Atmosphere, Weather and Climate
Námskeið
- LAN219G Inngangur að veður- og veðurfarsfræði
.
Ensk lýsing:
This book presents a comprehensive introduction to weather processes and climatic conditions around the world, their observed variability and changes, and projected future trends. Extensively revised and updated, this ninth edition retains its tried and tested structure while incorporating recent advances in the field. From clear explanations of the basic physical and chemical principles of the atmosphere, to descriptions of regional climates and their changes, the book presents a comprehensive coverage of global meteorology and climatology.
In this new edition the latest scientific ideas are again expressed in a clear, non-mathematical matter. New features include: extended and updated treatment of atmospheric models final chapter on climate variability and change has been completely rewritten to take account of the IPCC 2007 scientific assessment. new four-colour text design featuring over 30 colour plates over 360 diagrams have been redrawn in full colour to improve clarity and aid understanding.
Atmosphere, Weather and Climate continues to be an indispensable source for all those studying the earth’s atmosphere and world climate, whether from environmental and earth sciences, geography, ecology, agriculture, hydrology, or related disciplinary perspectives. Its pedagogic value is enhanced by several features: learning points at the opening of each chapter and discussion topics at their ending, boxes on topical subjects and on twentieth century advances in the field.
Lýsing:
This book presents a comprehensive introduction to weather processes and climatic conditions around the world, their observed variability and changes, and projected future trends. Extensively revised and updated, this ninth edition retains its tried and tested structure while incorporating recent advances in the field. From clear explanations of the basic physical and chemical principles of the atmosphere, to descriptions of regional climates and their changes, the book presents a comprehensive coverage of global meteorology and climatology.
In this new edition the latest scientific ideas are again expressed in a clear, non-mathematical matter. New features include: extended and updated treatment of atmospheric models final chapter on climate variability and change has been completely rewritten to take account of the IPCC 2007 scientific assessment. new four-colour text design featuring over 30 colour plates over 360 diagrams have been redrawn in full colour to improve clarity and aid understanding.
Atmosphere, Weather and Climate continues to be an indispensable source for all those studying the earth’s atmosphere and world climate, whether from environmental and earth sciences, geography, ecology, agriculture, hydrology, or related disciplinary perspectives. Its pedagogic value is enhanced by several features: learning points at the opening of each chapter and discussion topics at their ending, boxes on topical subjects and on twentieth century advances in the field.
Annað
- Höfundar: Roger G. Barry, Richard J Chorley
- Útgáfa:1
- Útgáfudagur: 2009-10-20
- Blaðsíður: 536
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- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9781135267483
- Print ISBN: 9780415465694
- ISBN 10: 1135267480
Efnisyfirlit
- Contents
- Preface to the ninth edition
- Acknowledgments
- LEARNED SOCIETIES
- EDITORS
- PUBLISHERS
- ORGANIZATIONS
- INDIVIDUALS
- CHAPTER ONE Introduction and history of meteorology and climatology
- A THE ATMOSPHERE
- B SOLAR ENERGY
- C GLOBAL CIRCULATION
- D CLIMATOLOGY
- E MID-LATITUDE DISTURBANCES
- F THE POLAR REGIONS
- G TROPICAL WEATHER
- H PALEOCLIMATES
- I THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Journal articles
- CHAPTER TWO Atmospheric composition, mass and structure
- A COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
- 1 Primary gases
- 2 Greenhouse gases
- 3 Reactive gas species
- 4 Aerosols
- 5 Variations with height
- 6 Variations with latitude and season
- 7 Variations with time
- B MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
- 1 Total pressure
- 2 Vapor pressure
- C THE LAYERING OF THE ATMOSPHERE
- 1 Troposphere
