Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Contents
• Preface
• 1. An Introduction to Life on Earth
  • Case Study: The Boundaries of Life
  • 1.1. What is Life?
    • Organisms Acquire and Use Materials and Energy
    • Organisms Actively Maintain Organized Complexity
    • Organisms Sense and Respond to Stimuli
    • Organisms Grow
    • Organisms Reproduce
    • Organisms, Collectively, Have the Capacity to Evolve
    • Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life
  • 1.2. What is Evolution?
    • Three Natural Processes Underlie Evolution
    • Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life
  • 1.3. How do Scientists Study Life?
    • Life May be Studied at Different Levels
    • Biologists Classify Organisms Based on Their Evolutionary Relationships
  • 1.4. What is Science?
    • Science Is Based on General Underlying Principles
    • The Scientific Method Is an Important Tool of Scientific Inquiry
    • Biologists Test Hypotheses Using Controlled Experiments
    • Scientific Theories Have Been Thoroughly Tested
    • Science Is a Human Endeavor
    • How do we know that? Controlled Experiments Provide Reliable Data
    • Case Study Revisited: The Boundaries of Life
• Unit 1: The Life of the Cell
  • 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life
    • Case Study: Unstable Atoms Unleashed
    • 2.1. What Are Atoms?
    • 2.2. How do Atoms Interact to Form Molecules?
    • 2.3. Why is Water so Important to Life?
  • 3. Biological Molecules
    • Case Study: Puzzling Proteins
    • 3.1. Why is Carbon so Important in Biological ­Molecules?
    • 3.2. How are Large Biological Molecules Synthesized?
    • 3.3. What are Carbohydrates?
    • 3.4. What are Proteins?
    • 3.5. What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?
    • 3.6. What are Lipids?
  • 4. Cell Structure and Function
    • Case Study: New Parts for Human Bodies
    • 4.1. What is the Cell Theory?
    • 4.2. What are the Basic Attributes of Cells?
    • 4.3. What are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells?
    • 4.4. What are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
  • 5. Cell Membrane Structure and Function
    • Case Study: Vicious Venoms
    • 5.1. How is the Structure of the Cell Membrane Related to its Function?
    • 5.2. How do Substances Move Across Membranes?
    • 5.3. How do Specialized Junctions Allow Cells to Connect and Communicate?
  • 6. Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
    • Case Study: Energy Unleashed
    • 6.1. What is Energy?
    • 6.2. How is Energy Transformed During Chemical Reactions?
    • 6.3. How is Energy Transported Within Cells?
    • 6.4. How do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions?
    • 6.5. How are Enzymes Regulated?
  • 7. C apturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis
    • Case Study: Did the Dinosaurs Die from Lack of Sunlight?
    • 7.1. What is Photosynthesis?
    • 7.2. The Light Reactions: How is Light Energy Converted to Chemical Energy?
    • 7.3. The Calvin Cycle: How is Chemical Energy Stored in Sugar Molecules?
  • 8. Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
    • Case Study: Raising a King
    • 8.1. How do Cells Obtain Energy?
    • 8.2. How does Glycolysis Begin Breaking Down Glucose?
    • 8.3. How does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy from Glucose?
    • 8.4. How does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen is Lacking?
• Unit 2: Inheritance
  • 9. Cellular Reproduction
    • Case Study: Body, Heal Thyself
    • 9.1. What are the Functions of Cell Division?
    • 9.2. What Occurs During the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle?
    • 9.3. How is the DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes Organized?
    • 9.4. What Occurs During the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?
    • 9.5. How does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells?
    • 9.6. How is the Cell Cycle Controlled?
  • 10. Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction
    • Case Study: The Rainbow Connection
    • 10.1. How does Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability?
    • 10.2. How does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Variable, Haploid Cells?
    • 10.3. How do Meiosis and Union of Gametes Produce Genetically Variable Offspring?
    • 10.4. When do Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division Occur in the Life Cycles of Eukaryotes?
    • 10.5. How do Errors in Meiosis Cause Human Genetic Disorders?
  • 11. Patterns of Inheritance
    • Case Study: Sudden Death on the Court
    • 11.1. What is the Physical Basis of Inheritance?
    • 11.2. How were the Principles of Inheritance Discovered?
    • 11.3. How are Single Traits Inherited?
    • 11.4. How are Multiple Traits Inherited?
    • 11.5. Do the Mendelian Rules of Inheritance Apply to all Traits?
    • 11.6. How are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited?
