Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Editors
• Contributors
• Part I: Fundamentals
  • 1. Atoms, bonding, energy and equilibrium
    • 1.1 Atomic structure
    • 1.2 Bonding of atoms
      • 1.2.1 Ionic bonding
      • 1.2.2 Covalent bonding
      • 1.2.3 Metallic bonds
      • 1.2.4 Van der Waals bonds and the hydrogen bond
    • 1.3 Energy and entropy
      • 1.3.1 Stable and metastable equilibrium
      • 1.3.2 Mixing
      • 1.3.3 Entropy
      • 1.3.4 Free energy
    • 1.4 Equilibrium and equilibrium diagrams
      • 1.4.1 Single component diagrams
      • 1.4.2 Two-component diagrams
      • 1.4.3 Eutectic systems
      • 1.4.4 Intermediate compounds
    • References
  • 2. Mechanical properties of solids
    • 2.1 Stress, strain and stress–strain curves
    • 2.2 Elastic behaviour and the elastic constants
      • 2.2.1 The elastic moduli
      • 2.2.2 Poisson’s ratio
      • 2.2.3 Relationships between the elastic constants
      • 2.2.4 Work done in deformation
    • 2.3 Plastic deformation
    • 2.4 Failure in tension
    • 2.5 True stress and strain
    • 2.6 Behaviour in compression
      • 2.6.1 Plastic deformation of ductile materials
      • 2.6.2 Failure of brittle materials
    • 2.7 Behaviour under constant load: Creep
    • 2.8 Behaviour under cyclic loading: Fatigue
      • 2.8.1 Fatigue life and S/N curves
      • 2.8.2 Cumulative fatigue damage: Miner’s rule
    • 2.9 Impact loading
    • 2.10 Variability, characteristic strength and the Weibull distribution
      • 2.10.1 Descriptions of variability
      • 2.10.2 Characteristic strength
      • 2.10.3 The Weibull distribution
    • References
  • 3. Structure of solids
    • 3.1 Crystal structure
    • 3.2 Imperfection and impurities
    • 3.3 Crystal growth and grain structure
    • 3.4 Ceramics
    • 3.5 Polymers
    • References
  • 4. Fracture and toughness
    • 4.1 Theoretical strength
    • 4.2 Fracture mechanics
    • References
  • 5. Liquids, viscoelasticity and gels
    • 5.1 Liquids
    • 5.2 Viscoelastic behaviour
    • 5.3 Gels and thixotropy
  • 6. Surfaces
    • 6.1 Surface energy
    • 6.2 Wetting
    • 6.3 Adhesives
    • 6.4 Adsorption
    • 6.5 Water of crystallisation
  • 7. Electrical and thermal properties
    • 7.1 Electrical conductivity
    • 7.2 Thermal conductivity
    • 7.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion
  • Example questions for Part I Fundamentals
  • Further reading for Part I Fundamentals
• Part II: Metals and alloys
  • 8. Deformation and strengthening of metals
    • 8.1 Elasticity and plasticity
    • 8.2 Dislocation movement
    • 8.3 Dislocation energy
    • 8.4 Strengthening of metals
      • 8.4.1 Grain size
      • 8.4.2 Strain hardening
      • 8.4.3 Annealing
      • 8.4.4 Alloying
      • 8.4.5 Quenching and tempering
    • 8.5 Strengthening, ductility and toughness
    • References
  • 9. Forming of metals
    • 9.1 Castings
    • 9.2 Hot working
    • 9.3 Cold working
    • 9.4 Joining
      • 9.4.1 Welding
      • 9.4.2 Brazing, soldering and gluing
      • 9.4.3 Bolting and riveting
    • References
  • 10. Oxidation and corrosion
    • 10.1 Dry oxidation
    • 10.2 Wet corrosion
    • 10.3 The electromotive series
    • 10.4 Localised corrosion
      • 10.4.1 Intergranular attack
      • 10.4.2 Concentration cell corrosion
      • 10.4.3 Stress corrosion cracking
      • 10.4.4 Corrosion fatigue
    • 10.5 Corrosion prevention
      • 10.5.1 Design
      • 10.5.2 Coatings
      • 10.5.3 Cathodic protection
    • 10.6 Corrosion control
    • References
  • 11. Iron and steel
    • 11.1 Extraction of iron
    • 11.2 Iron–carbon equilibrium diagram
    • 11.3 Cast irons
    • 11.4 Steel
      • 11.4.1 Hot-rolled structural steels
      • 11.4.2 Cold-rolled steels
      • 11.4.3 Stainless steel
      • 11.4.4 Steel reinforcement for concrete
      • 11.4.5 Prestressing steel
    • 11.5 Recycling of steel
    • References
  • 12. Aluminium
    • 12.1 Extraction
    • 12.2 Aluminium alloys
    • 12.3 Recycling of aluminium
  • Example questions for Part II Metals and alloys
  • Further reading for Part II Metals and alloys
