Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• List of Cases
• Preface and Acknowledgements
• 1 The Foundations of EU Environmental Law: History, Aims and Context
  • History and Development of the European Union’s Environmental Policy
  • Aims of EU Environmental Policy
    • A ‘High Level of Environmental Protection Taking into Account the Diversity of Situations in the Various Regions of the Union’
    • Sustainable Development
  • Legal Bases and Environmental Guarantee Provisions
    • General Legal Bases
    • Environmental Guarantee Provisions and Minimum Harmonisation
  • The Nature of the European Union’s Environmental Competences
  • Understanding EU Environmental Law and Policy in Context
    • Environment, Risk and Science
      • Risk and Risk Regulation
      • Risk Regulation in the European Union
      • Risk Regulation and Critique
      • Science and Expertise in EU Law and Policy
      • Science, Precaution and Discretion
    • Environment and Governance
      • From Pollution Control to Strategic Environmental Governance
      • Multi-level and Transnational Governance
      • Flexible and Decentred Governance
      • Good Governance
    • Environment, Philosophy and Ethics
    • Environment and Geography: The Challenges of Enlargement
• 2 Actors and Instruments
  • Actors
    • The European Commission
    • The Council of the EU
    • The European Parliament
    • The European Council
    • The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the General Court
  • Other Bodies and Actors
    • The Economic and Social Committee
    • The Committee of the Regions (CoR)
    • The European Environment Agency
    • The European Investment Bank (EIB)
    • The European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law (IMPEL)
    • Interest Groups
      • Public Interest Groups
      • Business Interest Groups
  • Instruments
    • Regulations
    • Directives
    • Decisions
    • Environmental Action Programmes
    • Recommendations and other Soft Law Instruments
    • Financial Instruments
      • LIFE (the Financial Instrument for the Environment Regulation)
      • EU Structural and Investment Funds
• 3 Principles in EU Environmental Law
  • Introduction
  • Legal Status and Effect of (Environmental) Principles in EU Law
  • The Precautionary Principle
  • The Preventive Principle
  • The Rectification at Source Principle
  • The Polluter Pays Principle
  • The Environmental Integration Principle
  • Focus on the Integration of EU Economic and Environmental Law and Policy
    • Overview
    • Environmental Considerations and the Treaty Internal Market Provisions
    • Environmental Considerations and Article 110 TFEU
    • Environmental Considerations and Articles 34–36 TFEU
    • Article 34 TFEU and National Measures Promoting Green Energy
    • Green Public Procurement
• 4 Techniques of Regulating the Environment
  • Introduction: The EU’s Changing Regulatory Toolbox
  • Understanding Regulatory Choices: Factors and Philosophies Underlying EU Decisions as to Environmental Regulatory Technique
    • Environmental Effectiveness
    • Economic Efficiency
    • Political and Administrative Feasibility
    • Flexibility
    • Compatibility with Existing EU and National Institutional Frameworks
    • Compatibility with Beliefs and ‘Ideas’
  • Surveying the EU’s Environmental Regulatory Techniques
    • Hierarchy: Direct or ‘Command and Control’ Techniques
      • Overview
      • Flexible Direct Regulation: Framework Directives
      • Proceduralised Direct Regulation
      • The Pros and Cons of Direct Environmental Regulation in the EU
    • Market-Based Instruments
      • Overview
      • Tradable Permit Schemes
      • Other Examples of the EU’s Embrace of Market-Based Instruments
    • Network-Based Approaches: Voluntary Techniques and Corporate Social Responsibility
      • Overview
      • Enabling Corporations
      • Enabling Consumers and Civil Society
• 5 Environmental Rights in Europe
  • Introduction: Why Environmental (Human) Rights?
  • Rights Originating from the Council of Europe
    • The 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the ‘ECHR’)
      • No Right to a Decent Environment
      • Article 8 ECHR: Right to Respect for Private and Family Life
        • Development of the ECtHR’s Approach
        • The Relevance of Adequate Procedures to the Article 8 Assessment
        • The Margin of Appreciation
      • Article 6(1) ECHR: Right to a Fair Trial
      • Article 1 of Protocol No. 1: The Right to Property
    • The 1961 European Social Charter (the ‘ESC’)
  • The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (the ‘Charter’)
  • The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
    • The Aarhus Convention’s Approach to Environmental Rights
    • Signatories, Ratification and Compliance
    • Aarhus’s Three Substantive Pillars
      • Access to Information
      • Public Participation
        • Public Participation in Decisions on ‘Specific Activities’
        • Public Participation in Plans, Programmes and Policies Relating to the Environment
        • Public Participation During the Preparation of Regulations or Legislation
      • Access to Justice
    • Implementation of the Aarhus Convention in EU Law
  • Other Relevant Sources of International Human Rights Law
• 6 Public Enforcement of EU Environmental Law
  • Introduction: The Enforcement Deficit in EU Environmental Law
  • Public Enforcement of EU Environmental Law: Enforcement by the European Commission
    • Article 258 TFEU
      • Overview
      • The Administrative Phase
        • The Commission’s Prioritisation of Cases
        • The EU ‘Pilot’ Scheme and the ‘CHAP’ Complaint Registry
      • The Litigation Phase
    • ‘General and Persistent’ Breaches of EU Law
    • Defences
      • Interim Measures
    • Article 260 TFEU
    • Broader Commission Initiatives to Improve Enforcement of EU Environmental Law
  • Public Enforcement of EU Environmental Law: Enforcement by National Authorities
    • Principles
    • The European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law (IMPEL) Network
    • The Environmental Liability Directive
      • Overview
      • Scope of Application
      • Causation
      • Duties Imposed on Operators
      • Powers and Duties of Competent Authorities
      • Observations and Requests for Action
      • Transboundary Damage
    • Criminal Penalties
• 7 Private Enforcement of EU Environmental law
  • Private Enforcement of EU Environmental Law at National Level
    • Direct Effect of EU Environmental Law
      • Overview
      • Must a Directly Effective Provision Confer a Right on an Individual?
      • Which Bodies Must Apply Directly Effective Provisions?
        • Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions, Regulations, Decisions and International Agreements
        • Direct Effect of Directives
          • Relying on Directives against the State and ‘Emanations of the State’ (‘Vertical’ Direct Effect)
          • The Concept of the ‘State’
          • Direct effect of Directives prior to the expiry of the transposition period
          • Relying on Directives against Private Parties (‘Horizontal’ Direct Effect)
    • Other Means of Relying on EU Law before National Courts
      • The Duty of Consistent Interpretation (‘Indirect Effect’)
      • ‘Triangular’ Cases
      • ‘Incidental’ Horizontal Direct Effect
      • Horizontal Direct Effect of a ‘General Principle’ of EU Law
      • State Liability in Damages for Breach of EU Law
    • EU Legislation on Access to Justice at National Level and the Role of the Aarhus Convention
      • The Provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Justice
        • Article 9(1) on Access to Justice concerning Environmental Information Decisions
        • Article 9(2) on Access to Environmental Justice concerning Public Participation
        • Article 9(3) on Access to Environmental Justice in General
        • Article 9(4) on Conditions of Access to Justice
        • Article 9(5) on Public Information and Legal Aid
      • Implementation of Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention in EU Law
        • National Procedural Autonomy, Effectiveness and Equivalence
        • Harmonising EU Legislation on Access to Environmental Justice: Directive 2003/4 and Directive 2003/35
  • Private Enforcement of EU Law at EU Level
    • Access to Justice before the EU Courts
    • Access to Justice by Means of Internal Review under Regulation 1367/2006
    • Other Means of Accessing Justice at EU Level
