
    • Analysis of Covariance
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 12. Quasi-Experimental Research: A Close Cousin to Experimental Research
  • The Quasi-Experimental Method
  • Quasi-Experimental Designs
    • The Nonequivalent Control Group Design
    • The Static Group Comparison
  • Single-Subject Designs
    • Multiple Baseline Designs
    • Evaluating Single-Subject Designs
    • Developmental Research
    • The Utility of Follow-Up Studies
    • The Role of Age in Studying Development
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 13. Writing a Research Proposal
  • The Format of a Research Proposal
    • Appearance
  • Evaluating the Studies You Read
    • Criteria for Judging a Research Study
  • Planning the Actual Research
    • Selecting Appropriate Dependent Variable Measures
  • Reviewing a Test
    • Basic Information
    • General Test Information
    • Design and Appearance
    • Reliability
    • Validity
    • Norms
    • Evaluation
  • Selecting a Sample
    • Data Collection and Analysis
    • Selecting an Inferential Statistic
    • Maintaining High Research Ethics Standards
  • Summary
  • Exercises
• Chapter 14. Writing a Research Manuscript
  • What a Manuscript Looks Like
    • Title Page
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Method
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • References
    • Appendices
    • Author Notes
    • Footnotes
    • Table Captions
    • Tables
    • Figure Captions
    • Figures
  • Nuts and Bolts
  • Summary
• Appendix A: Fifty Excel Shortcuts for Mac and Windows
• Appendix B: Sample Data Set
• Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises
• Appendix D: Setting Up an IBM SPSS Datafile
• Bibliography
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z

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