Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance (reflowable text)
Námskeið
- SJÚ308G Árreynslulífeðlisfræði.
Ensk lýsing:
etting the standard for more than 30 years, nearly half a million students have built a solid foundation of the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology with Exercise Physiology by William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch. . This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to provide current coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance.
A vibrant new full color “magazine style” design, along with updated art in every chapter, works hand in hand with the descriptive content, making even complex topics easier to understand and key information easier to locate. Throughout the text, the authors apply exercise physiology principles to practical skills, illustrate how theory comes to life through research, and clarify complex issues and problems.
Lýsing:
etting the standard for more than 30 years, nearly half a million students have built a solid foundation of the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology with Exercise Physiology by William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch. . This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to provide current coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance.
A vibrant new full color “magazine style” design, along with updated art in every chapter, works hand in hand with the descriptive content, making even complex topics easier to understand and key information easier to locate. Throughout the text, the authors apply exercise physiology principles to practical skills, illustrate how theory comes to life through research, and clarify complex issues and problems.
Annað
- Höfundur: William D. McArdle
- Útgáfa:8
- Útgáfudagur: 02/2014
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781496314932
- Print ISBN: 9781451193831
- ISBN 10: 149631493X
Efnisyfirlit
- Front Matter
- Preface
- Moving Forward
- ORGANIZATION
- FEATURES
- NEW TO THE EIGHTH EDITION
- ANCILLARIES: THE TOTAL TEACHING PACKAGE
- Students
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: ROOTS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
- IN THE BEGINNING: ORIGINS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO AMERICA IN THE EARLY 1800S
- FIGURE I.1
- TABLE I.1: Table of Contents for Books 1 and 2a of Galen’s De Sanitate Tuenda (Hygiene)
- FIGURE I.2
- FIGURE I.3
- FIGURE I.4
- RENAISSANCE PERIOD TO NINETEENTH CENTURY
- FIGURE I.5
- Notable Achievements by European Scientists
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
- FIGURE I.6
- Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)
- FIGURE I.7
- Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564)
- Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
- FIGURE I.8
- Santorio Santorio (1561–1636)
- William Harvey (1578–1657)
- FIGURE I.9
- Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679)
- Robert Boyle (1627–1691)
- Stephen Hales (1677–1761)
- FIGURE I.10
- James Lind (1716–1794)
- Joseph Black (1728–1799)
- Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
- FIGURE I.11
- Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786)
- FIGURE I.12
- Henry Cavendish (1731–1810)
- Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794)
- FIGURE I.13
- Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
- Nineteenth Century Metabolism and Physiology
- Claude Louis Berthollet (1748–1822)
- Joseph Louis Proust (1755–1826)
- Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778–1850)
- William Prout (1785–1850)
- François Magendie (1783–1855)
- William Beaumont (1785–1853)
- Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786–1889)
- Jean Baptiste Boussingault (1802–1884)
- Gerardus Johannis Mulder (1802–1880)
- Justus von Liebig (1803–1873)
- FIGURE I.14
- Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878)
- FIGURE I.15
- Claude Bernard (1813–1878)
- FIGURE I.16
- Edward Smith (1819–1874)
- FIGURE I.17
- Health and Hygiene Influences in the United States
- Austin Flint, Jr., MD: American Physician-Physiologist
- FIGURE I.18
- Austin Flint, Jr., MD: American Physician-Physiologist
- FIGURE I.19
- Anthropometric Assessment of Body Build
- FIGURE I.20
- FIGURE I.21
- TABLE I.2: Average and Best Anthropometric and Strength Records of Amherst College from 1861 to 1900 Inclusive
- FIGURE I.22
- FIGURE I.23
- FIGURE I.24
- FIGURE I.25
- George Wells Fitz, MD: A Major Influence
- FIGURE I.26
- First Course in the Physiology of Exercise or in Exercise Physiology
- FIGURE I.27
- Contributions of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (1927–1946)
- FIGURE I.28
- TABLE I.3: Areas of Investigation at the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory that Helped to Establish Exercise Physiology as an Academic Discipline
- Danish Influence
- FIGURE I.29
- Swedish Influence
- FIGURE I.30
- Norwegian and Finnish Influence
- TABLE I.4: Nordic Researchersa Awarded the ACSM Honor Award and ACSM Citation Award
- FIGURE I.31
- FIGURE I.32
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. Charles M. Tipton
- SECTION 1: Nutrition: The Base for Human Performance
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. David L. Costill
- CHAPTER 1: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: CARBOHYDRATES
- KINDS AND SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Monosaccharides
- FIGURE 1.1
- Oligosaccharides
- What’s in a Name?
- Polysaccharides
- Plant Polysaccharides
- FIGURE 1.2
- Health Implications of Fiber Deficiency.
- TABLE 1.1: Recommended Daily Fiber Intake
- TABLE 1.2: Fiber Content of Common Foods (Listed in Order of Total Fiber Content)
- Added Sugar and the Blood Lipid Profile
- Not All Carbohydrates Are Physiologically Equal.
- Glycogen: The Animal Polysaccharide
- FIGURE 1.3
- How Much Glycogen Does the Body Store?
- FIGURE 1.4
- Important Carbohydrate Conversions
- Plant Polysaccharides
- Monosaccharides
- KINDS AND SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES
- RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATES
- ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE BODY
- 1. Energy Source
- 2. Protein-Sparer
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- 3. Metabolic Primer/Prevents Ketosis
- 4. Fuel for the Central Nervous System
- CARBOHYDRATE DYNAMICS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- High-Intensity Exercise
- FIGURE 1.5
- Moderate and Prolonged Exercise
- FIGURE 1.6
- Effect of Diet on Muscle Glycogen Stores and Endurance
- FIGURE 1.7
- High-Intensity Exercise
- THE NATURE OF LIPIDS
- KINDS AND SOURCES OF LIPIDS
- Simple Lipids
- FIGURE 1.8
- Carbon Chains in Fatty Acids
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- FIGURE 1.9
- Triacylglycerol Formation
- FIGURE 1.10
- Triacylglycerol Breakdown
- FIGURE 1.11
- Trans-Fatty Acids: Unwanted at Any Levels
- Lipids: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
- Lipids in the Diet
- FIGURE 1.12
- Fish Oils.
- Simple Lipids
- Compound Lipids
- High-Density, Low-Density, and Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
- FIGURE 1.13
- HDL Versus LDL: A Health Perspective.
- High-Density, Low-Density, and Very Low-Density Lipoproteins
- Functions of Cholesterol
- Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Risk
- Reduce Saturated Fat and Cholesterol in the Diet
- Energy Source and Reserve
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Fat and Energy Content of the Body.
- FIGURE 1.14
- FIGURE 1.15
- FIGURE 1.16
- FIGURE 1.17
- Exercise Training and Fat Use
- FIGURE 1.18
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- THE NATURE OF PROTEINS
- FIGURE 1.19
- KINDS OF PROTEIN
- Protein Sources
- TABLE 1.3: Common Sources of Dietary Protein Rated for Protein Quality
- TABLE 1.4: Good Food Sources of Protein
- The Vegan Approach
- FIGURE 1.20
- Protein Sources
- The RDA: A Liberal Standard
- TABLE 1.5: Protein Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Adolescent and Adult Men and Women
- Do Athletes Require a Larger Protein Intake?
- FIGURE 1.21
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Reading and Understanding the Food Label (Nutrition Panel)
- NUTRITION PANEL TITLE
- NUTRIENTS LISTED ON LABEL
- DEFINITIONS
- Fate of Amino Acids After Nitrogen Removal
- FIGURE 1.22
- FIGURE 1.23
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 1.24
- Some Modification Required for Recommended Protein Intake
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- The Alanine–Glucose Cycle
- FIGURE 1.25
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: VITAMINS
- THE NATURE OF VITAMINS
- KINDS OF VITAMINS
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Water-Soluble Vitamins
- ROLE OF VITAMINS
- FIGURE 2.1
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 2.1: Food Sources, Major Bodily Functions, and Symptoms of Deficiency or Excess of the Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins for Healthy Adults (19–50 Years)
- DEFINING NUTRIENT NEEDS
- Dietary Reference Intakes
- FIGURE 2.2
- TABLE 2.2: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Vitamin Intakes
- TABLE 2.3: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULsa)
- Antioxidant Role of Vitamins
- Protection from Disease
- How Antioxidant Vitamins Serve to Neutralize Free Radicals
- Obtain Vitamins From Food, Not Supplements
- Vitamin-Rich Food Sources
- Protection from Disease
- Dietary Reference Intakes
- Increased Metabolism in Exercise and Free-Radical Production
- FIGURE 2.3
- Important Questions
- FIGURE 2.4
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Protection Against Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.
- A Healthful Way to Reduce Cold Risk
- Vitamins and Exercise Performance
- FIGURE 2.5
- THE NATURE OF MINERALS
- TABLE 2.4: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Mineral Intakes
- TABLE 2.5: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULsa)
- TABLE 2.6: The Important Major and Trace Minerals for Healthy Adults (Age 19–50 Years) and Their Food Sources, Functions, and the Effects of Deficiencies and Excesses
- ROLE OF MINERALS IN THE BODY
- FIGURE 2.6
- CALCIUM
- Osteoporosis: Calcium, Estrogen, and Exercise
- FIGURE 2.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- A Progressive Disease
- Bone Health Diagnostic Criteria Based on Variation (Standard Deviation [SD]) of Observed Bone Density Values Compared to Values for Sex-Matched Young Adult Population
- Fifteen Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
- Prevention of Bone Loss Through Diet
- FIGURE 2.8
- National Academy of Sciences Recommended Daily Calcium Intake
- Estrogen’s Role in Bone Health
- Physical Activity Benefits.
- FIGURE 2.9
- A More Important Role for Vitamin D
- Obtain Calcium From Food, Not Supplements
- Related to Muscular Strength.
- Site-Specific Effects.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Six Principles to Promote Bone Health with Physical Activity
- Mechanism for Bone Matrix Increase.
- FIGURE 2.10
- Osteoporosis: Calcium, Estrogen, and Exercise
- FIGURE 2.11
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 2.12
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 2.7: Recommended Dietary Allowances for Iron
- Females: A Population at Risk
- Exercise-Induced Anemia: Fact or Fiction?
- Real Anemia or Pseudoanemia?
- FIGURE 2.13
- Should Athletes Take an Iron Supplement?
- Importance of Iron Source
- Factors Affecting Iron Absorption
- Functional Anemia
- FIGURE 2.14
- TABLE 2.8: Electrolyte Concentrations in Blood Serum and Sweat, and Carbohydrate and Electrolyte Concentrations of Some Popular Beverages
- Optimal Sodium Intake
- Sodium-Induced Hypertension
- Mineral Loss in Sweat
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Lowering High Blood Pressure with Dietary Intervention: The DASH Diet
- THE DASH APPROACH
- TABLE 1: Daily Nutrient Goals Used in the DASH Studies (for a 2100-Calorie Eating Plan)
- SAMPLE DASH DIET
- TABLE 2: Sample DASH Diet (2100 kcal)
- THE DASH APPROACH
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Lowering High Blood Pressure with Dietary Intervention: The DASH Diet
- THE BODY’S WATER CONTENT
- FIGURE 2.15
- Functions of Body Water
- WATER BALANCE: INTAKE VERSUS OUTPUT
- FIGURE 2.16
- Water Intake
- Water in Foods
- Water from Liquids
- Metabolic Water
- Water Output
- Water Loss in Urine
- Water Loss Through the Skin
- Water Loss as Vapor
- Water Loss in Feces
- Hyponatremia
- FIGURE 2.17
- Five Predisposing Factors to Hyponatremia
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- NUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG THE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
- TABLE 3.1: Average Values for Nutrient Intake Based on 3-Day Diet Records by Levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in 7059 Men and 2453 Women
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Recommended Nutrient Intake
- FIGURE 3.1
- Protein
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Lipid
- High-Fat Versus Low-Fat Diets for Exercise Training and Performance
- High-Fat Diets.
- FIGURE 3.2
- Low-Fat Diets.
- High-Fat Diets.
- Carbohydrate
- Glycogen: An Important Fuel for Physical Activity
- Carbohydrate Needs in Intense Training.
- FIGURE 3.3
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Nutrition to Prevent Chronic Athletic Fatigue
- DEPLETED CARBOHYDRATE PLAYS A ROLE
- Four Practical Nutritional Guidelines to Prevent Chronic Fatigue
- DEPLETED CARBOHYDRATE PLAYS A ROLE
- FIGURE 3.4
- Healthy Eating Plate: A Viable Alternative to MyPlate
- Goals and Guidelines for Healthful Eating
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 3.5
- Physical Activity Makes a Difference
- FIGURE 3.6
- Tour de France and Other Endurance Activities
- FIGURE 3.7
- Ultra-Endurance Running Competition
- TABLE 3.2: Race Conditions, Distance Covered, Average Daily Speed, Rest and Sleep Patterns, and Nutrient Balance During an Elite Ultraendurance Performance Racea
- TABLE 3.3: Daily and Total Energy Balance, Nutrient Distributions in Food, and Water Intake During an Elite Ultraendurance Performance Racea
- Extreme Ultra-Endurance Sports
- FIGURE 3.8
- High-Risk Sports for Marginal Nutrition
- FIGURE 3.9
- Making a Choice—Protein or Carbohydrate?