    • 11.7. How are Sex and Sex-Linked Traits Inherited?
    • 11.8. How are Human Genetic Disorders Inherited?
  • 12. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
    • Case Study: Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin
    • 12.1. How did Scientists Discover that Genes are Made of DNA?
    • 12.2. What is the Structure of DNA?
    • 12.3. How does DNA Encode Genetic Information?
    • 12.4. How does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division?
    • 12.5. What are Mutations, and how do they Occur?
  • 13. Gene Expression and Regulation
    • Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis
    • 13.1. How is the Information in DNA Used in a Cell?
    • 13.2. How is the Information in a Gene Transcribed into RNA?
    • 13.3. How is the Base Sequence of mRNA Translated into Protein?
    • 13.4. How do Mutations Affect Protein Structure and Function?
    • 13.5. How is Gene Expression Regulated?
  • 14. Biotechnology
    • Case Study: Guilty or Innocent?
    • 14.1. What is Biotechnology?
    • 14.2. What Natural Processes Recombine DNA between Organisms and between Species?
    • 14.3. How is Biotechnology Used in Forensic Science?
    • 14.4. How is Biotechnology Used to Make Genetically Modified Organisms?
    • 14.5. How are Transgenic Organisms Used?
    • 14.6. How is Biotechnology Used to Learn About the Genomes of Humans and Other Organisms?
    • 14.7. How is Biotechnology Used for Medical Diagnosis and Treatment?
    • 14.8. What are the Major Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology?
• Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity of Life
  • 15. Principles of Evolution
    • Case Study: What Good Are Wisdom Teeth and Ostrich Wings?
    • 15.1. How did Evolutionary Thought Develop?
    • 15.2. How does Natural Selection Work?
    • 15.3. How do we Know that Evolution has Occurred?
    • 15.4. What is the Evidence that Populations Evolve by­ Natura
  • 16. How Populations Evolve
    • Case Study: Evolution of a Menace
    • 16.1. How are Populations, Genes, and Evolution Related?
    • 16.2. What Causes Evolution?
    • 16.3. How does Natural Selection Work?
  • 17. The Origin of Species
    • Case Study: Discovering Diversity
    • 17.1. What is a Species?
    • 17.2. How is Reproductive Isolation between Species ­Maintained?
    • 17.3. How do New Species Form?
    • 17.4. What Causes Extinction?
  • 18. The History of Life
    • Case Study: Ancient DNA Has Stories to Tell
    • 18.1. How Did Life Begin?
    • 18.2. What were the Earliest Organisms Like?
    • 18.3. What were the Earliest Multicellular Organisms Like?
    • 18.4. How did Life Invade the Land?
    • 18.5. What Role has Extinction Played in the History of Life?
    • 18.6. How did Humans Evolve?
  • 19. Systematics: Seeking Order Amid Diversity
    • Case Study: Origin of a Killer
    • 19.1. How are Organisms Named and Classified?
    • 19.2. What are the Domains of Life?
    • 19.3. Why do Classifications Change?
    • 19.4. How Many Species Exist?
  • 20. The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses
    • Case Study: Unwelcome Dinner Guests
    • 20.1. Which Organisms are Members of the Domains ­Archaea and Bacteria?
    • 20.2. How do Prokaryotes Survive and Reproduce?
    • 20.3. How do Prokaryotes Affect Humans and Other ­Organisms?
    • 20.4. What Are Viruses, Viroids, and Prions?
  • 21. The Diversity of Protists
    • Case Study: Green Monster
    • 21.1. What are Protists?
    • 21.2. What are the Major Groups of Protists?
  • 22. The Diversity of Plants
    • Case Study: Queen of the Parasites
    • 22.1. What are the Key Features of Plants?
    • 22.2. How have Plants Evolved?
    • 22.3. What are the Major Groups of Plants?
    • 22.4. How do Plants Affect Other Organisms?
  • 23. The Diversity of Fungi
    • Case Study: Humongous Fungus
    • 23.1. What are the Key Features of Fungi?
    • 23.2. What are the Major Groups of Fungi?
    • 23.3. How do Fungi Interact with Other Species?
    • 23.4. How do Fungi Affect Humans?
  • 24. Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates
    • Case Study: Physicians’ Assistants
    • 24.1. What are the Key Features of Animals?
    • 24.2. Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree?
    • 24.3. What are the Major Animal Phyla?
  • 25. Animal Diversity II: Vertebrates
    • Case Study: Fish Story
    • 25.1. What are the Key Features of Chordates?