• Part III: Concrete
  • 13. Portland cements
    • 13.1 Manufacture
    • 13.2 Physical properties
    • 13.3 Chemical composition
    • 13.4 Hydration
    • 13.5 Structure and strength of hcp
    • 13.6 Water in hcp and drying shrinkage
    • 13.7 Modifications of Portland cement
      • 13.7.1 Setting, strength gain and heat output
      • 13.7.2 Sulphate resistance
      • 13.7.3 White cement
    • 13.8 Cement standards and nomenclature
    • References
  • 14. Admixtures
    • 14.1 Action and classification of admixtures
    • 14.2 Plasticisers
    • 14.3 Superplasticisers
    • 14.4 Accelerators
    • 14.5 Retarders
    • 14.6 Air-entraining agents
    • 14.7 Other types of admixtures
    • References
  • 15. Additions
    • 15.1 Pozzolanic behaviour
    • 15.2 Common additions
    • 15.3 Chemical composition and physical properties
    • 15.4 Supply and specification
  • 16. Other types of cement
    • 16.1 Calcium aluminate cement
      • 16.1.1 Manufacture and composition
      • 16.1.2 Hydration and conversion
      • 16.1.3 Uses
    • 16.2 Alkali-activated cements
    • 16.3 Geopolymer cements
    • 16.4 Magnesium oxide-based cements
    • 16.5 Waste-derived cements
    • References
  • 17. Aggregates for concrete
    • 17.1 Types of primary aggregates
      • 17.1.1 Normal-density aggregates
      • 17.1.2 Lightweight aggregate
      • 17.1.3 Heavyweight aggregates
    • 17.2 Aggregate classification: Shape and size
    • 17.3 Other properties of aggregates
      • 17.3.1 Porosity and absorption
      • 17.3.2 Elastic properties and strength
      • 17.3.3 Surface characteristics
    • 17.4 Secondary aggregates
    • References
  • 18. Properties of fresh concrete
    • 18.1 General behaviour
    • 18.2 Measurement of consistence
      • 18.2.1 Fundamental properties
      • 18.2.2 Single-point tests
    • 18.3 Factors affecting consistence
    • 18.4 Loss of consistence
    • References
  • 19. Early-age properties of concrete
    • 19.1 Behaviour after placing
      • 19.1.1 Segregation and bleeding
      • 19.1.2 Plastic settlement
      • 19.1.3 Plastic shrinkage
      • 19.1.4 Methods of reducing segregation and bleed and their effects
    • 19.2 Curing
    • 19.3 Strength gain and temperature effects
      • 19.3.1 Effect of temperature
      • 19.3.2 Maturity
      • 19.3.3 Heat of hydration effects
    • References
  • 20. Deformation of concrete
    • 20.1 Drying shrinkage
      • 20.1.1 Drying shrinkage of hcp
      • 20.1.2 Mechanisms of shrinkage and swelling
        • 20.1.2.1 Capillary tension
        • 20.1.2.2 Surface tension or surface energy
        • 20.1.2.3 Disjoining pressure
        • 20.1.2.4 Movement of interlayer water
      • 20.1.3 Drying shrinkage of concrete
        • 20.1.3.1 Effect of mix constituents and proportions
      • 20.1.3.2 Effect of specimen geometry
      • 20.1.4 Prediction of shrinkage
    • 20.2 Autogenous shrinkage
    • 20.3 Carbonation shrinkage
    • 20.4 Thermal expansion
      • 20.4.1 Thermal expansion of hcp
      • 20.4.2 Thermal expansion of concrete
    • 20.5 Stress–strain behaviour
      • 20.5.1 Elasticity of the hcp
      • 20.5.2 Models for concrete behaviour
        • 20.5.2.1 Model A: Phases in parallel
        • 20.5.2.2 Model B: Phases in series
        • 20.5.2.3 Model C: Combined
      • 20.5.3 Measured stress–strain behaviour of concrete
      • 20.5.4 Elastic modulus of concrete
      • 20.5.5 Poisson’s ratio
    • 20.6 Creep
      • 20.6.1 Factors influencing creep
      • 20.6.2 Mechanisms of creep
        • 20.6.2.1 Moisture diffusion
        • 20.6.2.2 Structural adjustment
        • 20.6.2.3 Microcracking
        • 20.6.2.4 Delayed elastic strain
      • 20.6.3 Prediction of creep
    • References
  • 21. Strength and failure of concrete
    • 21.1 Strength tests
      • 21.1.1 Compressive strength
      • 21.1.2 Tensile strength
        • 21.1.2.1 Splitting test
        • 21.1.2.2 Flexural test
      • 21.1.3 Relationship between strength measurements
    • 21.2 Factors influencing strength of Portland cement concrete
      • 21.2.1 Transition/interface zone