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Liquid and Prepackaged Bars, Powders, and Meals
- Liquid Meals
- Nutrition Bars
- Nutrient Composition of Nutrition Bars Varies with Purpose
- Nutrition Powders and Drinks
- Large Spike in Emergency Room Visits Linked to Energy Drinks
- Prior to Physical Activity
- Debate Concerning Fructose
- During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 3.10
- Replenishing Glycogen Reserves: Refueling for the Next Bout of Intense Training or Competition
- FIGURE 3.11
- FIGURE 3.12
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Practical Recommendations
- Glycogen Replenishment Takes Time
- Does the Coingestion of Caffeine and Protein with Carbohydrate Facilitate Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis? The Carbohydrate Amount May Be Crucial
- Cellular Uptake of Glucose
- The Glycemic Index and Pre-exercise Feedings
- FIGURE 3.13
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Important Considerations
- FIGURE 3.14
- Particles in Solution
- Three Recommendations for Fluid and Carbohydrate Replenishment During Exercise
- Conventional Fluid Replacement Beverage Versus Carbohydrate/Protein Powders and Drinks: Understanding the Difference
- Five Qualities of the Ideal Oral Rehydration Beverage
- FIGURE 3.15
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. John O. Holloszy
- CHAPTER 4: Energy Value of Food
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- MEASUREMENT OF FOOD ENERGY
- The Calorie as a Measurement Unit
- Calories, Calories, or Kilocalories?
- Gross Energy Value of Foods
- FIGURE 4.1
- Clear Distinction Between Temperature and Heat
- Conversion Between Calories and Joules
- Heat of Combustion: Lipids
- Heat of Combustion: Carbohydrates
- Heat of Combustion: Proteins
- Comparing the Energy Value of Macronutrients
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- The Calorie as a Measurement Unit
- Net Energy Value of Foods
- Coefficient of Digestibility
- TABLE 4.1: Factors for Digestibility, Heats of Combustion, and Net Physiologic Energy Valuesa of Protein, Lipid, and Carbohydrate
- Atwater General Factors
- A Calorie is a Calorie is a Calorie: Maybe, Maybe Not!
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining a Food’s Macronutrient Composition and Energy Contribution
- CALCULATIONS
- LEARN TO READ FOOD LABELS
- Macronutrient Energy Content and Percentage Composition of McDonald’s French Fries, Large (Total Weight, 122.3 g [4.3 oz])
- Coefficient of Digestibility
- Use of Tabled Values
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- ENERGY—THE CAPACITY FOR WORK
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Potential and Kinetic Energy
- FIGURE 5.1
- Energy-Releasing and Energy-Conserving Processes
- FIGURE 5.2
- Forms of Energy
- FIGURE 5.3
- Examples of Energy Conversions
- Photosynthesis.
- FIGURE 5.4
- Respiration.
- FIGURE 5.5
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Photosynthesis.
- Mechanical Work
- Chemical Work
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Measurement of Work on a Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, and Step Bench
- CALCULATION OF TREADMILL WORK
- Example
- CALCULATION OF CYCLE ERGOMETER WORK
- Example
- CALCULATION OF WORK DURING BENCH STEPPING
- Example
- CALCULATION OF TREADMILL WORK
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Measurement of Work on a Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, and Step Bench
- Enzymes as Biologic Catalysts
- Six Classifications of Enzymes
- Enzymes Alter Reaction Rates
- FIGURE 5.6
- Enzyme Mode of Action
- FIGURE 5.7
- Vitamins Serve as Coenzymes But Do Not Provide Energy
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Hydrolysis Reactions
- FIGURE 5.8
- Condensation Reactions
- Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- An Aid to Remember
- FIGURE 5.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 5.10
- Measuring Energy Transfer in Humans
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: PHOSPHATE BOND ENERGY
- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: THE ENERGY CURRENCY
- FIGURE 6.1
- FIGURE 6.2
- FIGURE 6.3
- ATP: A Limited Currency
- PHOSPHOCREATINE: THE ENERGY RESERVOIR
- FIGURE 6.4
- Specificity of Training the Immediate Energy System
- The Fuel for Explosive, Short-Term Exercise
- CELLULAR OXIDATION
- Electron Transport
- FIGURE 6.5
- FIGURE 6.6
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- FIGURE 6.7
- Efficiency of Electron Transport–Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electron Transport
- OXYGEN’S ROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM
- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: THE ENERGY CURRENCY
- Summary
- PART 2: ENERGY RELEASE FROM MACRONUTRIENTS
- FIGURE 6.8
- FIGURE 6.9
- ENERGY RELEASE FROM CARBOHYDRATE
- Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Glycolysis
- Anaerobic Energy Release From Glucose: Rapid Glycolysis
- FIGURE 6.10
- Metabolism of Glucose to Glycogen and Glycogen to Glucose
- Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
- The Glycogenolysis Cascade
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis
- Regulation of Glycolysis
- Hydrogen Release in Glycolysis
- More About Lactate
- Lactic Acid Versus Lactate
- FIGURE 6.11
- Lactate: A Valuable “Waste Product.”
- FIGURE 6.12
- Lactate Shuttle: Blood Lactate as an Energy Source.
- Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
- Aerobic (Slow) Glycolysis: The Citric Acid Cycle
- FIGURE 6.13
- FIGURE 6.14
- Free Radicals Form During Aerobic Metabolism
- Total Energy Transfer From Glucose Catabolism
- FIGURE 6.15
- What Regulates Energy Metabolism?
- Independent Effects.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Adipocytes: The Site of Fat Storage and Mobilization
- FIGURE 6.16
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Hormonal Effects
- Catabolism of Glycerol and Fatty Acids
- FIGURE 6.17
- Glycerol
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Fatty Acids
- Total Energy Transfer From Fat Catabolism
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Potential for Glucose Synthesis from Triacylglycerol Components
- NO GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS FROM FATTY ACIDS
- LIMITED GLUCOSE FROM TRIACYLGLYCEROL-DERIVED GLYCEROL
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Potential for Glucose Synthesis from Triacylglycerol Components
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Protein Breakdown Facilitates Water Loss
- FIGURE 6.18
- Glucose Conversion to Fat
- Excess Dietary Protein Accumulates as Fat
- Protein Conversion to Fat
- Fats Burn in a Carbohydrate Flame
- A Slower Rate of Energy Release From Fat
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- IMMEDIATE ENERGY: THE ATP–PCr SYSTEM
- SHORT-TERM GLYCOLYTIC (LACTATE-FORMING) ENERGY SYSTEM
- Lactate Accumulation
- FIGURE 7.1
- Lactate-Producing Capacity
- Lactate Accumulation
- LONG-TERM ENERGY: THE AEROBIC SYSTEM
- Oxygen Consumption During Exercise
- FIGURE 7.2
- Lactic Acid, Lactate, and pH
- Oxygen Deficit
- FIGURE 7.3
- Oxygen Deficit in the Trained and Untrained
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Maximal Oxygen Consumption
- FIGURE 7.4
- FIGURE 7.5
- Fast- and Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers Generate ATP Differently
- FIGURE 7.6
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Interpreting V˙O2MAX—Establishing Cardiovascular Fitness Categories
- Cardiovascular Fitness Classifications
- Oxygen Consumption During Exercise
- FIGURE 7.7
- TABLE 7.1: Estimate of the Percent Contribution of Different Fuels to ATP Generation in Various Running Events (Assumes 70-kg Male)
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 7.8
- Metabolic Dynamics of Recovery Oxygen Consumption
- Early Theories About Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (the So-Called “Oxygen Debt”)
- Contemporary Concepts
- FIGURE 7.9
- FIGURE 7.10
- Implications of EPOC for Exercise and Recovery
- Optimal Recovery from Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- Optimal Recovery from Non-Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- FIGURE 7.11
- Intermittent (Interval) Physical Activity
- TABLE 7.2: Classic Study Results with Intermittent Physical Activity
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- MEASURING THE BODY’S HEAT PRODUCTION
- FIGURE 8.1
- Direct Calorimetry
- FIGURE 8.2
- Indirect Calorimetry
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Closed-Circuit Spirometry
- FIGURE 8.3
- Open-Circuit Spirometry
- Portable Spirometry
- FIGURE 8.4
- Bag Technique
- FIGURE 8.5
- Computerized Instrumentation
- FIGURE 8.6
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Calculating Oxygen Consumption (V˙O2), Carbon Dioxide Production (V˙CO2), and the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Using Open-Circuit Spirometry
- NITROGEN EXCHANGE: THE HALDANE TRANSFORMATION
- CALCULATING V˙O2 USING EXPIRED AIR VOLUME
- True O2
- CALCULATING V˙O2 USING INSPIRED AIR VOLUME
- CALCULATING CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION (VC˙O2)
- CALCULATING THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ)
- Example
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Chemical Gas Analyzers for Calibration Purposes.
- FIGURE 8.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- RQ for Carbohydrate
- RQ for Fat
- RQ for Protein
- Nonprotein RQ
- TABLE 8.1: Thermal Equivalents of Oxygen for the Nonprotein RQ, Including Percentage Kilocalories and Grams Derived from Carbohydrate and Fat
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: The Weir Method to Calculate Energy Expenditure
- BASIC EQUATION
- EXAMPLE
- Weir Factors
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- FIGURE 9.1
- PART 1: ENERGY EXPENDITURE AT REST
- BASAL AND RESTING METABOLIC RATE
- METABOLIC SIZE CONCEPT
- FIGURE 9.2
- METABOLIC RATES OF HUMANS: AGE AND GENDER COMPARISONS
- FIGURE 9.3
- Effects of Regular Physical Activity
- FIGURE 9.4
- “Normalcy” of BMR Values
- TABLE 9.1: Standard Basal Metabolic Rates
- Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure
- TABLE 9.2: Estimation of Resting Daily Energy Expenditure (RDEE) Based on Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM)
- Contribution of Diverse Tissues to Human Metabolism
- TABLE 9.3: Oxygen Consumption of Various Body Tissues at Rest for a 65-kg Man
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Physical Activity
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure from Body Mass, Stature, and Age
- HARRIS-BENEDICT EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING BMR
- Women
- Men
- Example—Female
- Example—Male
- HARRIS-BENEDICT EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING BMR
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure from Body Mass, Stature, and Age
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting V˙O2max During Pregnancy from Submaximum Exercise Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption
- PREDICTING V˙O2MAX FROM SUBMAXIMUM EXERCISE
- SUBMAXIMUM CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST
- PREDICTION EQUATIONS
- EXAMPLE
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES BY ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- THE MET
- TABLE 9.4: Five-Level Classification of Physical Activity Based on Energy Expenditure
- TABLE 9.5: Characterization of the Intensity of Leisure-Time Physical Activity Related to Age
- DAILY RATES OF AVERAGE ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- TABLE 9.6: Reference Heights, Weights, and Energy Expenditures of Children and Adults Living in the United States
- ENERGY COST OF HOUSEHOLD, INDUSTRIAL, AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
- Influence of Body Mass
- FIGURE 9.5
- Influence of Body Mass
- FIGURE 9.6
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- GROSS VERSUS NET ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- ECONOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
- Changes in Efficiency During a Competitive Season Related to Training Volume and Intensity
- Economy of Movement
- FIGURE 10.1
- Running Economy Improves With Age
- Mechanical Efficiency
- Delta Efficiency
- FIGURE 10.2
- Influence of Body Mass
- TABLE 10.1: Prediction of Energy Expenditure (kcal · min−1) from Speed of Level Walking and Body Massa
- Terrain and Walking Surface
- TABLE 10.2: Effect of Different Terrain on the Energy Expenditure of Walking Between 5.2 and 5.6 km · hr−1
- Downhill Walking
- FIGURE 10.3
- Walking
- Running
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Competition Walking
- FIGURE 10.4
- FIGURE 10.5
- Speed, Pace Times, and Target Distance Conversions
- Elite Runners Run More Economically
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting Energy Expenditure During Treadmill Walking and Running
- BASIC EQUATION
- Walking
- Running
- PREDICTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF TREADMILL WALKING
- Problem
- Solution
- PREDICTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF TREADMILL RUNNING
- Problem
- Solution
- BASIC EQUATION
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 10.3: Net Energy Expenditure Per Hour of Horizontal Running Related to Velocity and Body Massa
- TABLE 10.4: Energy Requirements (METs) for Horizontal and Grade Walking and Running on a Solid Surface
- Running
- FIGURE 10.6
- Competition Walking
- Optimum Stride Length
- FIGURE 10.7
- Edward Payson Weston: Walker Extraordinaire
- FIGURE 10.8
- FIGURE 10.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 10.10
- Drafting: Beneficial Outcomes
- Treadmill Versus Track Running
- TABLE 10.5: Comparison of Average Metabolic Responses During Treadmill and Track Running
- Exercise Economy and Muscle Fiber Type
- Methods of Measurement
- FIGURE 10.11
- Energy Expenditure and Drag
- Ways to Reduce Drag Force Effects
- FIGURE 10.12
- Kayaking.