    • 25.2. Which Animals are Chordates?
    • 25.3. What are the Major Groups of Vertebrates?
• Unit 4: Behavior and Ecology
  • 26. Animal Behavior
    • Case Study: Sex and Symmetry
    • 26.1. How does Behavior Arise?
    • 26.2. How do Animals Compete for Resources?
    • 26.3. How do Animals Behave when they Mate?
    • 26.4. How do Animals Communicate?
    • 26.5. What do Animals Communicate About?
    • 26.6. Why do Animals Play?
    • 26.7. What Kinds of Societies do Animals Form?
    • 26.8. Can Biology Explain Human Behavior?
  • 27. Population Growth and Regulation
    • Case Study: The Return of the Elephant Seals
    • 27.1. What is a Population and how does Population Size Change?
    • 27.2. How is Population Growth Regulated?
    • 27.3. How do Life History Strategies Differ Among Species?
    • 27.4. How are Organisms Distributed in Populations?
    • 27.5. How is the Human Population Changing?
  • 28. Community Interactions
    • Case Study: The Fox’s Tale
    • 28.1. Why are Community Interactions Important?
    • 28.2. How does the Ecological Niche Influence ­Competition?
    • 28.3. How do Consumer–Prey Interactions Shape ­Evolutionary Adaptations?
    • 28.4. How do Mutualisms Benefit Different Species?
    • 28.5. How do Keystone Species Influence Community ­Structure?
    • 28.6. How do Species Interactions Change Community ­Structure Over Time?
  • 29. Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
    • Case Study: Dying Fish Feed an Ecosystem
    • 29.1. How do Nutrients and Energy Move Through ­Ecosystems?
    • 29.2. How does Energy Flow Through Ecosystems?
    • 29.3. How do Nutrients Cycle within and Among ­Ecosystems?
    • 29.4. What Happens when Humans Disrupt Nutrient ­Cycles?
  • 30. Earth’s Diverse Ecosystems
    • Case Study: Food of the Gods
    • 30.1. What Determines the Distribution of Life on Earth?
    • 30.2. What Factors Influence Earth’s Climate?
    • 30.3. What are the Principal Terrestrial Biomes?
    • 30.4. What are the Principal Aquatic Biomes?
  • 31. Conserving Earth’s Biodiversity
    • Case Study: The Wolves of Yellowstone
    • 31.1. What is Conservation Biology?
    • 31.2. Why is Biodiversity Important?
    • 31.3. Is Earth’s Biodiversity Diminishing?
    • 31.4. What are the Major Threats to Biodiversity?
    • 31.5. Why is Habitat Protection Necessary to Preserve ­Biodiversity?
    • 31.6. Why is Sustainability Essential for a Healthy ­Future?
• Unit 5: Animal Anatomy and Physiology
  • 32. Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body
    • Case Study: Overheated
    • 32.1. Homeostasis: Why and how do Animals Regulate their Internal Environment?
    • 32.2. How is the Animal Body Organized?
  • 33. Circulation
    • Case Study: Living from Heart to Heart
    • 33.1. What are the Major Features and Functions of ­Circulatory Systems?
    • 33.2. How does the Vertebrate Heart Work?
    • 33.3. What is Blood?
    • 33.4. What are the Types and Functions of Blood ­Vessels?
    • 33.5. How does the ­Lymphatic System Work with the ­Circulatory ­System?
  • 34. Respiration
    • Case Study: Straining to Breathe—with High Stakes
    • 34.1. Why Exchange Gases and what are the Requirements for Gas Exchange?
    • 34.2. How do Respiratory Adaptations Minimize Diffusion Distances?
    • 34.3. How is Air Conducted Through the Human Respiratory System?
    • 34.4. How does Gas Exchange Occur in the Human ­Respiratory System?
  • 35. Nutrition and Digestion
    • Case Study: Dying to Be Thin
    • 35.1. What Nutrients do Animals Need?
    • 35.2. How does Digestion Occur?
    • 35.3. How do Humans Digest Food?
  • 36. The Urinary System
    • Case Study: Paying it Forward
    • 36.1. What are the Major Functions of Urinary ­Systems?
    • 36.2. What are Some Examples of Invertebrate Urinary ­Systems?
    • 36.3. What are the Structures of the Mammalian Urinary ­System?
    • 36.4. How is Urine Formed?
    • 36.5. How do Vertebrate Urinary Systems Help Maintain Homeostasis?
