Ecology: Concepts and Applications
Námskeið Vistfræði - Höfundur: Manuel Molles
7.490 kr.
Námskeið
- LÍF505M Vistfræði B
Annað
- Höfundur: Manuel Molles
- Útgáfa:9
- Útgáfudagur: 2021-09-23
- Hægt að prenta út 2 bls.
- Hægt að afrita 2 bls.
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781265007638
- Print ISBN: 9781265286330
- ISBN 10: 1265007632
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- About the Authors
- Dedication
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
- Concepts
- 1.1 Overview of Ecology
- Concept 1.1 Review
- 1.2 Sampling Ecological Research
- Climatic and Ecological Change: Past and Future
- Concept 1.2 Review
- Applications: Ecology Can Inform Environmental Law and Policy
- Section I: Natural History And Evolution
- Chapter 2 Life on Land
- Concepts
- Terrestrial Biomes and the Importance of Plants
- 2.1 Large-Scale Patterns of Climatic Variation
- Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation
- Climate Diagrams
- Concept 2.1 Review
- 2.2 Other Factors That Shape Terrestrial Biomes
- Concept 2.2 Review
- 2.3 Natural History and Geography of Biomes
- Tropical Rain Forest
- Tropical Dry Forest
- Tropical Savanna
- Desert
- Woodland and Shrubland
- Temperate Grassland
- Temperate Forest
- Boreal Forest
- Tundra
- Mountains: A Diversity of Biomes
- Concept 2.3 Review
- Applications: Finer Scale Climatic Variation over Time and Space
- Chapter 3 Life in Water
- Concepts
- Aquatic Biomes and How They Differ
- 3.1 Water Cycling
- The Hydrologic Cycle
- The Effects of Wind and Temperature
- Concept 3.1 Review
- 3.2 The Natural History of Aquatic Environments
- The Oceans
- Life in Shallow Marine Waters: Kelp Forests and Coral Gardens
- Marine Shores: Life Between High and Low Tides
- Transitional Environments: Estuaries, Salt Marshes, Mangrove Forests, and Freshwater Wetlands
- Rivers and Streams: Life Blood and Pulse of the Land
- Lakes: Small Seas
- Concept 3.2 Review
- Applications: Biological Integrity—Assessing the Health of Aquatic Systems
- Number of Species and Species Composition
- Trophic Composition
- Fish Abundance and Condition
- A Test
- Chapter 4 Population Genetics and Natural Selection
- Concepts
- 4.1 Variation Within Populations
- Variation in a Widely Distributed Plant
- Variation in Alpine Fish Populations
- Concept 4.1 Review
- 4.2 Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Calculating Gene Frequencies
- Concept 4.2 Review
- 4.3 The Process of Natural Selection
- Stabilizing Selection
- Directional Selection
- Disruptive Selection
- Concept 4.3 Review
- 4.4 Evolution by Natural Selection
- Heritability: Essential for Evolution
- Directional Selection: Adaptation by Soapberry Bugs to New Host Plants
- Concept 4.4 Review
- 4.5 Change due to Chance
- Evidence of Genetic Drift in Island Crickets
- Genetic Diversity and Butterfly Extinctions
- Concept 4.5 Review
- Applications: Evolution and Agriculture
- Evolution of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds
- Chapter 2 Life on Land
- Chapter 5 Temperature Relations
- Concepts
- 5.1 Microclimates
- Altitude
- Aspect
- Vegetation
- Color of the Ground
- Presence of Boulders and Burrows
- Aquatic Temperatures
- Concept 5.1 Review
- 5.2 Evolutionary Trade-Offs
- The Principle of Allocation
- Concept 5.2 Review
- 5.3 Temperature and Performance of Organisms
- Extreme Temperatures and Photosynthesis
- Temperature and Microbial Activity
- Concept 5.3 Review
- 5.4 Regulating Body Temperature
- Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
- Temperature Regulation by Plants
- Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
- Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals
- Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
- Concept 5.4 Review
- 5.5 Surviving Extreme Temperatures
- Inactivity
- Reducing Metabolic Rate
- Hibernation by a Tropical Species
- Concept 5.5 Review
- Applications: Local Extinction of a Land Snail in an Urban Heat Island
- Chapter 6 Water Relations
- Concepts
- 6.1 Water Availability
- Water Content of Air
- Water Movement in Aquatic Environments
- Water Movement Between Soils and Plants
- Concept 6.1 Review
- 6.2 Water Regulation on Land
- Water Acquisition by Animals
- Water Acquisition by Plants
- Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
- Dissimilar Organisms with Similar Approaches to Desert Life
- Two Arthropods with Opposite Approaches to Desert Life
- Concept 6.2 Review
- 6.3 Water and Salt Balance in Aquatic Environments