- 2 Stratosphere
- 3 Mesosphere
- 4 Thermosphere
- 5 Exosphere and magnetosphere
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Journal articles
- A COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
- CHAPTER THREE Solar radiation and the global energy budget
- A SOLAR RADIATION
- 1 Solar output
- 2 Distance from the sun
- 3 Altitude of the sun
- 4 Length of day
- B SURFACE RECEIPT OF SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS EFFECTS
- 1 Energy transfer within the earth–atmosphere system
- 2 Effect of the atmosphere
- 3 Effect of cloud cover
- 4 Effect of latitude
- 5 Effect of land and sea
- 6 Effect of elevation and aspect
- 7 Variation of free air temperature with height
- C TERRESTRIAL INFRARED RADIATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
- D HEAT BUDGET OF THE EARTH
- E ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY AND HORIZONTAL HEAT TRANSPORT
- 1 The horizontal transport of heat
- 2 Spatial pattern of the heat budget components
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Journal articles
- A SOLAR RADIATION
- CHAPTER FOUR Atmospheric moisture budget
- A THE GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
- B HUMIDITY
- 1 Moisture content
- 2 Moisture transport
- C EVAPORATION
- D CONDENSATION
- E PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT
- 1 Forms of precipitation
- 2 Precipitation characteristics
- Rainfall intensity
- Areal extent of a rainstorm
- Frequency of rainstorms
- 3 The world pattern of precipitation
- 4 Regional variations in the altitudinal maximum of precipitation
- 5 Drought
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Journal articles
- CHAPTER FIVE Atmospheric instability, cloud formation and precipitation processes
- A ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES
- B CONDENSATION LEVEL
- C AIR STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
- D CLOUD FORMATION
- 1 Condensation nuclei
- 2 Cloud types
- 3 Global cloud cover
- E FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
- 1 Bergeron–Findeisen theory
- 2 Coalescence theories
- 3 Solid precipitation
- F PRECIPITATION TYPES
- 1 ’Convective type’ precipitation
- 2 ‘Cyclonic type’ precipitation
- 3 Orographic precipitation
- G THUNDERSTORMS
- 1 Development
- 2 Cloud electrification and lightning
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Articles
- CHAPTER SIX Atmospheric motion: principles
- A LAWS OF HORIZONTAL MOTION
- 1 The pressure-gradient force
- 2 The earth’s rotational deflective (Coriolis) force
- 3 The geostrophic wind
- 4 The centripetal acceleration
- 5 Frictional forces and the planetary boundary layer
- B DIVERGENCE, VERTICAL MOTION AND VORTICITY
- 1 Divergence
- 2 Vertical motion
- 3 Vorticity
- C LOCAL WINDS
- 1 Mountain and valley winds
- 2 Land and sea breezes
- 3 Winds due to topographic barriers
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Articles
- A LAWS OF HORIZONTAL MOTION
- A VARIATION OF PRESSURE AND WIND VELOCITY WITH HEIGHT
- 1 The vertical variation of pressure systems
- 2 Mean upper-air patterns
- 3 Upper wind conditions
- 4 Surface pressure conditions
- B THE GLOBAL WIND BELTS
- 1 The Trade Winds
- 2 The equatorial westerlies
- 3 The mid-latitude (Ferrel) westerlies
- 4 The polar easterlies
- C THE GENERAL CIRCULATION
- 1 Circulations in the vertical and horizontal planes
- 2 Variations in the circulation of the Northern Hemisphere
- Zonal index variations
- North Atlantic Oscillation
- The PDO, NPO and PNA
- 1 Above the thermocline
- Vertical
- Horizontal
- General
- Macroscale
- Mesoscale
- 2 Deep ocean water interactions
- Upwelling
- Deep ocean circulation
- 3 The oceans and atmospheric regulation
- Books
- Articles
- A FUNDAMENTALS OF THE GCM
- B MODEL SIMULATIONS
- 1 GCMs
- 2 Simpler models
- 3 Regional models
- C DATA SOURCES FOR FORECASTING
- D NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION
- 1 Short- and medium-range forecasting
- 2 Nowcasting
- 3 Long-range outlooks
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Websites
- Articles
- A THE AIR-MASS CONCEPT
- B NATURE OF THE SOURCE AREA
- 1 Cold air masses
- 2 Warm air masses
- C AIR-MASS MODIFICATION
- 1 Mechanisms of modification
- Thermodynamic changes
- Dynamic changes