- Ways to Reduce Drag Force Effects
- FIGURE 10.13
- FIGURE 10.14
- TABLE 10.6: Comparisons of English Channel World Record Swimming Times Between Men and Women
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- SPECIFICITY VERSUS GENERALITY OF METABOLIC CAPACITY AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
- FIGURE 11.1
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- OVERVIEW OF ENERGY-TRANSFER CAPACITY DURING EXERCISE
- FIGURE 11.2
- ANAEROBIC ENERGY TRANSFER: THE IMMEDIATE AND SHORT-TERM ENERGY SYSTEMS
- Performance Tests to Evaluate the Immediate Energy System
- Stair-Sprinting Power Tests
- FIGURE 11.3
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Jumping-Power Tests
- What is a Fast Runner?
- Other Power Performance Tests
- Interrelationships Among Power Performance Tests
- TABLE 11.1: Correlations Among Measures of Immediate Anaerobic Power Output
- Stair-Sprinting Power Tests
- Performance Tests to Evaluate the Immediate Energy System
- Tests to Evaluate the Immediate Energy System
- High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Reduces Fat in Overweight Young Males
- Performance Test Evaluation of the Short-Term Energy System
- A Considerable Energy Output
- TABLE 11.2: Wingate Percentile Norms for Average Power and Peak Power for Physically Active Young Adult Men and Women
- The Fastest Creatures in the Sky, On Land, and in Water
- FIGURE 11.4
- Lower in Children.
- Gender Differences.
- Marathon Records Difficult to Repeat
- Maximally Accumulated Oxygen Deficit
- Assessing the Short-Term Energy System
- Blood Lactate Levels
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining Anaerobic Power and Capacity: The Wingate Cycle Ergometer Test
- THE TEST
- RESISTANCE
- TEST SCORES
- EXAMPLE
- CALCULATIONS
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining Anaerobic Power and Capacity: The Wingate Cycle Ergometer Test
- Glycogen Depletion
- FIGURE 11.5
- Blood Lactate Levels
- Effects of Training
- Buffering of Acid Metabolites
- Motivation
- FIGURE 11.6
- Physiologic Tests to Evaluate the Long-Term Aerobic Energy System Assessment of Maximal Oxygen Consumption
- Criteria for Maximal Oxygen Consumption
- FIGURE 11.7
- Maximal Oxygen Consumption Tests
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Test Comparisons
- TABLE 11.3: Average V˙O2max for 15 Male College Students During Continuous and Discontinuous Tests on the Treadmill and Bicycle Ergometera
- Common Treadmill Protocols.
- FIGURE 11.8
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Mode of Activity
- Heredity
- FIGURE 11.9
- State of Training
- Gender
- Body Size and Composition
- TABLE 11.4: Different Ways to Express Oxygen Consumption
- Age
- FIGURE 11.10
- Children.
- Adults.
- Prediction Test Evaluation of the Long-Term Aerobic Energy System
- A Word of Caution About Predictions
- Walking Tests
- Limitations for Use with Children
- FIGURE 11.11
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 11.12
- TABLE 11.5: Input Information on Level of Physical Activity and Perceived Functional Capacity for Predicting V˙O2max from Nonexercise Data
- Equation
- Example
- Computation
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. Loring B. Rowell
- CHAPTER 12: Pulmonary Structure and Function
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- SURFACE AREA AND GAS EXCHANGE
- FIGURE 12.1
- ANATOMY OF VENTILATION
- Pulmonary Respiration Versus Cellular Respiration: A Conflict in Terms?
- The Lungs
- FIGURE 12.2
- The Alveoli
- MECHANICS OF VENTILATION
- FIGURE 12.3
- FIGURE 12.4
- FIGURE 12.5
- Inspiration
- Body Position Facilitates Breathing
- Expiration
- Surfactant
- LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
- FIGURE 12.6
- Static Lung Volumes
- Residual Lung Volume
- Effects of Previous Physical Activity.
- Residual Lung Volume
- Dynamic Lung Volumes
- FEV-to-FVC Ratio
- FIGURE 12.7
- Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FEV-to-FVC Ratio
- Physical Activity Implications of Gender Differences in Static and Dynamic Lung Function Measures
- Ventilatory Muscles Respond to Training
- TABLE 12.1: Anthropometric Data, Pulmonary Function, and Resting Minute Ventilation in 20 Marathon Runners and Healthy Controls
- Minute Ventilation
- Alveolar Ventilation
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting Pulmonary Function Variables in Men and Women
- EQUATIONS
- Data
- EXAMPLES
- Woman
- Man
- Equations to Predict Pulmonary Function Variables by Age and Gender
- EQUATIONS
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting Pulmonary Function Variables in Men and Women
- Bronchopulmonary Segments
- FIGURE 12.8
- FIGURE 12.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Hyperventilation
- Dyspnea
- Valsalva Maneuver
- FIGURE 12.10
- Physiologic Consequences of Performing the Valsalva Maneuver
- A Common Misconception.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- A Common Misconception.
- Postexercise Coughing
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS AND TISSUES
- CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OF RESPIRED GASES
- Ambient Air
- TABLE 13.1: Partial Pressure and Volume of Gases in Dry Ambient Air at Sea Level
- Mercury Instead of Water
- Common Symbols for Gas Pressure in Respiratory Physiology
- Tracheal Air
- Alveolar Air
- TABLE 13.2: Partial Pressure and Volume of Dry Alveolar Gases at Sea Level (98.6°F [37°C])
- Ambient Air
- CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OF RESPIRED GASES
- GAS MOVEMENT IN AIR AND FLUIDS
- Pressure Differential
- FIGURE 13.1
- Solubility—The Dissolving Power of a Gas
- Pressure Differential
- GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS AND TISSUES
- FIGURE 13.2
- Approximate Solubility Coefficients of Gases in Physiologic Fluids
- Gas Exchange in the Lungs
- Impaired Alveolar Gas Transfer
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Impaired Alveolar Gas Transfer
- Gas Transfer in Tissues
- OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN BLOOD
- Oxygen in Physical Solution
- Oxygen Combined with Hemoglobin
- FIGURE 13.3
- Oxygen-Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Factors that Contribute to the Smoking Habit
- WHY PEOPLE START SMOKING
- CIGARETTES CAUSE ADDICTION
- THE WHY-DO-YOU-SMOKE TEST
- Why-Do-You-Smoke Test
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Factors that Contribute to the Smoking Habit
- Anemia Affects Oxygen Transport.
- TABLE 13.3: Hemoglobin (Hb) Levels and Exercise Heart Rates of Normal and Anemic Subjects Prior to and Following Supplemental Iron Treatment
- Po2 and Hemoglobin Saturation
- FIGURE 13.4
- The Bohr Effect
- FIGURE 13.5
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
- FIGURE 13.6
- Red Blood Cell 2,3-DPG
- Oxygen Released at Low Pressures
- CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
- FIGURE 13.7
- Carbon Dioxide in Physical Solution
- Carbon Dioxide Transport As Bicarbonate
- Carbon Dioxide Transport as Carbamino Compounds
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: REGULATION OF PULMONARY VENTILATION
- VENTILATORY CONTROL
- FIGURE 14.1
- Neural Factors
- Humoral Factors
- Plasma Po2 and Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- FIGURE 14.2
- Plasma Pco2 and H+ Concentration
- Plasma Po2 and Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- Hyperventilation and Breath Holding
- A Potentially Dangerous Maneuver
- VENTILATORY CONTROL
- REGULATION OF VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- Chemical Control
- FIGURE 14.3
- Nonchemical Control
- Neurogenic Factors
- Influence of Temperature
- Integrated Regulation
- During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 14.4
- During Recovery
- During Physical Activity
- Chemical Control
- VENTILATION AND ENERGY DEMANDS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- Ventilation in Steady-Rate Physical Acctivity
- FIGURE 14.5
- Ventilation in Non–Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- Ventilatory Threshold
- Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
- FIGURE 14.6
- A Word of Caution
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Specificity of OBLA.
- Some Independence Between OBLA and V˙2max.
- OBLA and Endurance Performance.
- FIGURE 14.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Racial Differences.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining the Lactate Threshold
- DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF LT
- Fixed Blood Lactate Concentration
- Ventilatory Threshold
- Blood Lactate–Exercise V˙O2 Response
- DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF LT
- Ventilation in Steady-Rate Physical Acctivity
- FIGURE 14.8
- Respiratory Disease
- Cigarette Smoking
- TABLE 14.1: Oxygen Cost of Hyperventilation (HV) in “Smoking” and “Nonsmoking” Exercise at Approximately 80% of V˙O2max
- Cigarette Smoking Blunts Exercise Heart Rate Response
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- An Important Exception
- FIGURE 14.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- BUFFERING
- FIGURE 14.10
- Chemical Buffers
- Bicarbonate Buffer
- Phosphate Buffer
- Protein Buffer
- Relative Power of Chemical Buffers
- TABLE 14.2: Relative Buffering Power of the Chemical Buffers
- Ventilatory Buffer
- Renal Buffer
- FIGURE 14.11
- Summary
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- FIGURE 15.1
- The Heart
- FIGURE 15.2
- FIGURE 15.3
- The Arterial System
- FIGURE 15.4
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Blood Pressure
- Systolic Blood Pressure.
- Diastolic Blood Pressure.
- Mean Arterial Pressure.
- Mean Arterial Pressure: Pulmonary Versus Systemic Circulations
- Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance.
- Capillaries
- Blood Flow in Capillaries
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Blood Pressure Measurement, Classifications, and Recommended Follow-Up
- BLOOD PREASURE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
- Classification and Recommended Follow-Up of Initial Blood Pressure Screening in Adultsa
- Classification of Blood Pressure (BP) for Adults
- BLOOD PREASURE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Blood Pressure Measurement, Classifications, and Recommended Follow-Up
- FIGURE 15.5
- Blood Flow in Capillaries
- FIGURE 15.6
- FIGURE 15.7
- Venous Return
- FIGURE 15.8
- The Physiology of Crucifixion
- A Question of an Active Vasculature
- Varicose Veins
- Venous Pooling
- The Active Recovery “Cool-Down.”
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- The Active Recovery “Cool-Down.”
- FIGURE 15.9
- Lifestyle Choices That Lower Blood Pressure
- A Prevalent Disorder
- Effective Treatment Strategies
- FIGURE 15.10
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Understanding Hypertension: Effects on Bodily Systems
- Effective Treatment Strategies
- Resistance Exercise
- TABLE 15.1: Comparison of Peak Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at Various Percentages of a Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) During Isometric Exercise and Free-Weight and Hydraulic Bench Press Exercise
- FIGURE 15.11
- Steady-Rate Physical Activity
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Graded Exercise
- FIGURE 15.12
- Blood Pressure in Upper-Body Physical Activity
- TABLE 15.2: Comparison of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure During Dynamic Arm and Leg Exercise at Similar Percentages of V˙O2max
- Recovery From Physical Activity
- FIGURE 15.13
- Myocardial Oxygen Supply and Use
- For Use in an Emergency
- Effects of Impaired Blood Supply
- FIGURE 15.14
- Rate–Pressure Product: An Estimate of Myocardial Work
- RPP, Physical Activity, and the Heart Disease Patient.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- RPP, Physical Activity, and the Heart Disease Patient.
- FIGURE 15.15
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- INTRINSIC REGULATION OF HEART RATE
- FIGURE 16.1
- The Heart’s Electrical Activity
- Electrocardiogram
- FIGURE 16.2
- The ECG Objectively Monitors Heart Rate During Physical Activity
- Electrocardiogram
- FIGURE 16.3
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neural Input
- FIGURE 16.4
- Sympathetic Influence
- FIGURE 16.5
- Parasympathetic Influence
- Heart Rate Variability
- FIGURE 16.6
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Exercise Pressor Reflex
- Carotid Artery Palpation
- Local Factors
- Physical Factors Affect Blood Flow
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Electrode Placement for Bipolar and 12-Lead ECG Recordings
- SKIN PREPARATION
- BIPOLAR (3-ELECTRODE) CONFIGURATION
- MODIFIED 12-LEAD (10-ELECTRODE TORSOMOUNTED) CONFIGURATION FOR EXERCISE STRESS TESTING
- ELECTRODE POSITIONING FOR THE MODIFIED 10-ELECTRODE, TORSO-MOUNTED SYSTEM
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Electrode Placement for Bipolar and 12-Lead ECG Recordings
- Factors Within Active Muscle
- Nitric Oxide and Autoregulation of Tissue Blood Flow.
- FIGURE 16.7
- Nitric Oxide and Autoregulation of Tissue Blood Flow.
