Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Part I: Materials, Processes, and Principles
  • CHAPTER 1 Earth as a System
    • Exploring the Earth System
    • The Principle of Actualism
    • The Nature and Origin of Rocks
    • Global Dating of the Rock Record
    • Imaging Earth Below
    • Plate Tectonics
    • The Water Cycle
    • Directional Change in Earth’s History
    • Episodic Change in Earth’s History
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 2 Rock-Forming Minerals and Rocks
    • The Structure of Minerals
    • The Properties of Minerals
    • Types of Rocks
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 3 The Diversity of Life
    • Fossils and Chemical Remains of Ancient Life
    • Taxonomic Groups
    • Identifying Clades and Their Relationships
    • Archaea and Bacteria: The Two Domains of Prokaryotes
    • The Protists: A Paraphyletic Group of Eukaryotes
    • Green Algae and Land Plants
    • Opisthokonts: Fungi and Animals
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 4 Environments and Life
    • Principles of Ecology
    • The Atmosphere
    • The Terrestrial Realm
    • The Marine Realm
    • Freshwater Environments
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 5 Sedimentary Environments
    • Nonmarine Environments
    • Marginal Marine and Open-Shelf Environments
    • Deep-Sea Environments
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 6 Correlation and Dating of the Rock Record
    • The Geologic Time Scale
    • Stratigraphic Units
    • Earth’s Absolute Age
    • Event Stratigraphy
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 7 Evolution and the Fossil Record
    • Adaptations
    • Charles Darwin’s Contribution
    • Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes
    • Regulatory Genes and Patterns of Development
    • Populations, Species, and Speciation
    • Rates of Origination
    • The Molecular Clock and Times of Origination
    • Evolutionary Convergence
    • Extinction
    • Evolutionary Trends
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 8 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
    • The History of Continental Drift Theory
    • The Rise of Plate Tectonics
    • Faulting and Volcanism along Plate Boundaries
    • Plate Movements
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 9 Continental Tectonics and Mountain Chains
    • The Rifting of Continents
    • Bending and Flowing of Rocks
    • Mountain Building
    • Tectonics of Continental Interiors
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 10 Major Geochemical Cycles
    • Chemical Reservoirs
    • Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Biological Processes
    • Oxygen Isotopes, Climate, and the Water Cycle
    • Use of Carbon Isotopes to Study Global Chemical Cycles
    • Phanerozoic Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
    • Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Excursions
    • Ocean Chemistry and Skeletal Mineralogy
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
• Part II: The Story of Earth
  • CHAPTER 11 The Hadean and Archean Eons of Precambrian Time
    • The Ages of the Planets and the Universe
    • The Origin of the Solar System
    • The Hadean Eon
    • The Origin of Continental Crust
    • The Archean Eon
    • Greenstone Belts
    • Earth System Shift 11-1 Large Cratons Appear near the End of Archean Time
    • Evidence of Archean Life
    • Chemical Evidence Bearing on the Origin of Life
    • Atmospheric Oxygen
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 12 The Proterozoic Eon of Precambrian Time
    • A Modern Style of Orogeny
    • Global Events of the Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic
    • The Beginnings of Animal Life
    • Earth System Shift 12-1 The Great Oxidation Event
    • Earth System Shift 12-2 Was There a Snowball Earth?
    • The Expansion and Contraction of Continents
    • The Assembly of North America
    • The Assembly and Breakup of Neoproterozoic Supercontinents
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 13 The Early Paleozoic World
    • The Cambrian Explosion of Life
    • Earth System Shift 13-1 Skeletons Evolve in Many Animal Groups as Predators Diversify
    • Ordovician Life
    • Paleogeography of the Cambrian World
    • Episodic Mass Extinctions of Cambrian Trilobites
    • Ordovician Paleogeography, Climatic Change, and Mass Extinction
    • Earth System Shift 13-2 Climatic Cooling Results in Glaciation and Mass Extinction
    • Regional Events of Early Paleozoic Time
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 14 The Middle Paleozoic World
    • Renewed Diversification of Life
    • Earth System Shift 14-1 Plants Alter Landscapes and Open the Way for Vertebrates to Conquer the Land
    • The Paleogeography of the Middle Paleozoic World
    • Glaciation and a Mass Extinction
    • Regional Events of Middle Paleozoic Time
    • Earth System Shift 14-2 The Expansion of Plants over Land Causes Global Climatic Change, Glaciation,
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 15 The Late Paleozoic World
    • Late Paleozoic Life
    • Earth System Shift 15-1 Weakened Greenhouse Warming Results in a Great Ice Age
    • Paleogeography of the Late Paleozoic World
    • Earth System Shift 15-2 The Most Destructive of All Mass Extinctions Ends the Paleozoic Era
    • Regional Events of Late Paleozoic Time
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 16 The Early Mesozoic Era
    • Life in the Oceans: A New Biota
    • Life on Land
    • Earth System Shift 16-1 The Rise of the Dinosaurs: Why Were They So Successful?
    • Earth System Shift 16-2 Volcanism and Mass Extinction
    • The Paleogeography of the Early Mesozoic Era
    • Tectonic Events in North America
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 17 The Cretaceous World
    • Cretaceous Life
    • Paleogeography of the Cretaceous World
    • The Terminal Cretaceous Extinction
    • North America in the Cretaceous World
    • Earth System Shift 17-1 Death from Outer Space
    • The Chalk Seas of Europe
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 18 The Paleogene World
    • Life of the Paleogene
    • Paleogene Climates
    • Regional Events of Paleogene Time
    • Earth System Shift 18-1 Global Cooling and Drying Begins
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 19 The Late Cenozoic World Before the Holocene
    • Life of the Neogene Period
    • The Modern Ice Age of the Northern Hemisphere
    • Earth System Shift 19-1 Shockingly Rapid Climatic Shifts Occur during the Ice Age
    • Regional Events of Neogene Time
    • Human Evolution
    • Earth System Shift 19-2 The Human Genus Arises at a Time of Sudden Climatic Change
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
  • CHAPTER 20 The Retreat of Glaciers and the Holocene
    • The Retreat of Glaciers
    • Abrupt Global Events of the Latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene
    • The Younger Dryas
    • Earth System Shift 20-1 Evidence That a Comet Struck Earth, Causing the Younger Dryas Event, the Ext
    • The First Americans
    • A Sudden Extinction of Large Mammals
    • Climatic Fluctuations of the Last 10,000 Years
    • Sea Level Changes
    • The Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Impact of Humans
    • Chapter Summary
    • Review Questions
• Appendix: Stratigraphic Stages
• Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Z
• Index
  • A
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  • C
  • D
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  • F
  • G
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