Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Background for this Book
• Table of Cases
• Table of Legislation
• 1 Introduction: EU Energy Law and the Approach Taken in this Study
  • 1.1 Sources of Information on EU Energy Law
  • 1.2 Overview of the Book
• 2 The Regulatory History of EU Energy: The Evolution of EU Energy Law from 1957 Onwards
  • 2.1 The First 30 Years of Hibernation
    • 2.1.1 The Transformation
    • 2.1.2 The Shaping of EU Energy Law by ‘Harmonization Legislation’
  • 2.2 The Early Days of EU Energy Law: The First Steps Towards an Internal Market
    • 2.2.1 Draft Regulation on Investment Notification (1989–1996)
    • 2.2.2 Commission Directives under Article 106(3) TFEU (1991–1996)
    • 2.2.3 The Exceptions: Article 106(2) EU
    • 2.2.4 Directives 80/723/EEC and 88/301/EEC
    • 2.2.5 Telecommunications Liberalization Continued: Directive 90/377/EEC versus the Burden of Special Rights and the Competition Policy Barrier
  • 2.3 Draft Commission Directives on Internal Markets for Electricity and Natural Gas
    • 2.3.1 Dismissed Actions for Failure to Fulfil Obligations under Article 258 TFEU (1994–1997)
    • 2.3.2 Some Observations
  • 2.4 Draft Harmonization Directives: Obvious Misnomers (1991–1995)
    • 2.4.1 Price Transparency Directive
    • 2.4.2 Electricity and Gas Transit Directives
    • 2.4.3 Utilities’ Procurement Directive
    • 2.4.4 Hydrocarbons Licensing Directive
  • 2.5 First Set of Drafts for Stand-Alone Approximation Directives
  • 2.6 The Second Set of Drafts for Harmonization Directives
  • 2.7 Findings: Advocating Liberalization but Heading Towards European Command and Control?
  • 2.8 Concluding Thoughts: The First Steps Towards an Internal Market in Energy
• 3 The Evolution of the Sector-Specific Regulatory Framework
  • 3.1 Generation
  • 3.2 Third Party Access
    • 3.2.1 Regulation of TPA under the EU Energy Acquis
  • 3.3 Unbundling
    • 3.3.1 The Status Quo—From Account Unbundling to Legal Unbundling and Ownership
    • 3.3.2 The Third Country Clause or ‘Lex Gazprom’
    • 3.3.3 Ownership Unbundling and EU Law
  • 3.4 Exemptions and Derogations
    • 3.4.1 Public Service Obligations (PSOs)
    • 3.4.2 Unbundling of Small Companies
    • 3.4.3 Emergent and Isolated Gas Markets
    • 3.4.4 New Infrastructure
  • 3.5 Security of Supply
    • 3.5.1 Security of Oil Supply
    • 3.5.2 Security of Natural Gas Supply
    • 3.5.3 Security of Electricity Supply
    • 3.5.4 Infrastructure for Security
    • 3.5.5 Security of Supply in the General Internal Energy Market Directives
  • 3.6 Concluding Thoughts: From State to Market and from Monopoly to Competition—How Sector Regulation Created Competitive Markets
• 4 Treaty Law and the Energy Sector
  • 4.1 EU Competition Law and the Energy Markets
    • 4.1.1 Fundamental Competition Concepts for the Energy Sector
    • 4.1.2 Interpretation and Enforcement between EU and National Competition Authorities: The Effect on Trade between Member States
  • 4.2 Article 101: Cartels and Other Forms of Collusion
    • 4.2.1 Horizontal Restraints in the Energy Sector: Joint Selling, Price Fixing, and Others
  • 4.3 Article 102: Abuse of a Dominant Position
    • 4.3.1 Access to Essential Energy Facilities and Services
  • 4.4 Vertical Restraints in the Energy Sector: Long-Term Supply Agreements, Problem Clauses, and Others
    • 4.4.1 General Developments
    • 4.4.2 Destination Clauses
  • 4.5 Current and Future Standards for the Application of Competition Law in the Energy Industries
  • 4.6 External Dependence, Extraterritorial Application, and Competition Enforcement in an International Energy Context
  • 4.7 State Aid in the Energy Industries