- Venous Return Important
- FIGURE 16.8
- Improved Function but Altered Circulatory Dynamics
- FIGURE 16.9
- Sluggish Circulatory Response
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
- Measuring Cardiac Output
- Direct Fick Method
- FIGURE 17.1
- Indicator Dilution Method
- CO2 Rebreathing Method
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Direct Fick Method
- Measuring Cardiac Output
- Untrained Individuals
- Endurance Athletes
- TABLE 17.1: Maximal Values for Oxygen Consumption, Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output in Three Groups with Very Low, Normal, and High Aerobic Capacities
- Enhancing Stroke Volume: Diastolic Filling Versus Systolic Emptying
- Ejection Fraction: A Measure of Ventricular Function
- Enhanced Diastolic Filling
- TABLE 17.2: The Effect of Body Position on Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Heart Rate at Rest and During Exercise in Physically Active Subjectsa
- Greater Systolic Emptying
- Cardiovascular Drift: Reduced Stroke Volume and Increased Heart Rate During Prolonged Physical Activity
- FIGURE 17.2
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Blood Flow at Rest
- FIGURE 17.3
- Redistribution of Blood Flow During Physical Activity
- Blood Flow to the Heart and Brain
- Rest
- Physical Activity
- Close Association Between Maximum Cardiac Output and V˙O2max
- FIGURE 17.4
- Cardiac Output Differences Among Men and Women and Children
- Oxygen Extraction: The a-v¯O2 Difference
- a-v¯O2 Difference During Rest
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- a-v¯O2 Difference During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 17.5
- Factors That Affect the a-v¯O2 Difference During Physical Activity
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting V˙O2max Using Walking and Swimming Tests
- THE TESTS
- 1-Mile Walk Test
- TABLE 1: Aerobic Fitness Categories for Men and Women
- 12-Minute Swim Test
- TABLE 2: 12-Minute Swim Test Fitness Categories (Age 18–29 Years)
- 1-Mile Walk Test
- THE TESTS
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting V˙O2max Using Walking and Swimming Tests
- Maximal Oxygen Consumption
- Submaximal Oxygen Consumption
- FIGURE 17.6
- Physiologic Response
- Implications.
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- The Terms Muscle Contraction and Muscle Action
- GROSS STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
- FIGURE 18.1
- Interesting Facts About Muscles
- Levels of Organization
- Subcellular Systems and Muscle Function
- Muscles’ Chemical Composition
- Blood Supply
- Capillarization
- FIGURE 18.2
- The Sarcomere
- FIGURE 18.3
- TABLE 18.1: Twelve Proteins Associated with a Muscle Fiber’s Sarcomere and Their Proposed Functions
- FIGURE 18.4
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 18.5
- FIGURE 18.6
- FIGURE 18.7
- Intracellular Tubule Systems
- FIGURE 18.8
- Mechanics of Muscle Action: The Sliding-Filament Model
- FIGURE 18.9
- Multimedia Muscle Action Videos
- Mechanical Action of Crossbridges
- FIGURE 18.10
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Sarcomere Length—Isometric Tension Curve in an Isolated Fiber
- FIGURE 18.11
- Sarcomere Length—Isometric Tension Curve in Human Muscle Fibers in Vivo
- FIGURE 18.12
- Link Between Actin, Myosin, and ATP
- Excitation–Contraction Coupling
- FIGURE 18.13
- Relaxation
- Sequence of Events in Muscle Action
- FIGURE 18.14
- FIGURE 18.15
- TABLE 18.2: Classification of Human Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
- Fast-Twitch Fibers (Type II)
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: A Vertical Jump Test to Predict Peak Anaerobic Power Output
- VERTICAL JUMP TEST
- PREDICTING IMMEDIATE ANAEROBIC POWER OUTPUT
- EXAMPLE
- COMPUTATIONS
- COMPARISONS
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: A Vertical Jump Test to Predict Peak Anaerobic Power Output
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Muscle Fiber Training Specificity
- Decline in Skeletal Muscle Mass with Aging Mainly Attributed to Reduced Type II Muscle Fiber Size
- FIGURE 18.16
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- NEUROMOTOR SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- FIGURE 19.1
- Central Nervous System—The Brain
- FIGURE 19.2
- Brainstem
- Mnemonic to Remember the 12 Cranial Nerves—Try It!
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Telencephalon
- Limbic System
- Central Nervous System—The Spinal Cord
- FIGURE 19.3
- TABLE 19.1: Common Names Describing Neurons and Axons of the Spinal Cord
- FIGURE 19.4
- Ascending Nerve Tracts
- Sensory Receptors.
- Descending Nerve Tracts
- Pyramidal (Lateral) Tract.
- Extrapyramidal (Ventromedial) Tract.
- Reticular Formation
- Peripheral Nervous System
- FIGURE 19.5
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- The Reflex Arc
- FIGURE 19.6
- Motor Unit Anatomy
- FIGURE 19.7
- The Anterior Motor Neuron
- FIGURE 19.8
- Neuromuscular Junction (Motor Endplate).
- FIGURE 19.9
- Excitation.
- Facilitation.
- FIGURE 19.10
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Inhibition.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 19.2: Characteristics and Correspondence Between Motor Units and Muscle Fiber Types
- Twitch Characteristics
- FIGURE 19.11
- Tension Characteristics
- Gradation of Force
- Control of Motor Function and Motor Unit Activity.
- FIGURE 19.12
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Control of Motor Function and Motor Unit Activity.
- Gradation of Force
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: How to Determine Upper-Arm Muscle and Fat
- MEASUREMENTS
- EXAMPLE
- COMPUTATIONS
- Muscle Spindles
- Structural Organization
- FIGURE 19.13
- The Stretch Reflex
- FIGURE 19.14
- Structural Organization
- FIGURE 19.15
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
- FIGURE 20.1
- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
- FIGURE 20.2
- Types of Hormones
- TABLE 20.1: Storage, Synthesis, Release Mechanism, Transport Medium, Receptor Location and Receptor-Ligand Binding, and Target Organ Response of the Peptide, Steroid, and Amine Hormones
- The Term Hormone Enters the English Lexicon
- TABLE 20.2: Hormones Produced by Organs Other than the Major Endocrine Organs
- Hormone–Target Cell Specificity
- Hormone–Receptor Binding
- Cyclic AMP: The Intracellular Messenger.
- FIGURE 20.3
- Cyclic AMP: The Intracellular Messenger.
- Hormone–Receptor Binding
- Hormone Effects on Enzymes
- Factors That Determine Hormone Levels
- Important Discoveries in Endocrinology
- FIGURE 20.4
- Patterns of Hormone Release
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 20.3: Endocrine Organs and Their Secretions, Targets, and Main Effects
- Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- FIGURE 20.5
- Growth Hormone
- Growth Hormone, Physical Activity, and Tissue Synthesis.
- FIGURE 20.6
- Growth Hormone, Physical Activity, and Tissue Synthesis.
- Insulin-Like Growth Factors
- Thyrotropin
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Elevated Thyroid Hormones Predict Metabolic Syndrome in Females
- Prolactin
- Gonadotropic Hormones
- FIGURE 20.7
- Thyroid Hormones Affect Quality of Life
- Parathyroid Hormones
- FIGURE 20.8
- Fatigue in Coronary Artery Disease Patients Associates with Lower Thyroid Axis Hormones and Cortisol Independent of Exercise Capacity
- Adrenal Medulla Hormones
- FIGURE 20.9
- FIGURE 20.10
- Adrenocortical Hormones
- Mineralocorticoids.
- FIGURE 20.11
- Renin–Angiotensin Mechanism.
- Status of Cardiovascular Health of U.S. Adolescents
- Glucocorticoids.
- FIGURE 20.12
- Gonadocorticoids.
- Mineralocorticoids.
- FIGURE 20.13
- Testosterone
- FIGURE 20.14
- High Doses of Anabolic Steroids Cause Adverse Cardiovascular Side Effects, Including Endothelial Dysfunction
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Pancreatic Hormones
- FIGURE 20.15
- Insulin
- FIGURE 20.16
- Insulin Transport of Glucose into Cells: Glucose Transporters.
- Glucose–Insulin Interaction.
- FIGURE 20.17
- Diabetes Mellitus.
- TABLE 20.4: Data from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: How to Reduce Diabetes Risk
- Calculating Your Diabetes Risk
- Tests for Diabetes Mellitus.
- Classification Categories for Fasting Blood Glucose
- Metabolic Syndrome: Organs Affected, Common Characteristics, Associated Medical Conditions, and Treatment
- Treating Metabolic Syndrome
- TABLE 20.5: Thresholds of Percentage Body Fat (%BF) Corresponding to Established Body Mass Index Cutoffs Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk
- FIGURE 20.18
- Type 2 Diabetes
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Physical Activity
- HYPOGLYCEMIA WARNING SIGNS
- HYPOGLYCEMIA ATTACK: WHAT TO DO
- LATE-ONSET HYPOGLYCEMIA
- ADJUSTING INSULIN LEVELS
- Type 2 Diabetes in Children: On the Rise and Not Easily Treated
- The Seven Leading Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
- High Blood Sugar Linked to Dementia Independent of Diabetes
- Characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
- Diabetes and Physical Activity
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
- Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Physical Activity
- FIGURE 20.19
- TABLE 20.6: Hormones and Their Responses to Endurance Training
- Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone
- FIGURE 20.20
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
- PRL (Prolactin)
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone), LH (Leuteinizing Hormone), and Testosterone
- Growth Hormone
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
- PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
- Thyroid Hormones
- Adrenal Hormones
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- FIGURE 20.21
- FIGURE 20.22
- Regular Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
- Resistance Training Reduces Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
- FIGURE 20.23
- Physical Activity Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes.
- Glycemic Control.
- Cardiovascular Disease.
- Weight Loss.
- Psychologic Profile.
- Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes.
- Physical Activity Risks for Type 2 Diabetics.
- FIGURE 20.24
- Physical Activity Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes.
- FIGURE 20.25
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 20.26
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- FIGURE 20.27
- Short-Term Physical Activity Effects
- TABLE 20.7: Immune System Components that Exhibit Negative Change after Prolonged, Intense Exercise
- Long-Term Exercise Effects
- Resistance Training.
- Perhaps a Role for Nutritional Supplements.
- Macronutrients.
- Micronutrients.
- Glutamine and the Immune Response.
- A General Recommendation to Optimize Immunity
- The Physical Activity–Cancer Connection
- SECTION 4: Enhancement of Energy Transfer Capacity
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Bengt Saltin
- CHAPTER 21: Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- EXERCISE TRAINING PRINCIPLES
- FIGURE 21.1
- Overload Principle
- Specificity Principle
- Specificity of V˙O2max
- An Example of Aerobic Training Specificity
- Specificity of Local Changes
- Specificity of V˙O2max
- Individual Differences Principle
- Reversibility Principle
- TABLE 21.1: Changes in Measures of Physiologic and Metabolic Function with Various Durations of Detraininga
- HOW EXERCISE TRAINING IMPACTS THE ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
- TABLE 21.2: Typical Metabolic and Physiologic Values for Healthy, Endurance-Trained and Untrained Mena
- ANAEROBIC SYSTEM CHANGES WITH TRAINING
- FIGURE 21.2
- TABLE 21.3: Changes in Resting Concentrations of PCr, Creatine, ATP, and Glycogen Following 5 Months of Heavy-Resistance Training in 9 Male Subjects
- HOW TRAINING IMPACTS THE AEROBIC SYSTEM
- FIGURE 21.3
- Metabolic Adaptations
- Metabolic Machinery
- FIGURE 21.4
- Carbohydrate Metabolism.
- Muscle Fiber Type and Size
- Myoglobin
- Metabolic Machinery
- Cardiovascular Adaptations
- FIGURE 21.5
- Cardiac Hypertrophy: The “Athlete’s Heart”
- FIGURE 21.6
- Specific Nature of Cardiac Enlargement.
- TABLE 21.4: Comparative Average Cardiac Dimensions in College Athletes, World-Class Athletes, and Normal Subjects
- Training-Induced Plasma Volume Provides a Possible Explanation.
- Functional Versus Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Plasma Volume
- Heart Rate
- Exercise Heart Rate: Training Effects.
- FIGURE 21.7
- Exercise Heart Rate: Training Effects.
- Stroke Volume
- Exercise Stroke Volume: Trained Versus Untrained.
- FIGURE 21.8
- Stroke Volume and V˙O2max.
- TABLE 21.5: Maximal Values for Oxygen Consumption, Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output in Three Groups with Low, Normal, and High Aerobic Capacities
- Exercise Stroke Volume: Trained Versus Untrained.
- FIGURE 21.9
- Endurance Training and Submaximal Cardiac Output.
- FIGURE 21.10
- Submaximal Exercise.
- Maximal Exercise.
- Myocardial Blood Flow.