      • 21.2.2 Water/cement ratio
      • 21.2.3 Age
      • 21.2.4 Temperature
      • 21.2.5 Humidity
      • 21.2.6 Aggregate properties, size and volume concentration
    • 21.3 Strength of concrete containing additions
    • 21.4 Cracking and fracture in concrete
      • 21.4.1 Development of microcracking
      • 21.4.2 Creep rupture
      • 21.4.3 The fracture mechanics approach
    • 21.5 Strength under multiaxial loading
    • References
  • 22. Concrete mix design
    • 22.1 The mix design process
      • 22.1.1 Specified concrete properties
      • 22.1.2 Constituent material properties
      • 22.1.3 Initial estimate of mix proportions
      • 22.1.4 Laboratory trial mixes
      • 22.1.5 Full-scale trial mixes
    • 22.2 U.K. method of ‘Design of normal concrete mixes’ (BRE, 1997)
      • 22.2.1 Target mean strength
      • 22.2.2 Free water/cement ratio
      • 22.2.3 Free water content
      • 22.2.4 Cement content
      • 22.2.5 Total aggregate content
      • 22.2.6 Fine and coarse aggregate content
    • 22.3 Mix design with additions
    • 22.4 Design of mixes containing admixtures
      • 22.4.1 Mixes with plasticisers
      • 22.4.2 Mixes with superplasticisers
      • 22.4.3 Mixes with air-entraining agents
    • 22.5 Other mix design methods
    • References
  • 23. Non-destructive testing of hardened concrete
    • 23.1 Surface hardness: Rebound (or Schmidt) hammer test
    • 23.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
    • 23.3 Resonant frequency test
    • 23.4 Near-to-surface tests
    • 23.5 Other tests
    • References
  • 24. Durability of concrete
    • 24.1 Transport mechanisms through concrete
    • 24.2 Measurements of flow constants for cement paste and concrete
      • 24.2.1 Permeability
      • 24.2.2 Diffusivity
      • 24.2.3 Sorptivity
    • 24.3 Degradation of concrete
      • 24.3.1 Attack by sulphates
      • 24.3.2 The thaumasite form of sulphate attack
      • 24.3.3 Sea water attack
      • 24.3.4 Acid attack
      • 24.3.5 Alkali–aggregate and alkali–silica reaction
      • 24.3.6 Frost attack: Freeze–thaw damage
      • 24.3.7 Fire resistance
    • 24.4 Durability of steel in concrete
      • 24.4.1 General principles of the corrosion of the steel in concrete
      • 24.4.2 Carbonation-induced corrosion
      • 24.4.3 Chloride-induced corrosion
    • References
  • 25. Special concretes
    • 25.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete
    • 25.2 High-density aggregate concrete
    • 25.3 No-fines concrete
    • 25.4 Sprayed concrete
    • 25.5 High-strength concrete
    • 25.6 Flowing concrete
    • 25.7 Self-compacting concrete
    • 25.8 Underwater concrete
    • 25.9 Foamed concrete
    • 25.10 Aerated concrete
    • References
  • 26. Recycling of concrete
    • 26.1 Recycling of fresh concrete
    • 26.2 Recycling of concrete after demolition
    • References
  • Example questions for Part III Concrete
  • Further reading for Part III Concrete
• Part IV: Polymers
  • 27. Polymers: Types, properties and applications
    • 27.1 Polymeric materials
      • 27.1.1 Thermoplastic polymers
      • 27.1.2 Thermosetting polymers
      • 27.1.3 Foamed polymers
    • 27.2 Processing of thermoplastic polymers
      • 27.2.1 Profile production
      • 27.2.2 Film-blown plastic sheet
      • 27.2.3 Blow-moulded hollow plastic articles
      • 27.2.4 Co-extrusion items
      • 27.2.5 Highly orientated grid sheets
    • 27.3 Polymer properties
      • 27.3.1 Mechanical properties
      • 27.3.2 Time-dependent characteristics
    • 27.4 Applications and uses of polymers
      • 27.4.1 Sealants
      • 27.4.2 Adhesives
      • 27.4.3 Elastomers
      • 27.4.4 Geosynthetics
        • 27.4.4.1 Geotextiles
        • 27.4.4.2 Geomembranes
        • 27.4.4.3 Geo-linear elements
        • 27.4.4.4 Geogrids
        • 27.4.4.5 Geocomposites
    • References
    • Bibliography
  • Example questions for Part IV Polymers
  • Further reading for Part IV Polymers
• Part V: Fibre composites
  • 28. Reinforcing fibre materials
    • 28.1 Glass fibres
    • 28.2 Carbon fibres
    • 28.3 Polymer fibres