- Marine Fish and Invertebrates
- Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates
- Concept 6.3 Review
- Applications: Using Stable Isotopes to Study Water Uptake by Plants
- Stable Isotope Analysis
- Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Plant Water Sources
- Chapter 7 Energy and Nutrient Relations
- Concepts
- 7.1 Photosynthetic Autotrophs
- The Solar-Powered Biosphere
- Concept 7.1 Review
- 7.2 Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
- Concept 7.2 Review
- 7.3 Heterotrophs
- Chemical Composition and Nutrient Requirements
- Concept 7.3 Review
- 7.4 Energy Limitation
- Photon Flux and Photosynthetic Response Curves
- Food Density and Animal Functional Response
- Concept 7.4 Review
- 7.5 Optimal Foraging Theory
- Testing Optimal Foraging Theory
- Optimal Foraging by Plants
- Concept 7.5 Review
- Applications: Bioremediation—Using the Trophic Diversity of Bacteria to Solve Environmental Problems
- Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
- Cyanide and Nitrates in Mine Spoils
- Chapter 8 Social Relations
- Concepts
- 8.1 Mate Choice versus Predation
- Mate Choice and Sexual Selection in Guppies
- Concept 8.1 Review
- 8.2 Mate Choice and Resource Provisioning
- Concept 8.2 Review
- 8.3 Nonrandom Mating in a Plant Population
- Concept 8.3 Review
- 8.4 Sociality
- Cooperative Breeders
- Concept 8.4 Review
- 8.5 Eusociality
- Eusocial Species
- Evolution of Eusociality
- Concept 8.5 Review
- Applications: Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
- Tinbergen’s Framework
- Environmental Enrichment and Development of Behavior
- Chapter 9 Population Distribution and Abundance
- Concepts
- 9.1 Distribution Limits
- Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
- Distributions of Plants Along a Moisture-Temperature Gradient
- Distributions of Barnacles Along an Intertidal Exposure Gradient
- Concept 9.1 Review
- 9.2 Patterns on Small Scales
- Scale, Distributions, and Mechanisms
- Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies
- Distributions of Desert Shrubs
- Concept 9.2 Review
- 9.3 Patterns on Large Scales
- Bird Populations Across North America
- Plant Distributions Along Moisture Gradients
- Concept 9.3 Review
- 9.4 Organism Size and Population Density
- Animal Size and Population Density
- Plant Size and Population Density
- Concept 9.4 Review
- Applications: Rarity and Vulnerability to Extinction
- Seven Forms of Rarity and One of Abundance
- Chapter 10 Population Dynamics
- Concepts
- 10.1 Dispersal
- Dispersal of Expanding Populations
- Range Changes in Response to Climate Change
- Dispersal in Response to Changing Food Supply
- Dispersal in Rivers and Streams
- Concept 10.1 Review
- 10.2 Metapopulations
- A Metapopulation of an Alpine Butterfly
- Dispersal Within a Metapopulation of Lesser Kestrels
- Concept 10.2 Review
- 10.3 Patterns of Survival
- Estimating Patterns of Survival
- High Survival Among the Young
- Constant Rates of Survival
- High Mortality Among the Young
- Three Types of Survivorship Curves
- Concept 10.3 Review
- 10.4 Age Distribution
- Contrasting Tree Populations
- A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate
- Concept 10.4 Review
- 10.5 Rates of Population Change
- Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant
- Estimating Rates When Generations Overlap
- Concept 10.5 Review
- Applications: Changes in Species Distributions in Response to Climate Warming
- Chapter 11 Population Growth
- Concepts
- 11.1 Geometric and Exponential Population Growth
- Geometric Growth
- Exponential Growth
- Exponential Growth in Nature
- Concept 11.1 Review
- 11.2 Logistic Population Growth
- Concept 11.2 Review
- 11.3 Limits to Population Growth
- Environment and Birth and Death Among Darwin’s Finches
- Concept 11.3 Review
- Applications: The Human Population
- Distribution and Abundance
- Population Dynamics
- Population Growth
- Chapter 12 Life Histories
- Concepts
- 12.1 Offspring Number versus Size
- Egg Size and Number in Fish
- Seed Size and Number in Plants
- Seed Size and Seedling Performance
- Concept 12.1 Review
- 12.2 Adult Survival and Reproductive Allocation
- Life History Variation Among Species
- Life History Variation within Species
- Concept 12.2 Review
- 12.3 Life History Classification
- r and K Selection
- Plant Life Histories
- Opportunistic, Equilibrium, and Periodic Life Histories
- Lifetime Reproductive Effort and Relative Offspring Size: Two Central Variables?