- Maximal Physical Activity
- Submaximal Physical Activity
- FIGURE 21.11
- Training May Benefit Ventilatory Endurance
- FIGURE 21.12
- FIGURE 21.13
- Six Potential Psychologic Benefits From Regular Physical Activity
- FIGURE 21.14
- Initial Level of Aerobic Fitness
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Training Intensity
- TABLE 21.6: Relationship Between Percentage Maximal Heart Rate and Percentage V˙O2max
- Train at a Percentage of HRmax
- FIGURE 21.15
- Is Strenuous Training More Effective?
- Determining the “Training-Sensitive Zone”
- FIGURE 21.16
- Perhaps a Modification Required.
- FIGURE 21.17
- Computing Lower- and Upper-Limit Target Heart Rates for Training
- METHOD 1: PERCENTAGE METHOD
- METHOD 2: KARVONEN METHOD (HEART RATE RESERVE)
- Predicting Maximum Heart Rate in Overfat Individuals
- EXAMPLE
- Running Versus Swimming and Other Forms of Upper-Body Physical Activity.
- Can Less Intense Training be Effective?
- Train at a Perception of Effort
- FIGURE 21.18
- Train at the Lactate Threshold
- FIGURE 21.19
- A Well-Rounded Overall Training Program
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 21.20
- TABLE 21.7: Maximum Physiologic Responses During Peak Cycle Ergometer Exercises Before and After 10 Consecutive Days of Aerobic Training
- Trainability and Genes
- FIGURE 21.21
- Components Other Than V˙O2max
- Tapering for Peak Performance
- Anaerobic Training
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- The Intramuscular High-Energy Phosphates
- Lactate-Generating Capacity
- Aerobic Training
- FIGURE 21.22
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Interval Training
- One-Minute Bouts of Intense Physical Activity Improves Fitness and Health
- Rationale for Interval Training.
- TABLE 21.8: Guidelines for Determining Interval-Training Exercise Rates for Running and Swimming Different Distances
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Sprint-Type Interval Training Affects Anaerobic and Aerobic Physiologic Systems.
- FIGURE 21.23
- Continuous Training
- Fartlek Training
- Definitions of Terms Related to Overtraining Syndrome
- FIGURE 21.24
- TABLE 21.9: Overtraining Syndrome: Symptoms of Staleness
- FIGURE 21.25
- Physical Activity Effects on the Mother
- TABLE 21.10: Important Metabolic and Cardiorespiratory Adaptations During Pregnancy
- Physical Activity Effects on the Fetus
- FIGURE 21.26
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Exercise Prescription During Pregnancy
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES
- WHEN TO STOP EXERCISE AND SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCE TRAINING
- FIGURE 22.1
- Muscular Strength Development: Its Roots in Antiquity
- Early Strongmen Who Popularized Body Building and Strength Training
- OBJECTIVES OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
- MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH
- Cable Tensiometry
- FIGURE 22.2
- Dynamometry
- One-Repetition Maximum
- Estimate the 1-RM
- Computer-Assisted, Electromechanical, and Isokinetic Methods
- Definition of Selected Terms Associated with Resistance Training
- FIGURE 22.3
- FIGURE 22.4
- TABLE 22.1: International System (SI) of Units for Expressing Muscular Strength and Power During Linear and Angular Motionsa
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Resistance-Training Equipment Categories
- Strength-Testing Considerations
- Exercise Equipment to Overload Skeletal Muscle
- Learning Factors Affect Strength Measurements
- FIGURE 22.5
- Cable Tensiometry
- Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- FIGURE 22.6
- Absolute Muscle Strength as Total Force Exerted
- FIGURE 22.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Relative Muscle Strength Indexed to Estimates of Body Composition
- FIGURE 22.8
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Muscle Strength Indexed Using Allometric Scaling
- FIGURE 22.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 22.10
- Different Muscle Actions
- Resistance Training
- Progressive Resistance Exercise
- Variations of PRE.
- TABLE 22.2: Summary of Resistance Training Recommendations: an Overview of Different Program Variables Needed for Progression with Different Fitness Levels
- Periodization.
- FIGURE 22.11
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Resistance Training Guidelines for Sedentary Adults, the Elderly, and Cardiac Patients: Benefits for Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention
- TABLE 22.3: Strength-Training Guidelines for Sedentary Adults, Elderly Persons, and Cardiac Patients
- Impressive Resistance Training Results for Seniors
- Variations of PRE.
- Resistance Exercise May Enhance Molecular Signaling of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle Induced by Endurance Exercise
- TABLE 22.4: Guidelines for Resistance-Exercise Training and Progression in Children and Adolescents
- Isometric Training Limitations
- Isometric Training Benefits
- Specificity of Isometric Training Response
- Practical Implications.
- Physical Testing in the Occupational Setting: The Role of Specificity
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Isokinetics Versus Standard Weightlifting
- FIGURE 22.12
- Isokinetic Training Experiments
- FIGURE 22.13
- Fast-Versus Slow-Speed Isokinetic Training
- FIGURE 22.14
- FIGURE 22.15
- Practical Application of Plyometrics
- FIGURE 22.16
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Strengthening The Lower Back
- Window for Explosive Power Development
- FIGURE 22.17
- FIGURE 22.18
- FACTORS THAT MODIFY THE EXPRESSION OF HUMAN STRENGTH
- FIGURE 22.19
- Six Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training That Increase Muscular Strength
- Psychologic–Neural Factors
- FIGURE 22.20
- Superhuman Feats of Strength
- Muscular Factors
- TABLE 22.5: Physiologic Adaptations to Resistance Training
- Muscle Hypertrophy
- FIGURE 22.21
- Specificity of the Hypertrophic Response
- Significant Metabolic Adaptations Occur
- FIGURE 22.22
- TABLE 22.6: Effects of Specific Types or Training on Skeletal Muscle
- Muscle Cell Remodeling: Current Thinking
- FIGURE 22.23
- Benefits Regardless of Gender or Age
- FIGURE 22.24
- Muscle Hyperplasia: Are New Muscle Fibers Created?
- Changes in Muscle Fiber Type With Resistance Training
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy
- Does Muscle Strength Relate to Bone Density?
- FIGURE 22.25
- Specificity of Aerobic Improvement With CRT
- Energy Cost of Different Resistance-Exercise Methods
- TABLE 22.7: Energy Expenditure for Different Modes of Resistance Exercise Compared with Walkinga
- Eccentric Actions Produce Muscle Soreness
- TABLE 22.8: Acute Effects of Concentric-Only and Concentric-Eccentric Exercise on DOMS 25 Hours After Exercisea
- Cell Damage
- FIGURE 22.26
- Altered Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Current DOMS Model
- FIGURE 22.27
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- AN INCREASING CHALLENGE TO FAIR COMPETITION
- The Price of Lying and Cheating: The Rise, Fall, and Dishonor of Cyclist Lance Armstrong
- Urine Testing for Steroids
- Levels of Evidence
- TABLE 23.1: Levels of Evidence on Which to Judge Research Findings
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: A Need to Critically Evaluate the Scientific Evidence
- JUSTIFICATION
- SUBJECTS
- RESEARCH SAMPLE AND DESIGN
- CONCLUSIONS
- DISSEMINATION OF FINDINGS
- Six Mechanisms for How Ergogenic Aids Might Work
- Diuretics to Mask Drug Use
- Anabolic Steroids
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Structure and Action
- A Drug with a Considerable Following
- Effectiveness Questioned
- Steroid Dosage Important
- Risks Do Exist
- Steroid Use and Life-Threatening Disease.
- TABLE 23.2: Side Effects and Medical Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use
- Steroid Use and Plasma Lipoproteins.
- American College of Sports Medicine: Position Stand on Use of Anabolic Steroids5
- Specific Risks for Females.
- Steroid Use and Life-Threatening Disease.
- Clenbuterol and Other β2-Adrenergic Agonists
- Potential Negative Effects on Muscle, Bone, and Cardiovascular Function (Animal Studies)
- Clenbuterol: Not Approved for Human Use in the United States
- Other Adrenergic Agonists
- Training State Makes a Difference
- Animals.
- Humans.
- Muscle Receptor’s Sensitivity Changes with Training
- Training State Makes a Difference
- A New Test Now Available
- No Unanimity Among Researchers
- TABLE 23.3: Maximal Force Production of Knee Extensor and Flexor Muscle Groups Before and After Training With or Without Growth Hormone Supplements
- FIGURE 23.1
- FIGURE 23.2
- An Unregulated Compound with Uncertain Safety
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Summary of Research Findings Concerning Androstenediones
- Modified Versions of Androstenedione Available
- Competitive Athletes Beware
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Four Goals for Optimizing Postexercise Recovery with Nutritional Strategies
- Carbohydrate–Protein-Creatine Supplementation in Recovery Augments Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise.
- FIGURE 23.3
- Postexercise Glucose Augments Protein Balance After Resistance-Training.
- FIGURE 23.4
- Dietary Lipid May Affect Hormonal Milieu.
- TABLE 23.4: Relationships Between Pre-exercise Testosterone Concentration and Selected Nutritional Variables
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Nutrient Timing to Optimize Muscle Response to Resistance Training
- Potential Ergogenic Role of the Branched-Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine
- Dangers of Amphetamines
- Amphetamine Use and Exercise Performance
- TABLE 23.5: Effects of Amphetamines on Athletic Performance
- TABLE 23.6: Caffeine Content (mg) of Some Common Foods, Beverages, and Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications
- Ergogenic Effects
- Clandestine Caffeine—New Energy-Packing Foods
- FIGURE 23.5
- FIGURE 23.6
- No Dose–Response Relationship.
- FIGURE 23.7
- Inconsistent Effects Relate to Diet and Habitual Caffeine Use.
- Warning About Caffeine
- Ginseng
- Ephedrine
- Not Without Risk
- TABLE 23.7: Performance Time and Acid-Base Profiles for Subjects Under Control, Placebo, and Induced Pre-exercise Alkalosis Conditions Before and After an 800-M Race
- FIGURE 23.8
- Effect Related to Dosage and Degree of Anaerobiosis
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- High-Intensity Endurance Performance
- Glutamine
- Glutamine and the Immune Response.
- Phosphatidylserine
- Four Ways HMB Might Work as an Ergogenic Aid
- FIGURE 23.9
- Red Blood Cell Reinfusion—Blood Doping
- How It Works
- Does Blood Doping Work?
- FIGURE 23.10
- TABLE 23.8: Physiologic, Performance, and Hematologic Characteristics Before and 24 Hours After Reinfusion of 750 mL of Packed Red Blood Cells
- Iron Anomaly Among Elite Cyclists
- Other Means to Enhance Oxygen Transport
- Psychologic Considerations
- Physiologic and Performance Effects
- Clinical Considerations: Warm-Up Prior to Sudden Strenuous Physical Activity
- Pre-exercise Oxygen Breathing
- Oxygen Breathing During Exercise
- FIGURE 23.11
- FIGURE 23.12
- Oxygen Breathing During Recovery
- FIGURE 23.13
- Nutrient-Related Fatigue in Prolonged Physical Activity
- Classic Loading Procedure
- TABLE 23.9: Two-Stage Dietary Plan to Increase Muscle Glycogen Storage
- Sample Diets to Achieve the Supercompensation Effect.
- TABLE 23.10: Sample Meal Plan for Carbohydrate Depletion and Carbohydrate Loading Preceding an Endurance Event
- Limited Applicability.
- Gender Differences in Glycogen Storage and Catabolism During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 23.14
- Glycogen Supercompensation Enhanced by Prior Creatine Supplementation
- Modified Loading Procedures
- FIGURE 23.15
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Rapid Loading Procedure: A One-Day Requirement.
- FIGURE 23.16
- Negative Aspects of Carbohydrate Loading
- Numerous Alleged Benefits
- TABLE 23.11: Effects of Two Different Forms of Chromium Supplementation on Average Values for Anthropometric, Bone, and Soft-Tissue Composition Measurements Before and After Resistance Training
- Excess Chromium Poses Potential Risks
- Important Component of High-Energy Phosphates
- Quercetin Fails the Test
- Documented Benefits in Humans
- TABLE 23.12: Selected Studies Showing Increases in Exercise Performance Following Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation
- FIGURE 23.17
- Potential Risks of Creatine Supplementation
- FIGURE 23.18
- Age Effects Uncertain
- Effects on Body Mass and Body Composition
- FIGURE 23.19
- Creatine Loading
- FIGURE 23.20
- Rapid Way to Creatine-Load
- Carbohydrate Ingestion Augments Creatine Loading.
- FIGURE 23.21
- Stop Caffeine When Using Creatine
- Inconclusive Exercise Benefits of MCTs
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 23.22
- Endurance Performance
- Body Fat Loss
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Barbara Drinkwater
- CHAPTER 24: Physical Activity at Medium and High Altitude
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- THE STRESS OF ALTITUDE
- FIGURE 24.1
- FIGURE 24.2
- Oxygen Loading at Altitude
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- ACCLIMATIZATION
- TABLE 24.1: Immediate and Longer-Term Adjustments to Altitude Hypoxia
- Immediate Responses to Altitude Exposure
- Hyperventilation
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Increased Cardiovascular Response
- FIGURE 24.3
- Catecholamine Response
- FIGURE 24.4
- TABLE 24.2: Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Response During Submaximal and Maximal Exercise at Sea Level and Simulated Altitude of 4000 m (13,123 ft)
- FIGURE 24.5
- Fluid Loss
- Sensory Functions.