      • 28.3.1 Aramid fibres
    • 28.4 Natural fibres
    • 28.5 Steel fibres
    • 28.6 Asbestos fibres
    • References
  • 29. Reinforcing fibre architecture
    • 29.1 Volume fraction
    • 29.2 Reinforcement elements
    • 29.3 Reinforcement layouts
      • 29.3.1 Fibre length and the critical length
      • 29.3.2 Fibre orientation
      • 29.3.3 Efficiency factors
      • 29.3.4 Textile reinforcement
    • References
  • 30. Matrices
    • 30.1 Fibre-reinforced polymer matrices
    • 30.2 Fibre-reinforced concrete matrices
    • References
  • 31. Interfaces and bonding
    • 31.1 Interfaces and bonding in frp
      • 31.1.1 Coupling agents and surface treatments
      • 31.1.2 Bonding
    • 31.2 Interfaces and bonding in frc
      • 31.2.1 Interfacial morphology and properties
      • 31.2.2 Bonding
    • References
  • 32. Mechanical behaviour and properties of composites
    • 32.1 Fundamental composite properties
      • 32.1.1 Longitudinal stiffness
      • 32.1.2 Transverse stiffness
      • 32.1.3 Intermediate behaviour, efficiency factors and composite strength
    • 32.2 Complex composite behaviour
    • 32.3 Laminate composite behaviour (frp)
    • 32.4 Brittle matrix composite theory (frc)
      • 32.4.1 Composite materials approach
      • 32.4.2 Critical fibre volume fraction
      • 32.4.3 Primary frc: ACK theory and multiple cracking
      • 32.4.4 Post-cracking behaviour
      • 32.4.5 Failure, post-peak behaviour and secondary frc
      • 32.4.6 Intermediate behaviour
      • 32.4.7 High modulus/high Vf behaviour
      • 32.4.8 Fracture mechanics approach
      • 32.4.9 Crack suppression
      • 32.4.10 Crack stabilisation
      • 32.4.11 Fibre/matrix debonding
    • 32.5 Typical mechanical properties
    • References
  • 33. Manufacture of fibre composites
    • 33.1 Manufacture of frp for construction
      • 33.1.1 Manual processes for frp
      • 33.1.2 Semi-automated processes for frp
      • 33.1.3 Automated processes for frp
    • 33.2 Manufacture of frc
      • 33.2.1 Cast premix
      • 33.2.2 Sprayed premix
      • 33.2.3 Dual-spray systems
      • 33.2.4 Hand lay-up
      • 33.2.5 Automated systems
    • References
  • 34. Applications of fibre composites in construction
    • 34.1 Applications for frp in construction
      • 34.1.1 Structural systems
      • 34.1.2 Rehabilitation systems
      • 34.1.3 Concrete column confinement
      • 34.1.4 Internal concrete reinforcement
      • 34.1.5 Hybrid systems
      • 34.1.6 Bridge enclosures
    • 34.2 Applications for frc in construction
      • 34.2.1 Architectural cladding: Glass-frc
      • 34.2.2 Tunnel linings: Steel-frc and polymer-frc
      • 34.2.3 Industrial flooring: Steel-frc and polymer-frc
      • 34.2.4 Sheet materials for building: Natural-frc
      • 34.2.5 Permanent formwork: Glass-frc
    • References
  • 35. Durability
    • 35.1 Durability of frp
      • 35.1.1 Moisture and solutions
      • 35.1.2 Temperature effects
      • 35.1.3 Ultraviolet radiation
      • 35.1.4 Fatigue
      • 35.1.5 Creep
      • 35.1.6 Bond durability in strengthening systems
      • 35.1.7 Durability of frp rebars
      • 35.1.8 Material degradation models for frp
    • 35.2 Durability of frc
      • 35.2.1 Multifilament/microfibre frc
      • 35.2.2 Monofilament/macrofibre frc
      • 35.2.3 Property loss mechanisms
      • 35.2.4 Fibre weakening
      • 35.2.5 Continued matrix hydration
      • 35.2.6 Designing durable frc
      • 35.2.7 Modelling and service life prediction
    • References
  • 36. Recycling
    • 36.1 Recycling of frp
    • 36.2 Recycling of frc
    • References
  • Example questions for Part V Composites
  • Further reading for Part V Composites
• Part VI: Glass
  • 37. Manufacture and processing
    • 37.1 Manufacturing of flat glass
      • 37.1.1 Glassmaking materials
      • 37.1.2 Composition
      • 37.1.3 Constituents and microstructure of glass
      • 37.1.4 Historical processes
      • 37.1.5 Rolled glass (including wired and polished wired)
      • 37.1.6 Float glass
      • 37.1.7 Fusion-draw process
    • 37.2 Coatings
      • 37.2.1 Low emissivity