- Concept 12.3 Review
- Applications: Climate Change and Timing of Reproduction and Migration
- Altered Plant Phenology
- Animal Phenology
- Chapter 13 Species Interactions and Competition
- Concepts
- Competitive Interactions Are Diverse
- 13.1 Intraspecific Competition
- Intraspecific Competition Among Plants
- Intraspecific Competition Among Planthoppers
- Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods
- Concept 13.1 Review
- 13.2 Competitive Exclusion and Niches
- The Feeding Niches of Darwin’s Finches
- Competition for Caterpillars
- Concept 13.2 Review
- 13.3 Mathematical and Laboratory Models
- Modeling Interspecific Competition
- Laboratory Models of Competition
- Concept 13.3 Review
- 13.4 Competition and Niches
- Niches and Competition Among Plants
- Niche Overlap and Competition Between Barnacles
- Competition and the Niches of Small Rodents
- Character Displacement
- Evidence for Competition in Nature
- Concept 13.4 Review
- Applications: Competition Between Native and Invasive Species
- Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease
- Concepts
- 14.1 Exploitation and Abundance
- A Herbivorous Stream Insect and Its Algal Food
- Bats, Birds, and Herbivory in a Tropical Forest
- A Pathogenic Parasite, a Predator, and Its Prey
- Concept 14.1 Review
- 14.2 Dynamics
- Cycles of Abundance in Snowshoe Hares and Their Predators
- Experimental Test of Food and Predation Impacts
- Population Cycles in Mathematical and Laboratory Models
- Concept 14.2 Review
- 14.3 Refuges
- Refuges and Host Persistence in Laboratory and Mathematical Models
- Exploited Organisms and Their Wide Variety of “Refuges”
- Concept 14.3 Review
- 14.4 Ratio-Dependent Models of Functional Response
- Alternative Model for Trophic Ecology
- Evidence for Ratio-Dependent Predation
- Concept 14.4 Review
- 14.5 Complex Interactions
- Parasites and Pathogens That Manipulate Host Behavior
- The Entangling of Exploitation with Competition
- Concept 14.5 Review
- Applications: The Value of Pest Control by Bats: A Case Study
- Chapter 15 Mutualism
- Concepts
- 15.1 Plant Mutualisms
- Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi
- Ants and Swollen Thorn Acacias
- A Temperate Plant Protection Mutualism
- Concept 15.1 Review
- 15.2 Coral Mutualisms
- Zooxanthellae and Corals
- A Coral Protection Mutualism
- Concept 15.2 Review
- 15.3 Evolution of Mutualism
- Facultative Ant-Plant Protection Mutualisms
- Concept 15.3 Review
- Applications: Mutualism and Humans
- Guiding Behavior
- Chapter 16 Species Abundance and Diversity
- Concepts
- 16.1 Species Abundance
- The Lognormal Distribution
- Concept 16.1 Review
- 16.2 Species Diversity
- A Quantitative Index of Species Diversity
- Rank-Abundance Curves
- Concept 16.2 Review
- 16.3 Environmental Complexity
- Forest Complexity and Bird Species Diversity
- Niches, Heterogeneity, and the Diversity of Algae and Plants
- The Niches of Algae and Terrestrial Plants
- Complexity in Plant Environments
- Soil and Topographic Heterogeneity
- Nutrient Enrichment Can Reduce Environmental Complexity
- Nitrogen Enrichment and Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Diversity
- Concept 16.3 Review
- 16.4 Disturbance and Diversity
- The Nature and Sources of Disturbance
- The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
- Disturbance and Diversity in the Intertidal Zone
- Disturbance and Diversity in Temperate Grasslands
- Concept 16.4 Review
- Applications: Disturbance by Humans
- Urban Diversity
- Chapter 17 Species Interactions and Community Structure
- Concepts
- 17.1 Community Webs
- Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure
- Concept 17.1 Review
- 17.2 Indirect Interactions
- Indirect Commensalism
- Apparent Competition
- Concept 17.2 Review
- 17.3 Keystone Species
- Food Web Structure and Species Diversity
- Experimental Removal of Sea Stars
- Snail Effects on Algal Diversity
- Fish as Keystone Species in River Food Webs
- Concept 17.3 Review
- 17.4 Mutualistic Keystones
- A Cleaner Fish as a Keystone Species
- Seed Dispersal Mutualists as Keystone Species
- Concept 17.4 Review
- Applications: Human Modification of Food Webs
- Parasitoid Wasps: Apparent Competition and Biological Control
- Chapter 18 Primary and Secondary Production
- Concepts
- 18.1 Patterns of Terrestrial Primary Production
- Actual Evapotranspiration and Terrestrial Primary Production
- Soil Fertility and Terrestrial Primary Production
- Concept 18.1 Review
- 18.2 Patterns of Aquatic Primary Production
- Patterns and Models
- Whole-Lake Experiments on Primary Production
- Global Patterns of Marine Primary Production
- Concept 18.2 Review
- 18.3 Primary Producer Diversity
- Terrestrial Plant Diversity and Primary Production
- Algal Diversity and Aquatic Primary Production
- Concept 18.3 Review
- 18.4 Consumer Influences
- Piscivores, Planktivores, and Lake Primary Production
- Grazing by Large Mammals and Primary Production on the Serengeti
- Concept 18.4 Review
- 18.5 Secondary Production
- A Trophic Dynamic View of Ecosystems
- Top-down Versus Bottom-up Controls on Secondary Production
- Linking Primary Production and Secondary Production
- Concept 18.5 Review
- Applications: Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Study Feeding Habits
- Using Stable Isotopes to Identify Sources of Energy in a Salt Marsh
- Chapter 19 Nutrient Cycling and Retention
- Concepts
- 19.1 Nutrient Cycles
- The Phosphorus Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- Concept 19.1 Review
- 19.2 Rates of Decomposition
- Decomposition in Two Mediterranean Woodland Ecosystems
- Decomposition in Two Temperate Forest Ecosystems
- Decomposition in Aquatic Ecosystems
- Concept 19.2 Review
- 19.3 Organisms and Nutrients
- Nutrient Cycling in Streams and Lakes
- Animals and Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Plants and the Nutrient Dynamics of Ecosystems
- Concept 19.3 Review
- 19.4 Disturbance and Nutrients
- Disturbance and Nutrient Loss from Forests
- Flooding and Nutrient Export by Streams
- Concept 19.4 Review
- Applications: Altering Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Chapter 20 Succession and Stability
- Concepts
- 20.1 Community Changes During Succession
- Primary Succession at Glacier Bay
- Secondary Succession in Temperate Forests
- Succession in Rocky Intertidal Communities
- Succession in Stream Communities
- Concept 20.1 Review
- 20.2 Ecosystem Changes During Succession
- Four Million Years of Ecosystem Change
- Succession and Stream Ecosystem Properties
- Concept 20.2 Review
- 20.3 Mechanisms of Succession
- Facilitation
- Tolerance
- Inhibition
- Successional Mechanisms in the Rocky Intertidal Zone
- Mechanisms in Old Field Succession
- Concept 20.3 Review
- 20.4 Community and Ecosystem Stability
- Lessons from the Park Grass Experiment
- Replicate Disturbances and Desert Stream Stability
- Concept 20.4 Review
- Applications: Ecological Succession Informing Ecological Restoration
- Applying Succession Concepts to Restoration
- Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology
- Concepts
- 21.1 Landscape Structure
- The Structure of Six Landscapes in Ohio
- The Fractal Geometry of Landscapes
- Concept 21.1 Review
- 21.2 Landscape Processes
- Landscape Structure and the Dispersal of Mammals
- Habitat Patch Size and Isolation and the Density of Butterfly Populations
- Habitat Corridors and Movement of Organisms
- Landscape Position and Lake Chemistry
- Concept 21.2 Review
- 21.3 Origins of Landscape Structure and Change
- Geological Processes, Climate, and Landscape Structure
- Organisms and Landscape Structure
- Fire and the Structure of a Mediterranean Landscape
- Concept 21.3 Review
- Applications: Landscape Approaches to Mitigating Urban Heat Islands
- Chapter 22 Geographic Ecology
- Concepts
- 22.1 Area, Isolation, and Species Richness
- Island Area and Species Richness
- Island Isolation and Species Richness
- Concept 22.1 Review
- 22.2 The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
- Species Turnover on Islands
- Experimental Island Biogeography
- Colonization of New Islands by Plants
- Manipulating Island Area
- Island Biogeography Update
- Concept 22.2 Review
- 22.3 Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
- Latitudinal Gradient Hypotheses
- Area and Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness
- Continental Area and Species Richness
- Concept 22.3 Review
- 22.4 Historical and Regional Influences
- Exceptional Patterns of Diversity
- Historical and Regional Explanations
- Concept 22.4 Review
- Applications: Global Positioning Systems, Remote Sensing, and Geographic Information Systems
- Global Positioning Systems
- Remote Sensing
- Geographic Information Systems
- Chapter 23 Global Ecology
- Concepts
- The Atmospheric Envelope and the Greenhouse Earth
- 23.1 A Global System
- The Historical Thread
- El Niño and La Niña
- El Niño Southern Oscillation and Marine Populations
- El Niño and the Great Salt Lake
- El Niño and Terrestrial Populations in Australia
- Concept 23.1 Review
- 23.2 Human Activity and the Global Nitrogen Cycle
- Concept 23.2 Review
- 23.3 Changes in Land Cover
- Deforestation
- Concept 23.3 Review
- 23.4 Human Influence on Atmospheric Composition
- Depletion and Recovery of the Ozone Layer
- Concept 23.4 Review
- Applications: Impacts of Global Climate Change
- Shifts in Biodiversity and Widespread Extinction of Species
- Human Impacts of Climate Change
- Appendix A Investigating the Evidence
- 1: The Scientific Method—Questions and Hypotheses
- 2: Determining the Sample Mean
- 3: Determining the Sample Median
- 4: Variation in Data
- 5: Laboratory Experiments
- 6: Sample Size
- 7: Scatter Plots and the Relationship Between Variables
- 8: Estimating Heritability Using Regression Analysis
- 9: Clumped, Random, and Regular Distributions
- 10: Hypotheses and Statistical Significance
- 11: Frequency of Alternative Phenotypes in a Population
- 12: A Statistical Test for Distribution Pattern
- 13: Field Experiments
- 14: Standard Error of the Mean
- 15: Confidence Intervals
- 16: Estimating the Number of Species in Communities
- 17: Using Confidence Intervals to Compare Populations
- 18: Comparing Two Populations with the t-Test
- 19: Assumptions for Statistical Tests
- 20: Variation Around the Median
- 21: Comparison of Two Samples Using a Rank Sum Test
- 22: Sample Size Revisited
- 23: Discovering What’s Been Discovered
- Appendix B Statistical Tables
- Appendix C Abbreviations Used in This Text
- Appendix D Global Biomes
- Glossary
- References
- Index
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu
- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 8903
- Útgáfuár : 2018
- Leyfi : 379