- FIGURE 24.6
- Myocardial Function.
- Sensory Functions.
- Hyperventilation
- Longer-Term Adjustments to Altitude
- Acid–Base Readjustment
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Identification and Treatment of Altitude-Related Medical Problems
- ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
- TABLE 1: Altitude-Related Medical Conditions and Symptoms
- HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA
- TABLE 2: Prevention and Treatment of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- HIGH-ALTITUDE CEREBRAL EDEMA
- OTHER CONDITIONS
- ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
- Reduced Buffering Capacity and the “Lactate Paradox.”
- FIGURE 24.7
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Identification and Treatment of Altitude-Related Medical Problems
- Acid–Base Readjustment
- Hematologic Changes
- Initial Plasma Volume Decrease.
- Red Blood Cell Mass Increases.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 24.8
- Maximal Oxygen Consumption
- FIGURE 24.9
- Exercise Performance
- Circulatory Factors
- Submaximal Physical Activity
- Maximal Physical Activity
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 24.10
- Altitude Natives May Respond Differently
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Decrement in Absolute Training Level at Altitude
- TABLE 24.3: Effect of Altitude on Training Exercise Intensity for Six Collegiate Athletes
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- At-Home Acclimatization
- FIGURE 24.11
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: MECHANISMS OF THERMO-REGULATION
- THERMAL BALANCE
- FIGURE 25.1
- TABLE 25.1: Thermodynamics During Rest and Exercise
- HYPOTHALAMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATION
- FIGURE 25.2
- THERMOREGULATION IN COLD STRESS: HEAT CONSERVATION AND HEAT PRODUCTION
- Vascular Adjustments
- Muscular Activity
- Hormonal Output
- THERMOREGULATION IN HEAT STRESS: HEAT LOSS
- FIGURE 25.3
- Heat Loss by Radiation
- Heat Loss by Conduction
- Heat Loss by Convection
- Heat Loss by Evaporation
- Evaporative Heat Loss at High Ambient Temperatures
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Different Liquids Evaporate at Different Rates
- Heat Loss During High Humidity
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Evaporative Heat Loss at High Ambient Temperatures
- Integration of Heat-Dissipating Mechanisms
- Circulation
- Evaporation
- Hormonal Adjustments
- THERMAL BALANCE
- Clothing Insulations (Clo Units)
- TABLE 25.2: clo Values Required to Maintain Core Temperature Related to Physical Activity Level and Ambient Temperature
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Assessing Heat Quality of the Environment: How Hot Is Too Hot?
- FIGURE 1
- WB-GT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS ACTIVITIES SUCH AS ENDURANCE RUNNING AND CYCLING2
- FIGURE 2
- TABLE 25.3: clo Values for Some Common Garmentsa
- FIGURE 25.4
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEAT
- Circulatory Adjustments
- Vascular Constriction and Dilation
- Maintenance of Blood Pressure
- Core Temperature During Physical Activity
- Temperature Regulated at a Higher Level During Physical Activity
- FIGURE 25.5
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Temperature Regulated at a Higher Level During Physical Activity
- Circulatory Adjustments
- Water Loss in the Heat: Dehydration
- Magnitude of Fluid Loss
- TABLE 25.4: Predicted Sweating Rates (L · hr−1) for Running at 8.5 to 15.0 km · hr−1 in Cool/Temperate (TDBa = 18°C) and Warm (TDB = 28°C) Weather
- Water Loss Relates to Activity Intensity and Ambient Temperature
- Significant Consequences of Dehydration
- FIGURE 25.6
- Physiologic and Performance Decrements
- Impact of Weather on Running Performance
- Diuretics
- Magnitude of Fluid Loss
- Optimal Goals for Fluid Intake During Physical Activity
- Does Exogenous Glycerol Provide a Benefit?
- Adequacy of Rehydration
- Optimize Hydration
- PRE-ACTIVITY
- DURING ACTIVITY
- Optimize Hydration
- FIGURE 25.7
- Acclimatization
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 25.5: Physiologic Adjustments During Heat Acclimatization
- Training Status
- Age
- FIGURE 25.8
- Age-Related Differences Do Exist
- Children
- Gender
- Sweating
- Evaporative Cooling versus Circulatory Cooling.
- Ratio of Body Surface Area to Body Mass.
- Menstruation.
- Sweating
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 25.6: Cardiovascular Responses During the Three Stages of Exercise Hyperthermia
- Heat Cramps
- Heat Exhaustion
- Heat Stroke
- Oral Temperature Unreliable
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE COLD
- TABLE 25.7: Core Temperature and Associated Physiological Changes that Occur as Core Temperature Falls; Individuals Respond Differently at Each Level of Core Temperature
- Body Fat, Physical Activity, and Cold Stress
- Children and Cold Stress
- COLD ACCLIMATIZATION
- The Ama
- FIGURE 25.9
- Other Examples of Cold Adaptation
- Acclimatization to Cold
- The Ama
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- The Wind-Chill Temperature Index
- FIGURE 25.10
- Respiratory Tract During Cold-Weather Physical Activity
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- DIVING HISTORY—ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT
- Chronology of Selected Events in Diving History
- TABLE 26.1: Breadth-Hold Diving World Records as of August 2013
- The Historical Roots of Deepwater Diving
- Santa Barbara, CA
- The Man and the Dive: Reflections of Bob Ratcliffe
- The Salvage of the Squalus: A Historic Undersea Rescue
- Chronology of Selected Events in Diving History
- Diving Depth and Pressure
- TABLE 26.2: Relationship of Depth in Water to External Pressure, Lung Volume, and Inspired Gas Pressures
- Diving Depth and Gas Volume
- FIGURE 26.1
- Limits to Snorkel Size
- Inspiratory Capacity and Diving Depth
- Snorkel Size and Pulmonary Dead Space
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Training Regimen for Free Diving from a Free Dive Champion
- ANNELLE POMPE, SWEDISH CHAMPION FREE DIVER TRAINING REGIMEN
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Training Regimen for Free Diving from a Free Dive Champion
- Hyperventilation and Breath-Hold Diving: Blackout
- Additional Considerations.
- Depths Limits With Breath-Hold Diving: Thoracic Squeeze
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Estimating Residual Lung Volume from Age, Stature, and Body Mass
- RLV PREDICTION EQUATIONS
- EXAMPLES
- Mammalian Adaptation to Deep-Depth Dives
- Other Problems.
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Estimating Residual Lung Volume from Age, Stature, and Body Mass
- FIGURE 26.2
- Open-Circuit Scuba
- FIGURE 26.3
- FIGURE 26.4
- Closed-Circuit Scuba
- FIGURE 26.5
- TABLE 26.3: U.S. Navy–Recommended Depth-Time Limits Breathing Pure Oxygen During Working Divesa
- FIGURE 26.6
- Air Embolism
- Pneumothorax: Lung Collapse
- Facemask “Squeeze”
- Blockage of Eustachian Tube: Middle-Ear Squeeze
- Never Use Earplugs.
- Aerosinusitis
- Nitrogen Narcosis: “Rapture of the Deep”
- Decompression Sickness
- FIGURE 26.7
- Nitrogen Elimination: Zero Decompression Limits
- FIGURE 26.8
- Consequences of Inadequate Decompression
- Treatment.
- FIGURE 26.9
- Higher Prevalence with a Patent Foramen Ovale.
- Treatment.
- TABLE 26.4: Representative Depth-Time Limits for Closed-Circuit Diving with 100% Oxygen
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- FIGURE 26.10
- Helium–Oxygen Mixtures
- TABLE 26.5: Representative Oxygen Partial Pressure Limits for Surface-Supplied Heliox Diving
- Three Recommendations to Avoid High Pressure Nervous System (HPNS)
- Saturation Diving
- FIGURE 26.11
- Technical Diving
- FIGURE 26.12
- FIGURE 26.13
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- THE WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT
- Facts About the International Space Station (ISS)
- Gravity
- FIGURE 27.1
- Gravity on the Moon and Mars
- Microgravity and Weightlessness
- Passenger in a Falling Elevator
- Galileo’s Famous Leaning Tower of Pisa “Falling” Experiment—Did It Happen?
- Passenger in a Falling Elevator
- Examples of Near–Zero-G During Spaceflight
- FIGURE 27.2
- FIGURE 27.3
- Strategies to Simulate Microgravity
- Human Testing
- Head-Down Bed Rest.
- FIGURE 27.4
- Wheelchair Confinement of Paraplegics.
- Water Immersion.
- Immobilization and Confinement.
- Parabolic Flights.
- FIGURE 27.5
- Head-Down Bed Rest.
- Human Testing
- Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulations
- The Early Balloonists
- Early Years
- Wernher von Braun—The Father of Space Rocketry
- Suborbital Flights
- High-Altitude Explorations
- Sputnik: The Rocket Launch That Shocked the World
- FIGURE 27.6
- TABLE 27.1: Potential Deleterious Effects of Weightlessness for Launch, Travel, and Reentry
- United States Races into Space
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Space Suits for Space Travel
- United States Human Space Program
- TABLE 27.2: Physiologic and Psychologic Testing of the First American Project Mercury Astronauts
- First Astronauts
- FIGURE 27.7
- Occupational Health Program
- Radiation Effects.
- FIGURE 27.8
- Cardiovascular Adaptations
- TABLE 27.3: Changes in Cardiovascular Variables Associated with Microgravity
- FIGURE 27.9
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Pulmonary Adaptations
- TABLE 27.4: Pulmonary System Changes Associated with Microgravity During Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (Flight STS-40, June 5, 1991) and German Spacelab Mission D-2 Aboard STS-55 (April 26, 1993)
- FIGURE 27.10
- Denitrogenation and EVA
- Body Fluid Adaptations
- TABLE 27.5: Body Fluid Changes Associated with Microgravity
- FIGURE 27.11
- Sensory System Adaptations
- FIGURE 27.12
- TABLE 27.6: Sensory System Changes Associated with Microgravity
- Musculoskeletal Adaptations
- TABLE 27.7: Musculoskeletal Changes Associated with Microgravity
- Increased Calcium Loss
- TABLE 27.8: Bone Loss on Mir Space Station Expressed as Percentage of Bone Mineral Density Lost Per Month
- FIGURE 27.13
- Concentric and Eccentric Strength
- FIGURE 27.14
- FIGURE 27.15
- Maximal Explosive Leg Power Before and After Space Missions
- FIGURE 27.16
- Microgravity’s Effects on Muscle Fibers
- TABLE 27.9: Adverse Effects of Spaceflight and Proposed Countermeasures
- In-Flight Exercise
- FIGURE 27.17
- Countermeasures on Long-Duration Missions
- FIGURE 27.18
- Microgravity Compromises Immune System Function
- FIGURE 27.19
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 27.10: Incidence and Severity of Space Motion Sickness During 36 Space Shuttle Flights
- FIGURE 27.20
- Assessing Orthostatic Deconditioning Effects
- FIGURE 27.21
- LBNP Combined Countermeasures
- Effects on Body Weight
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Altered Protein Dynamics.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 27.22
- FIGURE 27.23
- Body Composition Changes.
- FIGURE 27.24
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 27.25
- Short- and Long-Term Responses
- FIGURE 27.26
- Time Course of In-Flight Adaptations
- FIGURE 27.27
- Time Course of Postflight Readaptations
- FIGURE 27.28
- Hubble Space Telescope
- TABLE 27.11: Examples of Spin-off Technologies from the Apollo Space Program
- TABLE 27.12: Examples of Spin-off Technologies from the Space Shuttle Program
- Newly Won Knowledge Pays Huge and Unexpected Dividends
- FIGURE 27.29
- FIGURE 27.30
- FIGURE 27.31
- Apollo Space Mission’s 41-Year Anniversary
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. Claude Bouchard
- CHAPTER 28: Body Composition Assessment
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- Four Limitations of Height–Weight Tables
- TABLE 28.1: Terms Frequently Used in Describing and Measuring Body Composition
- OVERWEIGHT, OVERFATNESS, AND OBESITY: NO UNANIMITY FOR TERMINOLOGY
- THE BODY MASS INDEX: A POPULAR CLINICAL STANDARD
- BMI Computation
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining Body Frame Size from Stature and Two Bone Diameters
- MEASUREMENTS
- CALCULATIONS
- STEPS
- TABLE 1: Example of BFS Calculations for a Male and Female of Different Heights and Bone Measurements
- TABLE 2: BFS Categories
- EXAMPLE
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Determining Body Frame Size from Stature and Two Bone Diameters
- BMI Computation
- New Standards for Overweight and Obesity
- FIGURE 28.1
- FIGURE 28.2
- One in Five American Children are Obese
- BMI Limitations
- FIGURE 28.3
- Miss America and BMI: Underweight Role Models?