      • 37.2.2 Solar control
      • 37.2.3 Selective, high performance
      • 37.2.4 Self-cleaning
    • 37.3 Strengthening processes
      • 37.3.1 Toughening (tempering) and the heat soak test
      • 37.3.2 Heat strengthening
      • 37.3.3 Chemical strengthening
    • 37.4 Forming processes
      • 37.4.1 Bending
      • 37.4.2 Bending and tempering
      • 37.4.3 Channel glass
    • 37.5 Decoration processes
      • 37.5.1 Sand blasting
      • 37.5.2 Acid etching
      • 37.5.3 Fritting
      • 37.5.4 Stained glass
      • 37.5.5 Printing
    • 37.6 Laminating
    • 37.7 Insulating unit manufacture
    • 37.8 Fire-resisting glasses
    • References
  • 38. Properties and performance
    • 38.1 Physical properties
    • 38.2 Mechanical properties
      • 38.2.1 Patterns of breakage
      • 38.2.2 Strength of glass
      • 38.2.3 Static fatigue
      • 38.2.4 Post-breakage characteristics of laminated glass combinations
        • 38.2.4.1 Annealed/annealed
        • 38.2.4.2 Heat strengthened/heat strengthened
        • 38.2.4.3 Toughened/toughened
        • 38.2.4.4 Toughened/heat strengthened
    • References
  • 39. Design and applications
    • 39.1 Design of glazing and selection of glass type
    • 39.2 Deflection limits for glazing
      • 39.2.1 Deflection criteria
      • 39.2.2 Guidance from standards
    • 39.3 Design stresses and load factors
      • 39.3.1 Strength of laminated glass
    • 39.4 Windows
      • 39.4.1 Design of insulating units
    • 39.5 Glass walls and structural glass assemblies
    • 39.6 Skylights
    • 39.7 Floors and stairs
    • 39.8 Glazing for security
    • References
  • 40. Service and end of life
    • 40.1 Durability
      • 40.1.1 Cleaning
      • 40.1.2 Protection on site
      • 40.1.3 Failure of double-glazed units
      • 40.1.4 Delamination of laminated glass
    • 40.2 What to do if glass breaks
    • 40.3 Disposal and recycling
    • References
  • Example questions for Part VI Glass
  • Further reading for Part VI Glass
• Part VII: Timber
  • 41. Structure of timber and the presence of moisture
    • 41.1 Structure at the macroscopic level
    • 41.2 Structure at the microscopic level
    • 41.3 Molecular structure and ultrastructure
      • 41.3.1 Chemical constituents
        • 41.3.1.1 Cellulose
        • 41.3.1.2 Hemicelluloses and lignin
        • 41.3.1.3 Extractives
        • 41.3.1.4 Minerals
        • 41.3.1.5 Acidity
      • 41.3.2 The cell wall as a fibre composite
      • 41.3.3 Cell wall layers
    • 41.4 Variability in structure
    • 41.5 Appearance of timber in relation to its structure
      • 41.5.1 Texture
      • 41.5.2 Figure
        • 41.5.2.1 Grain
        • 41.5.2.2 Growth rings
        • 41.5.2.3 Rays
        • 41.5.2.4 Knots
      • 41.5.3 Colour
    • 41.6 Mass–volume relationships
      • 41.6.1 Density
      • 41.6.2 Specific gravity
      • 41.6.3 Density of the dry cell wall
      • 41.6.4 Porosity
    • 41.7 Moisture in timber
      • 41.7.1 Equilibrium moisture content
      • 41.7.2 Determination of moisture content
      • 41.7.3 The moisture content of green timber
      • 41.7.4 Removal of moisture from timber
      • 41.7.5 Influence of structure
      • 41.7.6 Fibre saturation point
      • 41.7.7 Sorption
    • 41.8 Flow in timber
      • 41.8.1 Bulk flow and permeability
        • 41.8.1.1 Flow of fluids
        • 41.8.1.2 Flow paths in timber
        • 41.8.1.3 Timber and the laws of flow
      • 41.8.2 Moisture diffusion
      • 41.8.3 Thermal conductivity
    • References
  • 42. Deformation in timber
    • 42.1 Introduction
    • 42.2 Dimensional change due to moisture
      • 42.2.1 Shrinkage
        • 42.2.1.1 Anisotropy in shrinkage
        • 42.2.1.2 Practical significance
      • 42.2.2 Movement
    • 42.3 Thermal movement
    • 42.4 Deformation under load
    • 42.4.1 Elastic deformation
      • 42.4.1.1 Orthotropic elasticity and timber
      • 42.4.1.2 Factors influencing the elastic modulus
    • 42.4.2 Viscoelastic deformation
      • 42.4.2.1 Creep
    • References
  • 43. Strength and failure in timber
    • 43.1 Introduction
    • 43.2 Determination of strength