• 8 Climate Change
  • Introduction
  • Mandate of the European Union with Regard to Climate Change
  • High Stakes: The Challenge of Climate Change Leadership
    • The External Dimension of Climate Change Leadership
    • The Internal Dimension of Climate Change Leadership
    • The Challenge of Leadership Exemplified: The Case of Aviation
  • The Scope of the Climate Change Challenge
  • Climate Change as a Multi-Level Governance Challenge: The Example of Renewable Energy
    • Renewable Energy Policy in the EU: Reconciling European Ambition with National Differentiation through Multi-Level Governance
    • The 2009 Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
      • National Action Plans
      • Cooperation between Member States
      • Access to the Grid and Guarantees of Origin
      • The Difficult Question of Biofuels
      • National Support Schemes
    • Free Movement of Renewable Energy: Navigating between the Goals of Trade Liberalisation, Environmental Protection and National Control over Energy Policy
  • The Challenge of a Regulation-Based Market
    • The ETS as Market-Based Regulation
    • Gauging the Effectiveness of Market-Based Regulation
    • Managing a Regulation-Based Market
      • The Allocation of Allowances
      • Recession and Transnational Offsetting
      • Addressing the Burden of the Past: Backloading and the Market Stability Reserve
  • Concluding Remarks
• 9 Air Pollution and Industrial Emissions
  • Introduction: Key Themes of EU Air Pollution and Industrial Emissions Law
  • Ozone-Depleting Substances
  • Ambient Air Quality
    • Approaches to Standardisation
    • The EU Legal Framework
    • The 2001 NECD
    • The 2008 AQFD
    • Member State Implementation of EU Ambient Air Legislation
  • Regulating Industrial Emissions
    • Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control within the IED
    • ‘Best Available Techniques’ (BAT)
    • Standardisation in the IPPC Framework: The Anchoring Function of BAT
    • The Evolution of BREFs: A Hardening Attitude towards EU Soft Law
    • Flexibility in the IED: An Assessment
  • Coherence in Air Pollution Law
  • Conclusion
• 10 EU Water Law
  • Introduction
    • Europe’s Waters Interconnected
    • The History of EU Water Law
    • The Inter-Related Threads of EU and International Water Law
  • The 2000 Water Framework Directive
    • History of the Water Framework Directive (WFD)
    • Overview
    • River Basin Management and the ‘Programme of Measures’
    • The ‘Environmental Objectives’
      • Surface Water
        • Chemical Quality
        • Ecological Quality
        • Artificial and Heavily Modified Bodies of Water
      • Groundwater
        • Groundwater under the Water Framework Directive (WFD)
        • The 2006 Groundwater Directive
          • Establishing ‘Good Groundwater Chemical Status’
          • Significant and Sustained Upward Trends of Contamination
          • Prevent or Limit Inputs of Pollutants into Groundwater
          • Alternative Compliance
          • Assessment
      • The Water Framework Directive’s Derogations from the Environmental Objectives
    • Combined Approach
    • Priority Substances
    • Economic Analysis
    • Public Involvement
    • Governance
    • Assessment
  • Drinking Water
    • History and Overview
    • Ensuring that Drinking Water is ‘Wholesome and Clean’
    • Providing for Hard Cases: Lead and Pesticides
    • Monitoring and Compliance
    • Assessment
  • Bathing Water
    • Defining Bathing Waters
    • From Emissions Limit Values to Classification
    • Monitoring and Assessment
    • Public Participation
    • Assessment
  • Regulation of Dangerous Substances
    • Dangerous Substances in Water Directives
    • Priority Substances Directive
      • Directive 2008/105/EC
      • Listing Substances and Review of Adopted List of Priority Substances
      • Assessment
  • Nitrates
    • Regulating Non-Point Source Pollution
    • ‘Nitrogen Zones’
    • Improving Environmental Quality
    • Additional Measures and Derogations
    • Assessment
  • Urban and Industrial Waste Water
    • Collection, Treatment and Disposal
    • Sensitive Areas
    • Identifying Eutrophication
    • Less-Sensitive Areas
    • Industrial Waste Water
    • Institutional Framework
• 11 Impact Assessment
  • History and International Context
  • The 1991 UNECE Espoo Convention on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment
    • Overview
    • Obligations
  • The EIA Directive
    • Scope and Purpose
    • What is an EIA?