  • 37. Defenses Against Disease
    • Case Study: Flesh-Eating Bacteria
    • 37.1. How does the Body Defend itself Against ­Disease?
    • 37.2. How do Nonspecific Defenses Function?
    • 37.3. What are the Key Components of the Adaptive Immune System?
    • 37.4. How does the Adaptive Immune System Recognize Invaders?
    • 37.5. How does the Adaptive Immune System Attack ­Invaders?
    • 37.6. How does the Adaptive Immune System Remember its Past Victories?
    • 37.7. How does Medical Care Assist the Immune ­Response?
    • 37.8. What Happens when the Immune System ­Malfunctions?
    • 37.9. How does the Immune System Combat Cancer?
  • 38. Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System
    • Case Study: Insulin Resistance
    • 38.1. How do Animal Cells Communicate?
    • 38.2. How do Endocrine Hormones Produce their ­Effects?
    • 38.3. What are the Structures and Functions of the ­Mammalian Endocrine System?
  • 39. The Nervous System
    • Case Study: How Do I Love Thee?
    • 39.1. What are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells?
    • 39.2. How do Neurons Produce and Transmit ­Information?
    • 39.3. How does the Nervous System Process Information and Control Behavior?
    • 39.4. How are Nervous Systems Organized?
    • 39.5. What are the Structures and Functions of the Human Nervous System?
  • 40. The Senses
    • Case Study: Bionic Ears
    • 40.1. How do Animals Sense their Environment?
    • 40.2. How is Temperature Sensed?
    • 40.3. How are Mechanical Stimuli Detected?
    • 40.4. How is Sound Detected?
    • 40.5. How are Gravity and Movement Detected?
    • 40.6. How is Light Perceived?
    • 40.7. How are Chemicals Sensed?
    • 40.8. How is Pain Perceived?
  • 41. Action and Support: The Muscles and Skeleton
    • Case Study: Legs of Gold
    • 41.1. How do Muscles Contract?
    • 41.2. How do Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Differ from ­Skeletal Muscle?
    • 41.3. How do Muscles and Skeletons Work Together to ­Provide Movement?
  • 42. Animal Reproduction
    • Case Study: To Breed a Rhino
    • 42.1. How do Animals Reproduce?
    • 42.2. What are the Structures and Functions of Human ­Reproductive Systems?
    • 42.3. How can People Prevent Pregnancy?
  • 43. Animal Development
    • Case Study: Rerunning the Program of Development
    • 43.1. What are the Principles of Animal ­Development?
    • 43.2. How do Direct and Indirect Development ­Differ?
    • 43.3. How does Animal Development Proceed?
    • 43.4. How is Development Controlled?
    • 43.5. How do Humans Develop?
    • 43.6. Is Aging the Final Stage of Human ­Development?
• Unit 6: Plant Anatomy and Physiology
  • 44. Plant Anatomy and Nutrient ­Transport
    • Case Study: Autumn in Vermont
    • 44.1. How are Plant Bodies Organized?
    • 44.2. How do Plants Grow?
    • 44.3. What are the Differentiated Tissues and Cell Types of Plants?
    • 44.4. What are the Structures and Functions of Leaves?
    • 44.5. What are the Structures and Functions of Stems?
    • 44.6. What are the Structures and Functions of Roots?
    • 44.7. How do Plants Acquire Nutrients?
    • 44.8. How do Plants Move Water and Minerals from Roots to Leaves?
    • 44.9. How do Plants Transport Sugars?
  • 45. Plant Reproduction and ­Development
    • Case Study: Some Like It Hot—and Stinky!
    • 45.1. How do Plants Reproduce?
    • 45.2 What are the Functions and Structures of Flowers?
    • 45.3. How do Fruits and Seeds Develop?
    • 45.4. How do Seeds Germinate and Grow?
    • 45.5. How do Plants and their Pollinators Interact?
    • 45.6. How do Fruits Help to Disperse Seeds?
  • 46. Plant Responses to the ­Environment
    • Case Study: Predatory Plants
    • 46.1. What are Some Major Plant Hormones?
    • 46.2. How do Hormones Regulate Plant Life Cycles?
    • 46.3. How do Plants Communicate, Defend Themselves, and Capture Prey?
• Appendix I: Biological Vocabulary: Common Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
• Appendix II: Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix III: Metric System Conversions
• Appendix IV: Classification of Major Groups of Eukaryotic Organisms
• Glossary
• Answers to Think Critically, Evaluate This, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
• Credits
• Index

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