      • 43.2.1 Test piece size and selection
        • 43.2.1.1 Use of small clear test pieces
        • 43.2.1.2 Use of structural-size test pieces
      • 43.2.2 Standardised test procedures
    • 43.3 Strength values
      • 43.3.1 Derived using small clear test pieces
      • 43.3.2 Derived using structural-size test pieces
    • 43.4 Variability in strength values
    • 43.5 Inter-relationships among the strength properties
      • 43.5.1 Modulus of rupture (bending strength) and modulus of elasticity
      • 43.5.2 Impact bending and total work
      • 43.5.3 Hardness and compression perpendicular to the grain
    • 43.6 Factors affecting strength
      • 43.6.1 Anisotropy and grain angle
      • 43.6.2 Knots
      • 43.6.3 Density
      • 43.6.4 Ring width
      • 43.6.5 Ratio of latewood to earlywood
      • 43.6.6 Cell length
      • 43.6.7 Microfibrillar angle
      • 43.6.8 Chemical composition
      • 43.6.9 Reaction wood
        • 43.6.9.1 Compression wood
        • 43.6.9.2 Tension wood
      • 43.6.10 Moisture content
      • 43.6.11 Temperature
      • 43.6.12 Time
        • 43.6.12.1 Rate of loading
        • 43.6.12.2 Duration of load
    • 43.7 Strength, toughness, failure and fracture morphology
      • 43.7.1 Classical approach
        • 43.7.1.1 Tensile strength parallel to the grain
        • 43.7.1.2 Compression strength parallel to the grain
        • 43.7.1.3 Static bending
        • 43.7.1.4 Toughness
        • 43.7.1.5 Fatigue
      • 43.7.2 Engineering approach to strength and fracture
    • 43.8 Structural design in timber
      • 43.8.1 Visual grading
      • 43.8.2 Machine grading
      • 43.8.3 Strength classes
      • 43.8.4 Structural design
    • References
  • 44. Durability of timber
    • 44.1 Introduction
    • 44.2 Chemical, physical and mechanical agencies affecting durability and causing degradation
      • 44.2.1 Photochemical degradation
      • 44.2.2 Chemical degradation
      • 44.2.3 Thermal degradation
      • 44.2.4 Mechanical degradation
    • 44.3 Natural durability and attack by fungi and insects
      • 44.3.1 Natural durability
      • 44.3.2 Nature of fungal decay
      • 44.3.3 Nature of insect attack
      • 44.3.4 Marine borers
    • 44.4 Performance of timber in fire
      • 44.4.1 Methods of assessing reaction to fire of constructional materials
        • 44.4.1.1 The U.K. position
        • 44.4.1.2 The use of national and CEN standards
    • References
  • 45. Processing and recycling of timber
    • 45.1 Introduction
    • 45.2 Mechanical processing
      • 45.2.1 Solid timber
        • 45.2.1.1 Sawing and planing
        • 45.2.1.2 Steam bending
      • 45.2.2 Wood-based panels (board materials)
        • 45.2.2.1 Plywood
        • 45.2.2.2 Particleboard (chipboard)
        • 45.2.2.3 MDF (dry-process fibreboard)
        • 45.2.2.4 Wet-process fibreboard
        • 45.2.2.5 OSB (oriented strand board)
        • 45.2.2.6 CBPB (cement bonded particleboard)
        • 45.2.2.7 Comparative performance of the wood-based boards
      • 45.2.3 Laminated timber
      • 45.2.4 Engineered structural lumber
      • 45.2.5 Mechanical pulping
      • 45.2.6 Recycling of timber waste
        • 45.2.6.1 Case study 1
        • 45.2.6.2 Case study 2
        • 45.2.6.3 Case study 3
    • 45.3 Chemical processing
      • 45.3.1 Treatability
        • 45.3.1.1 Preservatives and preservation
        • 45.3.1.2 Flame retardants
        • 45.3.1.3 Dimensional stabilisers and durability enhancers
      • 45.3.2 Chemical pulping
      • 45.3.3 Other chemical processes
    • 45.4 Thermal processing
    • 45.5 Finishes
      • 45.5.1 Flame-retardant coatings
    • References
  • Example questions for Part VII Timber
  • Further reading for Part VII Timber
• Part VIII: Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
  • 46. Materials and components for masonry
    • 46.1 Basic terminology
    • 46.2 Materials used for manufacture of units and mortars
      • 46.2.1 Rocks, sand and fillers
        • 46.2.1.1 Rock (or stone)
        • 46.2.1.2 Sand: Nature and composition
        • 46.2.1.3 Mortar and rendering sands