    • The ‘Competent Authority’
    • Projects Subject to EIA
      • Annex I Projects: Mandatory EIA
      • Annex II Projects: The Screening Process
      • Exemptions from the EIA Requirement
    • The EIA Procedure
      • The Developer’s EIA Report
      • Consultation and Public Participation
      • Transboundary Projects
      • The Decision to Grant or Refuse Development Consent
      • Relationship with other Assessment Procedures
      • Communication of the Competent Authority’s Decision
    • Remedies and Access to Justice
  • The Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive
    • Scope and Purpose of the SEA Directive
    • The Obligation to Carry Out an SEA
      • Plans and Programmes Subject to Mandatory SEA
      • Screening of other Projects
      • Exemptions
    • The SEA Procedure
      • Environmental Report
      • Consultation of Designated Authorities and of the Public Likely to be Affected
      • Transboundary Consultation
      • Relationship with Other Assessment Procedures
      • The Decision
    • Remedies
• 12 Nature and Biodiversity Protection
  • Introduction
  • Changing Narratives: Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Protection and the Safeguarding of Natural Capital
  • The Birds Directive and Habitats Directive: The Twin Pillars of Natura 2000
    • The Birds Directive
    • The Habitats Directive
  • Designation and its Consequences: The Legal Status of SPAS and SACS
    • The Designation Process
    • The Consequences of Designation
    • Designation and its Discontents
  • Biodiversity and Sustainability: The Role of Economic Considerations in Natura 2000
  • Protecting SCIs and the Role of the Precautionary Principle
    • Protective Regimes: The Relation between the Birds and Habitats Directives
    • Timing of Member State Obligations
    • The Management of Protected Sites: Article 6(1) Habitats Directive
    • Avoiding Deterioration and Disturbance: Article 6(2) Habitats Directive
    • Assessing Development: Article 6(3) Habitats Directive
      • ‘Any Plan or Project’
      • ‘Significant Effect’ and ‘Appropriate Assessment’
      • ‘Integrity of the Site’
      • Assessment
    • Declassification
  • Compensating Biodiversity Losses
  • The Effectiveness of the Birds and Habitats Directives
  • Other Measures
  • Conclusion: Overcoming Institutional and Systemic Dichotomy
• 13 Technological Risk Regulation: Chemicals, Genetically Modified Organisms and Nanotechnology
  • Introduction
  • Dual-Purpose Regulation: Reconciling Market Harmonisation with Health and Environmental Protection
  • EU Chemicals Regulation as a Network
    • The REACH Regulation
    • The CLP Regulation
    • Further Measures
  • Chemicals, GMO and Nano Regulation as Technological Risk Regulation
    • Information Production
    • Risk Management
    • Legitimacy and Effectiveness Challenges of Data-Driven Regimes
  • Regulating Uncertainty
    • Legal Principles: The Requirement to Pursue a High Level of Environmental Protection (HLP) and the Precautionary Principle
    • Claims to Legitimacy: Expertise, Transparency and Participation
    • Claims to Legitimacy: Updating, Review and Monitoring
  • GMO Regulation: A Fraught State of Coexistence
    • The Regulatory Framework
    • Scope for Post-Authorisation Differentiation
      • Coexistence Measures
      • Safeguard Clauses
      • Derogation or ‘Opt-Ups’ under Article 114(4)–(6) TFEU
      • Article 26(b) DRD: Farewell Internal Market?
  • Nanotechnology: New Rules for New Tools?
  • Conclusion
• 14 Waste
  • EU Waste Policy
  • Waste Framework Directive (WFD)
    • Overview of the WFD
    • What is Waste?
      • By-Product
      • End-of-Waste
      • Hazardous Waste
    • Shipment of Waste
    • Waste Operations
      • Landfills
      • Incineration of Waste
    • Waste Streams
      • Packaging
      • Batteries and Accumulators
      • End-of-Life Vehicles
      • Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
  • Future Challenges
• Index

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