- When a Model is Not Ideal
- FIGURE 28.4
- Reference Man and Reference Woman
- FIGURE 28.5
- Essential and Storage Fat
- FIGURE 28.6
- Fat-Free Body Mass Versus Lean Body Mass.
- Men
- Women
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Lean-to-Fat Ratio
- Direct Assessment
- Indirect Assessment
- Hydrostatic Weighing: Archimedes’ Principle
- FIGURE 28.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Hydrostatic Weighing: Archimedes’ Principle
- Water Displacement
- Hydrostatic Weighing
- FIGURE 28.8
- Variations with Menstruation.
- Calculating Body Composition from Body Mass, Body Volume, and Residual Lung Volume.
- TABLE 28.2: Measurements of Two Professional Football Players from Underwater Weighing
- Validity of Hydrostatic Weighing to Estimate Body Fat.
- Computing Body Density.
- Computing Percentage Body Fat.
- Limitations of Density Assumptions.
- TABLE 28.3: Body Fat Estimates Using Age- and Gender-Specific Conversions to Account for Age-Related Changes in the Density of the Fat-Free Body Mass
- Adjust for Large Musculoskeletal Development.
- Computing Fat Mass.
- Computing Fat-Free Body Mass.
- FIGURE 28.9
- Subcutaneous Fat Measurement with Skinfolds
- The Caliper.
- FIGURE 28.10
- Measurement Sites.
- FIGURE 28.11
- The Caliper.
- TABLE 28.4: Changes in Selected Skinfolds of a Young Woman During a 16-Week Exercise Program
- Skinfold Prediction for Athletes
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 28.12
- FIGURE 28.13
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: How to Predict Percentage Body Fat from Girths for Overly Fat Men and Women
- PREDICTING PERCENTAGE BODY FAT
- EXAMPLES
- Influence of Hydration Level and Ambient Temperature
- Applicability of BIA in Sports and Exercise Training
- Questionable Validity of NIR
- FIGURE 28.14
- Computed Tomography
- FIGURE 28.15
- FIGURE 28.16
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- FIGURE 28.17
- FIGURE 28.18
- MRI Comparison of Lean and Obese.
- FIGURE 28.19
- Exercise Training.
- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
- FIGURE 28.20
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 28.5: Average Values of Body Fat for Younger and Older Women and Men from Selected Studies
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PHYSIQUES OF CHAMPION ATHLETES
- Michael Phelps—World Champion Swimmer Anomaly?
- TABLE 29.1: Comparison of Swimming Speed in Goldfish and Michael Phelps (100-m butterfly time of 51.25 s)
- Fat–Free-to-Fat Ratio
- FIGURE 29.1
- Racial Differences
- Percentage Body Fat of Elite Athletes
- Body Dimensions Relate to Superior Performance
- By Category
- FIGURE 29.2
- Field Event Athletes
- FIGURE 29.3
- TABLE 29.2: Skinfold and Girth Anthropometry of the Top 10 American Athletes in the Discus, Shot-Put, Javelin, and Hammer Throw
- Comparison of Body Composition in Male Sprint, Distance, Marathon, and Decathlon Olympians from Tokyo (1964), Mexico City (1968), and London (2012)
- Female Endurance Athletes
- TABLE 29.3: Body Composition of Female Endurance Runners
- Male Endurance Athletes
- TABLE 29.4: Body Composition Characteristics of Elite Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners and Elite Marathoners
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Swimmer Sets Swim Record from Cuba to Florida and Expends 29,000 Calories
- Triathletes.
- Swimmers versus Runners
- American Football Players
- TABLE 29.5: Body Composition of Collegiate and Professional Football Players Grouped by Position
- FIGURE 29.4
- TABLE 29.6: Average Body Mass and Stature for the 2007 NFL Super Bowl Offensive and Defensive Linemen
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Predicting Body Fat from Skinfolds, Girths, and BIA Measurements for Different Athletic Groups
- CALCULATION EXAMPLES
- Boy Athlete (18 yr)
- Female Ballet Dancer (20 yr)
- Male Football Player (20 yr)
- CALCULATION EXAMPLES
- A Worrisome Trend Even Among Less Skilled and Younger Players.
- FIGURE 29.5
- Michael Phelps—World Champion Swimmer Anomaly?
- 2004–2005 Division I Big Ten Collegiate Football Players
- TABLE 29.7: Average BMI of Division I Big Ten Collegiate American Football Offensive and Defensive Linemen
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Other Longitudinal Trends in Body Size for Professional Basketball and Baseball Players.
- FIGURE 29.6
- Increasing Trend for NFL Players to Exceed 300 Pounds
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Professional Golfers.
- TABLE 29.8: Comparison of Height, Body Weight, and BMI for 2005 Champions Tour and PGA Golf Tour Champions and 2011 Top 20 PGA Players
- Men.
- Women.
- Men versus Women.
- TABLE 29.9: Body Composition and Anthropometric Girths of Male and Female Bodybuilders
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- PART 1: OBESITY
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- OBESITY REMAINS A WORLDWIDE EPIDEMIC
- Four Reasons for Classifying Overweight and Obesity
- FIGURE 30.1
- FIGURE 30.2
- Perspective About the Size of the Obesity Epidemic
- One Third of Americans Now Classified as Ill by AMA
- FIGURE 30.3
- Sugary Drinks: Difficult to Dethrone
- INCREASED BODY FAT: A PROGRESSIVE LONG-TERM PROCESS
- Childhood Obesity Rates
- Generally an Overfed Nation
- FIGURE 30.4
- GENETICS INFLUENCES BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
- FIGURE 30.5
- A Mutant Gene and Leptin
- FIGURE 30.6
- Influence of Racial Factors
- Obesity in African Americans and Mexican Americans
- RACIAL DISPARITIES
- CONSEQUENCES
- A Word of Caution
- Obesity in African Americans and Mexican Americans
- Physical Activity and Body Fat Accumulation Throughout Life
- Benefits of Increased Energy Output with Aging
- FIGURE 30.7
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Extra Pounds Weigh Heavily on Lifespan Quality and Life
- Extra Pounds Can Shorten Life
- Factors That Inhibit Life Extension
- Physical Fitness Makes Good Medicine
- Obesity and Cancer Risk
- Excessive Fatness in Childhood and Adolescence Predicts Adverse Health Effects in Adulthood
- FIGURE 30.8
- Defined Health Risks
- Five Potential Serious Medical Complications of Diabetes
- FIGURE 30.9
- Specific Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat
- Percentage of Body Fat
- Standard for Overfatness
- Distribution or Patterning of Fat at Different Anatomic Regions
- FIGURE 30.10
- Waist Girth and Health Risk With Normal Body Mass Index
- Related References
- Abdominal Obesity Associated with Death Risk
- FIGURE 30.11
- Fat Cell Development and Adipocytes
- FIGURE 30.12
- Cellularity Differences Between Nonobese and Obese Persons
- FIGURE 30.13
- Molecular Biology to the Rescue
- Effects of Weight Loss
- FIGURE 30.14
- Effects of Weight Gain
- Possibility of New Adipocyte Formation
- ENERGY BALANCE: INPUT VERSUS OUTPUT
- FIGURE 30.15
- Consuming Excess Calories Produces Fat Gain Regardless of Nutrient Source
- A Prudent Recommendation
- DIETING FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
- New Controversy: Can You Really Reduce One Pound a Week with a 3500-kcal Deficit?
- Long-Term Success
- FIGURE 30.16
- FIGURE 30.17
- More Fat and Less Muscle With Regained Weight
- National Weight Control Registry: Clues to Long-Term Success
- Can Intestinal Bacteria Cause and/or Cure Obesity?
- TABLE 30.1: (Top) Dietary Strategies to Achieve Weight Loss of Participants of the NWCR. (Bottom) Effects of Weight Loss on Various Dimensions of Life Reported by Participants
- Structured Assistance May Prove Useful for Successful Weight Loss
- Weight Loss Improves Disease-Risk Biomarkers
- FIGURE 30.18
- Setpoint Theory: A Case Against Dieting
- Resting Metabolism Decreases
- A Challenge to the Weight-Loss Equation
- FIGURE 30.19
- Biologic Feedback Mechanism
- Challenge to the Setpoint Proponents.
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Recognizing Warning Signs of Disordered Eating
- ANOREXIA ATHLETICA
- ANOREXIA NERVOSA
- TABLE 1: Warning Signs of Anorexia Nervosa
- BULIMIA NERVOSA
- TABLE 2: Warning Signs of Bulimia Nervosa
- BINGE-EATING DISORDER
- References
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Recognizing Warning Signs of Disordered Eating
- Challenge to the Setpoint Proponents.
- Resting Metabolism Decreases
- Confirming Evidence to Reduce Dietary Animal Fat
- Early Weight Loss Largely Water
- Hydration Level
- FIGURE 30.20
- Longer-Term Deficit Promotes Fat Loss
- FIGURE 30.21
- Not Simply Gluttony
- Fat Loss Best with Aerobic Activity
- When Reality Meets the Road
- The Most Desirable Solution—Increase Energy Output
- Two Misconceptions About Physical Activity
- Misconception 1: Increased Physical Activity Increases Food Intake
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Misconception 2: Physical Activity Does Not Burn Many Calories
- Calories In versus Calories Out: The Amount of Physical Activity Required for a 150-lb Person to Burn Off the Calories in Some Popular Foods
- The Recovery “Afterglow.”
- Vigorous Physical Activity May Boost Recovery Metabolism
- Misconception 1: Increased Physical Activity Increases Food Intake
- FIGURE 30.22
- TABLE 30.2: Effectiveness of a 16-Week Walking Program on Body Composition and Blood Lipid Changes in Six Overfat, Young Men
- Resistance Training
- Use It or Lose It
- TABLE 30.3: Changes in Body Composition After 12 Weeks of Either Resistance Training or Endurance Training
- FIGURE 30.23
- Dose–Response Relationship for Energy Expended and Weight Lost
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Walking–Running for Different Durations
- TABLE 30.4: Effects of Three Training Durations of Walking and Running on Body Composition Changes
- Exercise Frequency
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Start Slowly and Progress Gradually
- Self-Selected Energy Expenditures: Mode of Physical Activity
- FIGURE 30.24
- TABLE 30.5: Benefits of Adding Exercise to Dietary Restriction for Weight Loss
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Reality Check.
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Physical Activity Prevents Fat Infiltration into Muscle
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 30.6: Using Anthropometric Equations to Predict a Minimal Wrestling Weight and to Select a Competitive Weight Class
- Prudent Recommendations for Wrestlers
- Unsupported Hype
- Increase the Lean, Not the Fat
- How Much Gain to Expect
- FIGURE 30.25
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. Steven N. Blair
- CHAPTER 31: Physical Activity, Health, and Aging
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- THE GRAYING OF AMERICA
- Older Yet Still Competing
- THE NEW GERONTOLOGY
- Healthy Life Expectancy: A New Concept
- FIGURE 31.1
- New Advice for Osteoarthritis: Keep Moving and Lose Weight
- Healthy Life Expectancy: A New Concept
- PART 1: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE POPULATION
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Terminology
- FIGURE 31.2
- Physical Activity Participation
- U.S. Adult Population
- U.S. Children and Teenagers
- Activities of Those Americans Who Report Regular Physical Activity
- U.S. Children and Teenagers
- Terminology
- Healthy People 2020
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Assessing Hip-and-Trunk and Shoulder–Wrist Flexibility
- FIELD TESTS OF HIP-AND-TRUNK AND SHOULDER-WRIST STATIC FLEXIBILITY
- TEST 1: HIP-AND-TRUNK FLEXIBILITY (MODIFIED SIT-AND-REACH TEST)
- Starting Position
- Movement
- Score
- Modified Sit-and-Reach Ratings: Men (Score in Inches)
- Modified Sit-and-Reach Ratings: Women (Score in Inches)
- TEST 2: SHOULDER-WRIST FLEXIBILITY (SHOULDER-AND-WRIST ELEVATION TEST)
- Starting Position
- Movement
- Score
- SHOULDER-AND-WRIST ELEVATION RATINGS BASED ON COLEGE-AGE MEN AND WOMEN (SCORE IN INCHES)
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Assessing Hip-and-Trunk and Shoulder–Wrist Flexibility
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EPIDEMIOLOGY
- FIGURE 31.4
- An Overblown Risk for Marathoners
- AGE TRENDS
- Differences in Exercise Physiology Between Children and Adults
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Muscular Strength
- Age Trends Among Elite Weightlifters and Powerlifters
- FIGURE 31.5
- Muscle Mass Decrease
- FIGURE 31.6
- Potassium-Rich Foods May Blunt Muscle Loss with Aging
- Resistance Training for Older Adults
- FIGURE 31.7
- FIGURE 31.8
- Age Trends Among Elite Weightlifters and Powerlifters
- Differences in Exercise Physiology Between Children and Adults
- Neural Function
- FIGURE 31.9
- FIGURE 31.10
- Endocrine Changes
- FIGURE 31.11
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
- Adrenal Cortex
- Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis
- Pulmonary Function
- Cardiovascular Function
- Aerobic Power
- FIGURE 31.12
- Central and Peripheral Cardiovascular Functions
- Heart Rate.