        • 46.2.1.4 Fly ash (pulverised fuel ash)
        • 46.2.1.5 Chalk (CaCO3)
      • 46.2.2 Clays
      • 46.2.3 Lightweight aggregates
      • 46.2.4 Binders
        • 46.2.4.1 Cement
        • 46.2.4.2 Masonry cement
        • 46.2.4.3 Lime and hydraulic lime
        • 46.2.4.4 Calcium silicate
    • 46.3 Other constituents and additives
      • 46.3.1 Organic plasticisers
      • 46.3.2 Latex additives
      • 46.3.3 Pigments
      • 46.3.4 Retarders
      • 46.3.5 Accelerators
    • 46.4 Mortar
      • 46.4.1 Properties of freshly mixed (unset) mortar
      • 46.4.2 Properties of hardened mortar
      • 46.4.3 Thin-bed and lightweight mortars
    • 46.5 Fired clay bricks and blocks
      • 46.5.1 Forming and firing
        • 46.5.1.1 Soft mud process
        • 46.5.1.2 Stiff plastic process
        • 46.5.1.3 Wirecut process
        • 46.5.1.4 Semi-dry pressing
        • 46.5.1.5 Drying and firing in Hoffman kilns
        • 46.5.1.6 Drying and firing in tunnel kilns
        • 46.5.1.7 Clamps
        • 46.5.1.8 Intermittent kilns
      • 46.5.2 Properties
    • 46.6 Calcium silicate units
    • 46.7 Concrete and manufactured stone units
      • 46.7.1 Production processes for concrete units
        • 46.7.1.1 Casting concrete
        • 46.7.1.2 Pressing of concrete
        • 46.7.1.3 Curing
      • 46.7.2 Concrete products
        • 46.7.2.1 Dense aggregate concrete blocks and concrete bricks
        • 46.7.2.2 Manufactured stone masonry units
        • 46.7.2.3 Lightweight aggregate concrete blocks
    • 46.8 Aircrete (AAC)
      • 46.8.1 Manufacturing process
      • 46.8.2 Properties
    • 46.9 Natural stone units
    • 46.10 Ancillary devices
    • References
  • 47. Masonry construction and forms
    • 47.1 Walls and other masonry forms
    • 47.2 Bond patterns
    • 47.3 Use of specials
    • 47.4 Joint style
    • 47.5 Workmanship and accuracy
    • 47.6 Buildability, site efficiency and productivity
    • 47.7 Appearance
    • References
  • 48. Structural behaviour and movement of masonry
    • 48.1 General considerations
    • 48.2 Compressive loading
      • 48.2.1 Axial loads
      • 48.2.2 Stability: Slender structures and eccentricity
      • 48.2.3 Concentrated load
      • 48.2.4 Cavity walls in compression
    • 48.3 Shear loading
    • 48.4 Flexure (bending)
    • 48.5 Tension
    • 48.6 Elastic modulus
    • 48.7 Building (seismic) behaviour
    • 48.8 Movement and creep
    • References
  • 49. Non-structural physical properties of masonry
    • 49.1 Thermal performance
    • 49.2 Resistance to damp and rain penetration
    • 49.3 Moisture vapour permeability
    • 49.4 Sound transmission
    • 49.5 Fire resistance
    • References
  • 50. Deterioration, conservation and strengthening of masonry
    • 50.1 Chemical attack
      • 50.1.1 Water and acid rain
      • 50.1.2 Carbonation
      • 50.1.3 Sulphate attack
      • 50.1.4 Acids
      • 50.1.5 Chlorides
      • 50.1.6 Corrosion of embedded metals
    • 50.2 Erosion
      • 50.2.1 Freeze–thaw attack
      • 50.2.2 Crypto-efflorescence (sub-florescence) damage
      • 50.2.3 Abrasion
    • 50.3 Stress effects
    • 50.4 Staining
      • 50.4.1 Efflorescence
      • 50.4.2 Lime staining
      • 50.4.3 Iron staining
      • 50.4.4 Biological staining
    • 50.5 Conservation of masonry
      • 50.5.1 Principles
      • 50.5.2 Replacement materials: Stone
      • 50.5.3 Replacement materials: Clay bricks, terracotta ware, concrete and calcium silicate units
      • 50.5.4 Replacement materials: Mortars
      • 50.5.5 Selection of replacement materials
      • 50.5.6 Repair methods
      • 50.5.7 Cleaning of masonry
    • 50.6 Strengthening of masonry
      • 50.6.1 Strengthening of structural elements
      • 50.6.2 Upgrading of connections
      • 50.6.3 Improvement of the global building behaviour
    • References
  • Example questions for Part VIII Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
  • Further reading for Part VIII Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
• Part IX: Bituminous materials
  • 51. Components of bituminous materials
    • 51.1 Constituents of bituminous materials