- 2 The results of modification: secondary air masses
- Cold air
- Warm air
- 3 The age of the air mass
- 1 Mechanisms of modification
- D FRONTOGENESIS
- 1 Frontal waves
- 2 The frontal-wave depression
- E FRONTAL CHARACTERISTICS
- 1 The warm front
- 2 The cold front
- 3 The occlusion
- 4 Frontal-wave families
- F ZONES OF WAVE DEVELOPMENT AND FRONTOGENESIS
- G SURFACE–UPPER-AIR RELATIONSHIPS AND THE FORMATION OF FRONTAL CYCLONES
- H NON-FRONTAL DEPRESSIONS
- 1 The lee cyclone
- 2 The thermal low
- 3 Polar lows
- 4 The cold low
- I MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Articles
- A EUROPE
- 1 Pressure and wind conditions
- 2 Oceanicity and continentality
- 3 British airflow patterns and their climatic characteristics
- 4 Singularities and natural seasons
- 5 Synoptic anomalies
- 6 Topographic effects
- B NORTH AMERICA
- 1 Pressure systems
- 2 The temperate west coast and cordillera
- 3 Interior and eastern North America
- Continental and oceanic influences
- Warm and cold spells
- Precipitation and the moisture balance
- 1 The semi-arid southwestern United States
- 2 The southeastern United States
- 3 The Mediterranean
- 4 North Africa
- 5 Australasia
- 1 The southern westerlies
- 2 The sub-Arctic
- 3 The polar regions
- The Arctic
- Antarctica
- A THE INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE
- B TROPICAL DISTURBANCES
- 1 Wave disturbances
- 2 Cyclones
- Hurricanes and typhoons
- Other tropical depressions
- 3 Tropical cloud clusters
- C THE SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON
- 1 Winter
- 2 Spring
- 3 Early summer
- 4 Summer
- 5 Autumn
- D EAST ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOONS
- E CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
- 1 The African monsoon
- 2 Southern Africa
- F AMAZONIA
- G EL NIÑO–SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) EVENTS
- 1 The Pacific Ocean
- 2 Teleconnections
- H OTHER SOURCES OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE TROPICS
- 1 Cool ocean currents
- 2 Topographic effects
- 3 Diurnal variations
- I FORECASTING TROPICAL WEATHER
- 1 Short- and extended-range forecasts
- 2 Long-range forecasts
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Articles
- A SURFACE ENERGY BUDGETS
- B NON-VEGETATED NATURAL SURFACES
- 1 Rock and sand
- 2 Water
- 3 Snow and ice
- C VEGETATED SURFACES
- 1 Short green crops
- 2 Forests
- Modification of energy transfers
- Modification of airflow
- Modification of the humidity environment
- Modification of the thermal environment
- 1 Modification of atmospheric composition
- Aerosols
- Gases
- Pollution distribution and impacts
- 2 Modification of the heat budget
- Atmospheric composition
- Urban surfaces
- Human heat production
- Heat islands
- 3 Modification of surface characteristics
- Airflow
- Moisture
- 4 Tropical urban climates
- A GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- B CLIMATE FORCING, FEEDBACK AND RESPONSE
- 1 Climate forcing
- 2 Climate feedbacks
- 3 Climate response
- 4 The importance of framework
- C THE CLIMATIC RECORD
- 1 The geological record
- 2 The last glacial cycle and post-glacial conditions
- 3 The past 1000 years
- D UNDERSTANDING RECENT CLIMATIC CHANGE
- 1 Circulation changes
- 2 Solar variability
- 3 Volcanic activity
- 4 Anthropogenic factors
- E PROJECTIONS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE THROUGH THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
- 1 Applications of General Circulation Models
- 2 The IPCC simulations
- F PROJECTED CHANGE IN OTHER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- 1 Hydrologic cycle and atmospheric circulation
- 2 Global sea-level
- 3 Snow and ice
- 4 Vegetation
- G POSTSCRIPT
- REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- Books
- Articles
- A GENERIC CLASSIFICATIONS RELATED TO PLANT GROWTH OR VEGETATION
- Temperature criteria
- Aridity criteria
- B ENERGY AND MOISTURE BUDGET CLASSIFICATIONS
- C GENETIC CLASSIFICATIONS
- D CLASSIFICATIONS OF CLIMATIC COMFORT
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- A DAILY WEATHER MAPS AND DATA
- B SATELLITE DATA
- C CLIMATIC DATA
- D SELECTED SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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