- Cardiac Output.
- Large Artery Compliance.
- Peripheral Factors.
- Physiologic Loss with Aging: Lifestyle or Chronologic Age?
- Endurance Performance
- Oldest Marathoner
- Aerobic Power
- FIGURE 31.13
- FIGURE 31.14
- FIGURE 31.15
- Aerobic Trainability Among Older Adults: Perhaps a Gender Difference
- TABLE 31.1: Effects of 9 Months of Endurance Training on Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Cardiovascular Function in 15 Men Age 63 ± 3 yr, and 16 Women Age 64 ± 3 yr
- The Federal Government Takes a Stand
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, AND LONGEVITY
- Enhanced Quality to a Longer Life: The Harvard Alumni Study
- Vigorous Exercise and Longevity
- Epidemiologic Evidence
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Enhanced Quality to a Longer Life: The Harvard Alumni Study
- Influence of Physiologic Factors
- TABLE 31.2: General Trend for Effects of Regular Physical Activity and/or Increased Physical Fitness and Risk for Chronic Disease Conditions
- Structured Physical Activity Not Necessary
- Can Increasing Physical Activity Levels Improve Health and Extend Life?
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- CHANGES ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL
- C-Reactive Protein: An Indication of Arterial Inflammation
- Not Just For the Blood Lipid Profile: New Recommendations
- Vulnerable Plaque: Difficult to Detect Yet Lethal
- Vascular Degeneration Begins Early in Life
- Risks Develop at an Early Age
- FIGURE 31.16
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic
- Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors: An Issue for Many Americans
- C-Reactive Protein: An Indication of Arterial Inflammation
- TABLE 31.3: Modifiable and Unmodifiable Risk Factors Most Frequently Implicated in Coronary Heart Disease
- Age, Gender, and Heredity
- Sleep Disorders: An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated CHD Risk Factor
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Blood Lipid Abnormalities
- AHA Recommendations for Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol
- FIGURE 31.17
- TABLE 31.4: Approximate Composition of Serum Lipoproteins
- LDL Particle Size Assessment Also Important
- Factors That Affect Blood Lipids
- Specific Effects of Physical Activity
- Short-Term Effects.
- Long-Term Effects.
- LDL-C.
- HDL-C.
- Protection from Gallstones.
- AHA Recommendations for Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol
- Other Influences
- Lipoprotein(a).
- Dietary Fiber, Insulin, and CHD Risk.
- Immunologic Factors.
- FIGURE 31.18
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- FIGURE 31.19
- TABLE 31.5: Novel Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
- Modifiable Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Health
- FIGURE 31.20
- FIGURE 31.21
- CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- THE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
- TABLE 32.1: Clinical Areas and Corresponding Diseases and Disorders Where Regular Physical Activity Applies
- FIGURE 32.1
- Vital Link Between Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology
- TABLE 32.2: Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activitya
- Recent Cancer Statistics
- FIGURE 32.2
- Clinical Features
- TABLE 32.3: Cancer Therapies and Their Complications
- FIGURE 32.3
- Physical Activity: Protective Effects on Cancer Occurrence
- Physical Activity and Cancer Risk
- Physical Activity Prescription and Cancer
- Breast Cancer Rehabilitation and Physical Activity
- FIGURE 32.4
- Cardiovascular Disease and Exercise Capacity
- TABLE 32.4: Cardiac Diseases That Cause Functional Impairment
- Blood Pressure: Classification and Risk Stratification
- FIGURE 32.5
- TABLE 32.5: Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults Age 18 Years and Older
- TABLE 32.6: Risk Stratification and Recommended Treatment for Hypertension
- Regular Physical Activity and Hypertension
- TABLE 32.7: Blood Pressure During Rest and Submaximal Exercise Before and After 4 to 6 Weeks of Training in Seven Middle-Age CHD Patients
- FIGURE 32.6
- Chronic Resistance Training Effects on Blood Pressure
- Diseases of the Myocardium
- Angina Pectoris
- TABLE 32.8: Comparison of Symptoms of Angina Pectoris and Heartburn
- FIGURE 32.7
- Myocardial Infarction
- FIGURE 32.8
- Congestive Heart Failure
- FIGURE 32.9
- CHF and Regular Physical Activity.
- Aneurysm
- Heart Valve Diseases
- Angina Pectoris
- Cardiac Nervous System Diseases
- Purpose of Health Screening and Risk Stratification
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Par-Q to Assess Readiness for Physical Activity
- ORIGINAL PAR-Q
- IF YOU ANSWERED YES TO ONE OR MORE QUESTIONS:
- IF YOU ANSWERED NO TO ALL QUESTIONS:
- PAR-Q (REVISED 1994)
- IF YOU ANSWERED YES TO ONE OR MORE QUESTIONS:
- IF YOU ANSWERED NO TO ALL QUESTIONS:
- ACSM Risk Stratification for Beginning an Exercise Program
- IN A PRACTICAL SENSE: Par-Q to Assess Readiness for Physical Activity
- Patient History
- TABLE 32.9: Diagnosis of Chest Pain
- Physical Examination
- Heart Auscultation
- Laboratory Tests
- TABLE 32.10: Normal and Abnormal ECG Changes During Exercise
- Invasive Physiologic Tests
- Radionuclide Studies.
- Pharmacologic Stress Testing.
- Cardiac Catheterization.
- Coronary Angiography.
- FIGURE 32.10
- Noninvasive Physiologic Tests
- Echocardiography.
- Ultrafast CT Scan.
- Graded Exercise Stress Testing.
- TABLE 32.11: Data from an Exercise Stress Test to Diagnose and Formulate an Exercise Prescription
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 32.12: ACSM Recommendations for Current Medical Examination and Exercise Stress Testing (GXT) and Physician Supervision of GXT Prior to Participation in Exercise Program
- GXT Termination
- TABLE 32.13: Criteria for Terminating a Graded Exercise Test by Apparently Healthy Adults
- Stress Testing the “Oldest-Old”
- Angina Pectoris
- Electrocardiographic Abnormalities
- FIGURE 32.11
- Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities
- Other Exercise-Induced CHD Indicators
- Bruce and Balke Treadmill Tests
- Bicycle Ergometer Tests
- Arm-Crank Ergometer Tests
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- Stress Testing Safety
- TABLE 32.14: Summary Reports of Incidence of Morbidity and/or Mortality During or Following a Graded Exercise Test (1969–1995)
- Practical Illustration
- FIGURE 32.12
- Improvements in CHD Patients
- The Program
- Supervision Level
- TABLE 32.15: ACSM Categories for Exercise Programs Related to Patient Symptoms
- Resistance Exercise Provides Benefits
- Resistance Training Prescription.
- Supervision Level
- TABLE 32.16: Cardiac Medications: Their Use, Side Effects, and Effects on Exercise Response
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 32.17: Functional and Therapeutic Classifications of Heart Disease from the New York Heart Association.
- TABLE 32.18: Guidelines for Risk Stratification from the AHA When Considering an Exercise Program
- Inpatient Programs
- Outpatient Programs
- Restrictive Lung Dysfunction
- TABLE 32.19: Restrictive Lung Diseasesa
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Differences Among Major COPD Diseases
- Chronic Bronchitis
- FIGURE 32.13
- Emphysema
- FIGURE 32.14
- FIGURE 32.15
- Cystic Fibrosis
- TABLE 32.20: Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis and Related Pulmonary Involvement
- FIGURE 32.16
- X-Ray
- FIGURE 32.17
- Computed Tomography
- Other Measures
- FIGURE 32.18
- INTEGRATIVE QUESTION
- TABLE 32.21: Major Pulmonary Bronchodilator Drugs: Their Uses and Side Effects
- Asthma Statistics
- FIGURE 32.19
- Sensitivity to Thermal Gradients and Fluid Loss
- Environmental Impact
- Benefits of Warm-Up and Medication
- Stroke
- Clinical Features
- TABLE 32.22: Physical and Psychologic Conditions and Comorbidities in Stroke Patients
- Exercise Prescription
- Clinical Features
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Exercise Prescription
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Clinical Features
- Exercise Prescription
- Clinical Features
- Exercise Prescription
- Use It or Lose It
- Clinical Features
- TABLE 32.23: Twelve Common Signs and Symptoms of Depression
- Exercise Prescription
- OVERVIEW
- INTERVIEW WITH: Dr. Frank W. Booth
- CHAPTER 33: Molecular Biology: A New Vista for Exercise Physiology
- ANCILLARIES at-a-Glance
- FIGURE 33.1
- HISTORICAL TOUR OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- FIGURE 33.2
- Discovery of Darwin’s inherited Medical Malady
- REVOLUTION IN THE BIOLOGIC SCIENCES
- FIGURE 33.3
- Rosalind Franklin: An Unsung Hero in the Discovery of the Double Helix
- THE HUMAN GENOME
- FIGURE 33.4
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
- FIGURE 33.5
- DNA and RNA
- FIGURE 33.6
- FIGURE 33.7
- FIGURE 33.8
- Linking Nucleotides: Phosphodiester Bonding
- FIGURE 33.9
- Structure of DNA
- FIGURE 33.10
- Base Pairing
- FIGURE 33.11
- Forms of RNA
- Codons and Nature’s Genetic Code
- FIGURE 33.12
- Codons and Nature’s Genetic Code
- Sequencing of Codons
- HOW DNA REPLICATES
- FIGURE 33.13
- Three Stages of DNA Replication
- FIGURE 33.14
- Pivotal Role for DNA Polymerase
- What Controls DNA Synthesis?
- FIGURE 33.15
- What Controls DNA Synthesis?
- Cell Life Cycle Controllers
- Generalized Overview of Protein Synthesis
- FIGURE 33.16
- Transcription of the Genetic Code: RNA Synthesis and Gene Expression
- FIGURE 33.17
- Examples of Gene Expression
- FIGURE 33.18
- Protein Enzymes
- Transcription Control
- FIGURE 33.19
- Enzyme Turnover Number
- FIGURE 33.20
- Gene Expression and Human Exercise Performance
- Exons and Introns
- FIGURE 33.21
- RNA Splicing
- mRNA Packaging: Polyadenylic Acid and Guanosine Triphosphate— Tails and Caps
- FIGURE 33.22
- Exiting the Nucleus
- Translation of the Genetic Code: Ribosomal Assembly of Polypeptides
- Ribosomes and Polypeptide Synthesis: Initiation of Protein Construction
- FIGURE 33.23
- Role of tRNA
- FIGURE 33.24
- Polypeptide Elongation and Termination
- FIGURE 33.25
- Protein Delivery System: The Golgi Complex
- FIGURE 33.26
- Termination of Protein Synthesis
- TABLE 33.1: Eight Categories of Proteins and Their Biologic Functions
- FIGURE 33.27
- Hemoglobin and the Evolutionary Tree
- Proteolysis: The Ultimate Fate of Proteins
- FIGURE 33.28
- Summary of Main Sequence of Events in Protein Synthesis
- TABLE 33.2: Essential Concepts and Sequence of Events in Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes and Polypeptide Synthesis: Initiation of Protein Construction
- Inherited Blood Disorder Can Be Deadly
- Varieties of Mutations
- TABLE 33.3: Types and Examples of Genetic Mutations
- The Fight Against Chromosome 21 Mutations
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
- FIGURE 33.29
- Cancer
- FIGURE 33.30
- FIGURE 33.31
- Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary Tree
- Supercharged Carrots and Lettuce
- Medically Related Research
- FIGURE 33.32
- FIGURE 33.33
- FIGURE 33.33
- DNA Technologies
- FIGURE 33.34
- DNA Cloning Isolates Human Genes
- FIGURE 33.35
- Practical Application in Bioremediation
- FIGURE 33.36
- Locating Specific Genes with Plasmids
- FIGURE 33.37
- FIGURE 33.38
- FIGURE 33.39
- DNA Amplification with the Polymerase Chain Reaction
- FIGURE 33.40
- Applications of PCR
- Thwarting Counterfeits at Major Sporting Events
- FIGURE 33.41
- Five Steps to Cloning an Extinct Mammal
- Injection Experiments
- FIGURE 33.42
- Cloning a Mammal
- SCNT Method.
- FIGURE 33.43
- Roslin Method.
- FIGURE 33.44
- Honolulu Technique.
- SCNT Method.
- Gene Knockout Technique
- FIGURE 33.45
- Knockout Mice to Study Mechanisms of Obesity
- FIGURE 33.46
- FIGURE 33.47
- FIGURE 33.48
- Discoverer of Parkinson’s Disease
- FIGURE 33.49
- Index
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 5802
- Útgáfuár : 2015
- Leyfi : 379