    • 4.7.1 The Structure of Article 107 TFEU
    • 4.7.2 Prominent State Aid Proceedings Relating to Energy
  • 4.8 Free Movement of Energy and the Exceptions
    • 4.8.1 Exceptions in the Name of Security and the Environment
  • 4.9 Concluding Thoughts: From Nothing, to Supporting, to an Increasingly Powerful Tool
• 5 Environment and Energy: On a Bumpy Road Towards a Clean Energy Future
  • 5.1 EU Environmental Policies for Energy: Contradictions and Dilemmas
  • 5.2 Key Questions, Concepts, Legal Frameworks
  • 5.3 Specific Environmental Issues of Energy
    • 5.3.1 Extractive Industries
    • 5.3.2 Transportation
    • 5.3.3 Environmentally Sustainable Power Production
  • 5.4 Process, Objectives, and Instruments of EU Environmental Policy for the Energy Industries
  • 5.5 Areas of Primary EU Action
    • 5.5.1 Energy Efficiency
    • 5.5.2 Renewable Energy
    • 5.5.3 Climate Change Mitigation
    • 5.5.4 Emissions Trading
    • 5.5.5 Energy Taxation
  • 5.6 Examples of Other Environmental Measures Taken by the EU in the Energy Field
  • 5.7 Carbon Capture and Storage: From a Regulatory Reality to Making a Difference?
  • 5.8 When All Else Fails: The Geo-engineering of Climate Change?
  • 5.9 Concluding Thoughts: From Ideological Change to a Reality Check
• 6 The International Dimension of EU Energy Law and Policy
  • 6.1 The Shaping of the EU’s International Energy Policies: Players, Policy, and Issues
  • 6.2 The Legal Instruments and Legal Authority of the EU’s External Energy Policy
  • 6.3 Technical and Financial Assistance Programmes
    • 6.3.1 Examples of Earlier Cooperation Programmes
  • 6.4 Bilateral Aspects of EU External Energy Policy: From Associations to Dialogues
    • 6.4.1 Association and Economic Cooperation Agreements
    • 6.4.2 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements
    • 6.4.3 Energy Dialogues
  • 6.5 Multilateral Aspects of the EU’s External Energy Policy: From Energy Charter Treaty to Energy Community Treaty
    • 6.5.1 Energy Charter Treaty: Past, Present, and Future
  • 6.6 The Exportation of the EU Energy Acquis: From the ECT to the Energy Community Treaty
    • 6.6.1 The Energy Community Treaty
  • 6.7 Finally: Who Steers the Boat? Who Represents the EU? The EU Speaking with One Voice
  • 6.8 The EU and International Energy Trade: Governance, Sanctions, and Ethics
  • 6.9 The Impact of International Law: Trade in Energy Goods and Services and Environmental Protection
  • 6.10 Concluding Thoughts: The Emergence of the EU as an International Player
• 7 From State to Market and Back: The Changing Role(s) of Markets and States in The EU
  • 7.1 The 1980s and the Movement from a State-Driven to a Market-Driven Approach to the Energy Markets
  • 7.2 Old and New Energy Economy Paradigm Concepts: Security of Supply and Public Service
  • 7.3 The ‘Brave New World’: Energy Economy Paradigms of the 1980s and 1990s
  • 7.4 ‘Back to the Future’: A (Partial) Return to the Old Days of State Intervention
  • 7.5 Problems with a Market-Based Approach in the EU
  • 7.6 ‘All for One and One for All’: Economic Solidarity after the Lisbon Treaty
    • 7.6.1 Introduction
    • 7.6.2 Solidarity and Market Failure
    • 7.6.3 Economic Crises and Solidarity
  • 7.7 Nabucco Pipeline Project
  • 7.8 The 2009 Energy Law Package: From Bottom-Up to Top-Down
  • 7.9 Concluding Thoughts: The EU in Search of the Balance
• 8 Conclusion: European Energy Law Under the Impact of Globalization: From State to Market, from Plan to Contract, from Public Ownership to Economic Regulation and Beyond
• Bibliography
• Index
• Footnotes

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