    • 51.2 Bitumen
      • 51.2.1 Sources
        • 51.2.1.1 Natural asphalts
        • 51.2.1.2 Refinery bitumen
      • 51.2.2 Manufacture
      • 51.2.3 Chemistry and molecular structure
      • 51.2.4 Physical and rheological properties
    • 51.3 Types of bitumen
      • 51.3.1 Penetration grade bitumens
      • 51.3.2 Oxidised bitumens
      • 51.3.3 Cutbacks
      • 51.3.4 Emulsions
      • 51.3.5 Polymer-modified bitumens
    • 51.4 Aggregates
      • 51.4.1 Properties
    • References
  • 52. Viscosity, stiffness and deformation of bituminous materials
    • 52.1 Viscosity and rheology of binders
    • 52.2 Empirical measurements of viscosity
    • 52.3 Measurement of viscosity
    • 52.4 Influence of temperature on viscosity
    • 52.5 Resistance of bitumens to deformation
    • 52.6 Determination of permanent deformation
    • 52.7 Factors affecting permanent deformation
      • 52.7.1 Bitumen viscosity
      • 52.7.2 Aggregate
      • 52.7.3 Temperature
    • References
  • 53. Strength and failure of bituminous materials
    • 53.1 The road structure
    • 53.2 Modes of failure in a bituminous structure
    • 53.3 Fatigue characteristics
      • 53.3.1 Stress and strain conditions
      • 53.3.2 The strain criteria
      • 53.3.3 Effect of mixture variables
    • References
  • 54. Durability of bituminous mixtures
    • 54.1 Ageing of bitumen
      • 54.1.1 Oxidation
      • 54.1.2 Loss of volatiles
      • 54.1.3 Ageing index
      • 54.1.4 Bitumen ageing tests
    • 54.2 Permeability
      • 54.2.1 Measurement and voids analysis
      • 54.2.2 Factors affecting permeability
    • 54.3 Adhesion
      • 54.3.1 The nature of the aggregate
      • 54.3.2 The nature of the bitumen
      • 54.3.3 Mechanisms for loss of adhesion
        • 54.3.3.1 Displacement
        • 54.3.3.2 Detachment
        • 54.3.3.3 Film rupture
        • 54.3.3.4 Blistering and pitting
        • 54.3.3.5 Spontaneous emulsification
        • 54.3.3.6 Hydraulic scouring
        • 54.3.3.7 Pore pressure
    • References
  • 55. Design and production of bituminous materials
    • 55.1 Bituminous mixtures
      • 55.1.1 Asphalt concretes
      • 55.1.2 Hot rolled asphalts
      • 55.1.3 Porous asphalt
      • 55.1.4 Stone mastic asphalt
    • 55.2 Recipe and designed mixtures
    • 55.3 Methods of production
    • References
  • 56. Recycling of bituminous materials
    • 56.1 In-plant asphalt recycling
      • 56.1.1 Hot in-plant operations
      • 56.1.2 Cold in-plant processes
    • 56.2 In situ asphalt recycling
      • 56.2.1 Hot in situ asphalt recycling
        • 56.2.1.1 Repave
        • 56.2.1.2 Remix
      • 56.2.2 Cold in situ processes
    • 56.3 Issues related to asphalt recycling
      • 56.3.1 Black rock
      • 56.3.2 Material variability
    • References
  • Example questions for Part IX Bituminous materials
  • Further reading for Part IX Bituminous materials
• Part X: Selection and sustainable use of construction materials
  • 57. Mechanical properties of materials
    • 57.1 Ranges of properties
    • 57.2 Specific stiffness and specific strength
    • References
  • 58. Sustainability and construction materials
    • 58.1 Global considerations
    • 58.2 Sustainability and the construction industry
      • 58.2.1 Use of materials
      • 58.2.2 Life-cycle assessment
      • 58.2.3 The green hierarchy
    • 58.3 Steel
    • 58.4 Aggregates
    • 58.5 Cement and concrete
      • 58.5.1 Cement
      • 58.5.2 Aggregates for concrete
      • 58.5.3 Concrete
    • 58.6 Asphalt and bituminous materials
    • 58.7 Masonry
    • 58.8 Glass
    • 58.9 Polymers and fibre composites
    • 58.10 Timber
    • References
    • Further reading
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
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Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
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Auðvelt að fletta og leita
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Glósur og yfirstrikanir
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Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu