Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• About the Author
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Part I: Framework of Climate Science
  • Chapter 1 Overview of Climate Science
    • Climate and Climate Change
    • 1-1 Geologic Time
    • TOOLS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: Temperature Scales
    • 1-2 How This Book Is Organized
    • Development of Climate Science
    • 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change
    • Overview of the Climate System
    • 1-4 Components of the Climate System
    • 1-5 Climate Forcing
    • 1-6 Climate Responses
    • 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response
    • 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate System Interactions
    • 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Positive and Negative Feedbacks
  • Chapter 2 Earth’s Climate System Today
    • Heating Earth
    • 2-1 Incoming Solar Radiation
    • 2-2 Receipt and Storage of Solar Heat
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: The Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Albedo/Temperature
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Water in the Climate System
    • 2-3 Heat Transformation
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Water Vapor
    • Heat Transfer in Earth’s Atmosphere
    • 2-4 Overcoming Stable Layering in the Atmosphere
    • 2-5 Tropical-Subtropical Atmospheric Circulation
    • 2-6 Atmospheric Circulation at Middle and High Latitudes
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: The Coriolis Effect
    • Heat Transfer in Earth’s Oceans
    • 2-7 The Surface Ocean
    • 2-8 Deep-Ocean Circulation
    • Ice on Earth
    • 2-9 Sea Ice
    • 2-10 Glacial Ice
    • Earth’s Biosphere
    • 2-11 Response of the Biosphere to the Physical Climate System
    • 2-12 Effects of the Biosphere on the Climate System
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks
  • Chapter 3 Climate Archives, Data, and Models
    • Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution
    • 3-1 Types of Archives
    • 3-2 Dating Climate Records
    • 3-3 Climatic Resolution
    • Climatic Data
    • 3-4 Biotic Data
    • 3-5 Geological and Geochemical Data
    • Climate Models
    • 3-6 Physical Climate Models
    • 3-7 Geochemical Models
• Part II: Tectonic-Scale Climate Change
  • Chapter 4 CO2 and Long-Term Climate
    • Greenhouse Worlds
    • The Faint Young Sun Paradox
    • Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere
    • 4-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere
    • 4-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering
    • Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering
    • Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat?
    • 4-3 Was Methane Part of the Thermostat?
    • Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat?
    • 4-4 The Gaia Hypothesis
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: The Organic Carbon Subcycle
    • Was There a Thermostat Malfunction? A Snowball Earth?
  • Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate
    • Plate Tectonics
    • 5-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates
    • 5-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions
    • The Polar Position Hypothesis
    • 5-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions since 500 Myr Ago
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Brief Glaciation 445 Myr Ago
    • Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea
    • 5-4 Input to a Model Simulation of the Climate on Pangaea
    • 5-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea
    • Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: The BLAG (Spreading Rate) Hypothesis
    • 5-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading
    • 5-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG (Spreading Rate) Hypothesis
    • Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis
    • 5-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering
    • 5-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming
    • 5-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering
    • 5-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin
    • 5-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback?
  • Chapter 6 Greenhouse Climate
    • What Explains the Warmth 100 Million Years Ago?
    • 6-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse
    • 6-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch?
    • 6-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future
    • Why Were Sea Levels Higher 80 to 100 Million Years Ago?
    • 6-4 Changes in the Volume of the Ocean Basins
    • 6-5 Climatic Factors
    • 6-6 Assessment of Higher Cretaceous Sea Levels
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Calculating Changes in Sea Level
    • 6-7 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate
    • The Asteroid Impact (65 Million Years Ago)
    • Greenhouse Episode 55 Million Years Ago: Another Thermostat Malfunction?
  • Chapter 7 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years
    • Global Cooling Since 50 Million Years Ago
    • 7-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation
    • 7-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements
    • 7-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements
    • Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling?
    • 7-4 Evaluation of the Gateway Hypothesis
    • Hypotheses That Invoke Changes in CO2
    • 7-5 Evaluation of the BLAG (Spreading Rate) Hypothesis
    • 7-6 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis
    • CLIMATE DEBATE: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America
    • Future Climate Change at Tectonic Time Scales
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Organic Carbon: The Monterey Hypothesis
• Part III: Orbital-Scale Climate Change
  • Chapter 8 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation
    • Earth’s Orbit Today
    • 8-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons
    • 8-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun
    • Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit
    • 8-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time
    • TOOLS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: Cycles and Modulation
    • 8-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time
    • 8-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave
    • Changes in Insolation Received on Earth
    • 8-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season
    • 8-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons
    • Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records
    • 8-8 Time Series Analysis
    • 8-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records
    • 8-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit
  • Chapter 9 Insolation Control of Monsoons
    • Monsoonal Circulations
    • 9-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons
    • Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons
    • 9-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediterranean
    • 9-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic
    • 9-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic
    • 9-5 The Phasing of Summer Monsoons
    • Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment
    • Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History
    • 9-6 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Million Years Ago
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: A Chronometer for Tuning
    • 9-7 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons
  • Chapter 10 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets
    • What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets?
    • 10-1 Orbital Control of Ice Sheets: The Milankovitch Theory
    • Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets
    • 10-2 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size
    • 10-3 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing
    • 10-4 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Ice Volume Response to Insolation
    • 10-5 A Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay
    • 10-6 Ice Slipping and Calving
    • Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History
    • 10-7 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence
    • 10-8 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level
    • Is Milankovitch’s Theory the Full Answer?
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands
  • Chapter 11 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane
    • Ice Cores
    • 11-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores
    • 11-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air
    • 11-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes
    • Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2
    • 11-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go?
    • 11-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer
    • How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean?
    • 11-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater
    • 11-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping
    • 11-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation
    • Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4
    • Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: Forcing or Feedback?
  • Chapter 12 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Mysteries
    • Orbital-Scale Climatic Interactions
    • 12-1 Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets
    • The Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World
    • 12-2 Explanation 1: Insolation Varied Mainly at 41,000 Years
    • 12-3 Explanation 2: Antarctic Ice Changes at 23,000 Years Cancel Northern Ones
    • 12-4 Explanation 3: Positive CO2 Feedback at 1,000 Years
    • The Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World
    • 12-5 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South?
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: The Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response
    • Proposed Mechanisms for ~100,000-Year Ice Buildup
    • 12-6 Ice Sheets Interaction with Bedrock
    • 12-7 Long-Term Cooling and CO2/Ice-Albedo Feedback
    • Proposed Mechanisms for ~100,000-Year Ice Melting
    • 12-8 Timing of Deglacial Terminations
    • 12-9 Proposed Local Causes of Abrupt Deglacial Terminations
    • 12-10 CO2 and Ice Sheet Albedo Feedback During Terminations
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: An Antarctic Role in Long-Term CO2 and δ18O Trends?
• Part IV: Glacial/Deglacial Climate Change
  • Chapter 13 The Last Glacial Maximum
    • Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas
    • 13-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum
    • 13-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets?
    • 13-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds
    • 13-4 Project COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons
    • 13-5 Pollen: An Indicator of Climate on the Continents
    • 13-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons
    • Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates
    • 13-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates
    • 13-8 Climate Changes Near the Northern Ice Sheets
    • 13-9 Climate Changes Far from the Northern Ice Sheets
    • How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics?
    • 13-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling
    • 13-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling
    • 13-12 The Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small
  • Chapter 14 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation
    • Fire and Ice: A Shift in the Balance of Power
    • 14-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt?
    • 14-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level
    • 14-3 Rapid Early Deglaciation
    • TOOLS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: Deglacial 14C Dates Are Too Young
    • 14-4 Mid-Deglacial Cooling: The Younger Dryas
    • 14-5 Positive Feedbacks to Deglacial Melting
    • 14-6 Deglacial Lakes, Floods, and Sea Level Rise
    • Other Climate Changes During and After Deglaciation
    • 14-7 Stronger, Then Weaker Monsoons
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Giant Deglacial Floods
    • 14-8 Warmer, Then Cooler North Polar Summers
    • Current and Future Orbital-Scale Climatic Change
  • Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations of Climate
    • Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations
    • 15-1 Oscillations Recorded in Greenland Ice Cores
    • 15-2 Oscillations Recorded in North Atlantic Sediments
    • 15-3 Detecting and Dating Other Millennial Oscillations
    • 15-4 Oscillations Elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere
    • 15-5 Oscillations in Antarctica
    • Millennial Oscillations During the Present Interglaciation
    • Causes of Millennial Oscillations
    • 15-6 Are the Oscillations Periodic?
    • 15-7 Are the Oscillations Forced by the Sun?
    • 15-8 Are the Oscillations Caused by Natural Ice Sheet Instabilities?
    • 15-9 Are the Oscillations Caused by Interhemispheric Climate Instabilities?
    • 15-10 What Role Did the Greenhouse Gases Play?
    • 15-11 Implications for Future Climate
• Part V: Historical and Future Climate Change
  • Chapter 16 Humans and Preindustrial Climate
    • Climate and Human Evolution
    • 16-1 Evidence of Human Evolution
    • 16-2 Did Climate Change Drive Human Evolution?
    • 16-3 Testing Climatic Hypotheses with Fragmentary Records
    • The Impact of Climate on Early Farming
    • 16-4 Did Deglacial Warming Lead to Early Agriculture?
    • 16-5 Impacts of Climate on Early Civilizations
    • LOOKING DEEPER INTO CLIMATE SCIENCE: Sea Level Rise and Flood Legends
    • Early Impacts of Humans on Climate
    • 16-6 Did Humans Cause Megafaunal Extinctions?
    • 16-7 Did Early Farmers Alter Climate?
  • Chapter 17 Climate Changes During the Last 1,000 Years
    • The Little Ice Age
    • Proxy Records of Historical Climate
    • 17-1 Ice Cores from Mountain Glaciers
    • 17-2 Tree Rings
    • TOOLS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: Analyzing Tree Rings
    • 17-3 Corals and Tropical Ocean Temperatures
    • 17-4 Other Historical Observations
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: El Niño and ENSO
    • Reconstructing Hemispheric Temperature Trends
    • Proposed Causes of Climate Change from 1000 to 1850
    • 17-5 Orbital Forcing
    • 17-6 The Millennial Bipolar Seesaw
    • 17-7 Solar Variability
    • 17-8 Volcanic Explosions
    • 17-9 Greenhouse-Gas Effects on Climate
  • Chapter 18 Climatic Changes Since 1850
    • Reconstructing Changes in Sea Level
    • 18-1 Fading Memories of Melted Ice Sheets
    • Other Instrumental Records
    • 18-2 Thermometers: Surface Temperatures
    • 18-3 Subsurface Ocean Temperatures
    • 18-4 Mountain Glaciers
    • 18-5 Ground Temperature
    • Satellite Observations
    • 18-6 Disagreement Between Satellite and Ground Stations Resolved
    • 18-7 Circumarctic Warming
    • 18-8 Ice Sheets
    • Sources of the Recent Rise in Sea Level
    • Internal Oscillations
  • Chapter 19 Causes of Warming over the Last 125 Years
    • Natural Causes of Recent Warming
    • 19-1 Tectonic, Orbital, and Millennial Factors
    • 19-2 Century- and Decadal-Scale Factors: Solar Forcing
    • 19-3 Annual-Scale Forcing: El Niños and Volcanic Eruptions
    • Anthropogenic Causes of the Recent Warming
    • 19-4 Carbon Dioxide CO2
    • 19-5 Methane CH4
    • 19-6 Increases in Chlorofluorocarbons
    • 19-7 Sulfate Aerosols
    • 19-8 Brown Clouds, Black Carbon, and Global Dimming/Brightening
    • 19-9 Land Clearance
    • Earth’s Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases
    • 19-10 Sensitivity in Climate Models
    • CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS: Radiative Forcing of Recent Warming
    • 19-11 Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases: Earth’s Climate History
    • Why Has the Warming Since 1850 Been So Small?
    • 19-12 Delayed Warming: Ocean Thermal Inertia
    • 19-13 Cooling from Anthropogenic Aerosols
    • Global Warming: Summary
  • Chapter 20 Future Climatic Change
    • Future Human Impacts on Greenhouse Gases
    • 20-1 Factors Affecting Future Carbon Emissions
    • 20-2 Projected Carbon Emissions and CO2 Concentrations
    • Effects of Future CO2 Increases on Climate and the Environment
    • 20-3 A World in Climatic Disequilibrium
    • 20-4 Fast Climatic Responses in a 3 X CO2 World
    • 20-5 Slow Climatic Responses in a 3 X CO2 World
    • 20-6 How Will the Greenhouse World Change Human Life?
    • Greenhouse Surprises?
    • 20-7 Methane Clathrate Releases?
    • 20-8 Chilling of the North Atlantic and Europe?
    • 20-9 A Different Kind of Anthropogenic Climate Surprise: Nuclear Cooling?
    • Climate Modification?
    • 20-10 Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions to the Atmosphere
    • 20-11 Reducing the Effects of the Sun’s Heating
    • Epilogue
• Appendix 1 Isotopes of Oxygen
• Appendix 2 Isotopes of Carbon
• Glossary
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • O
  • P
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y

  UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

  Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!
  
  Rafbók til eignar
  Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
  
  Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
  Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
  
  Auðvelt að fletta og leita
  Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
  
  Glósur og yfirstrikanir
  Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
  
  Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
  Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
  
  
  
  Fleiri góðir kostir
  - Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
  - Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
  - Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
  - Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu