Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Preface to the ninth edition
• Acknowledgments
  • LEARNED SOCIETIES
  • EDITORS
  • PUBLISHERS
  • ORGANIZATIONS
  • INDIVIDUALS
• CHAPTER ONE Introduction and history of meteorology and climatology
  • A THE ATMOSPHERE
  • B SOLAR ENERGY
  • C GLOBAL CIRCULATION
  • D CLIMATOLOGY
  • E MID-LATITUDE DISTURBANCES
  • F THE POLAR REGIONS
  • G TROPICAL WEATHER
  • H PALEOCLIMATES
  • I THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Journal articles
• CHAPTER TWO Atmospheric composition, mass and structure
  • A COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
    • 1 Primary gases
    • 2 Greenhouse gases
    • 3 Reactive gas species
    • 4 Aerosols
    • 5 Variations with height
    • 6 Variations with latitude and season
    • 7 Variations with time
  • B MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
    • 1 Total pressure
    • 2 Vapor pressure
  • C THE LAYERING OF THE ATMOSPHERE
    • 1 Troposphere
    • 2 Stratosphere
    • 3 Mesosphere
    • 4 Thermosphere
    • 5 Exosphere and magnetosphere
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Journal articles
• CHAPTER THREE Solar radiation and the global energy budget
  • A SOLAR RADIATION
    • 1 Solar output
    • 2 Distance from the sun
    • 3 Altitude of the sun
    • 4 Length of day
  • B SURFACE RECEIPT OF SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS EFFECTS
    • 1 Energy transfer within the earth–atmosphere system
    • 2 Effect of the atmosphere
    • 3 Effect of cloud cover
    • 4 Effect of latitude
    • 5 Effect of land and sea
    • 6 Effect of elevation and aspect
    • 7 Variation of free air temperature with height
  • C TERRESTRIAL INFRARED RADIATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
  • D HEAT BUDGET OF THE EARTH
  • E ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY AND HORIZONTAL HEAT TRANSPORT
    • 1 The horizontal transport of heat
    • 2 Spatial pattern of the heat budget components
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Journal articles
• CHAPTER FOUR Atmospheric moisture budget
  • A THE GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
  • B HUMIDITY
    • 1 Moisture content
    • 2 Moisture transport
  • C EVAPORATION
  • D CONDENSATION
  • E PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENT
    • 1 Forms of precipitation
    • 2 Precipitation characteristics
      • Rainfall intensity
      • Areal extent of a rainstorm
      • Frequency of rainstorms
    • 3 The world pattern of precipitation
    • 4 Regional variations in the altitudinal maximum of precipitation
    • 5 Drought
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Journal articles
• CHAPTER FIVE Atmospheric instability, cloud formation and precipitation processes
  • A ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES
  • B CONDENSATION LEVEL
  • C AIR STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
  • D CLOUD FORMATION
    • 1 Condensation nuclei
    • 2 Cloud types
    • 3 Global cloud cover
  • E FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
    • 1 Bergeron–Findeisen theory
    • 2 Coalescence theories
    • 3 Solid precipitation
  • F PRECIPITATION TYPES
    • 1 ’Convective type’ precipitation
    • 2 ‘Cyclonic type’ precipitation
    • 3 Orographic precipitation
  • G THUNDERSTORMS
    • 1 Development
    • 2 Cloud electrification and lightning
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• CHAPTER SIX Atmospheric motion: principles
  • A LAWS OF HORIZONTAL MOTION
    • 1 The pressure-gradient force
    • 2 The earth’s rotational deflective (Coriolis) force
    • 3 The geostrophic wind
    • 4 The centripetal acceleration
    • 5 Frictional forces and the planetary boundary layer
  • B DIVERGENCE, VERTICAL MOTION AND VORTICITY
    • 1 Divergence
    • 2 Vertical motion
    • 3 Vorticity
  • C LOCAL WINDS
    • 1 Mountain and valley winds
    • 2 Land and sea breezes
    • 3 Winds due to topographic barriers
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
    • Books
    • Articles
• CHAPTER SEVEN Planetary-scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean
  • A VARIATION OF PRESSURE AND WIND VELOCITY WITH HEIGHT
    • 1 The vertical variation of pressure systems
    • 2 Mean upper-air patterns
    • 3 Upper wind conditions
    • 4 Surface pressure conditions
  • B THE GLOBAL WIND BELTS
    • 1 The Trade Winds
    • 2 The equatorial westerlies
    • 3 The mid-latitude (Ferrel) westerlies
    • 4 The polar easterlies
  • C THE GENERAL CIRCULATION
    • 1 Circulations in the vertical and horizontal planes
    • 2 Variations in the circulation of the Northern Hemisphere
      • Zonal index variations
      • North Atlantic Oscillation
      • The PDO, NPO and PNA
  • D OCEAN STRUCTURE AND CIRCULATION
    • 1 Above the thermocline
      • Vertical
      • Horizontal
        • General
        • Macroscale
      • Mesoscale
    • 2 Deep ocean water interactions
      • Upwelling
      • Deep ocean circulation
    • 3 The oceans and atmospheric regulation
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
    • Books
    • Articles
• CHAPTER EIGHT Numerical models of the general circulation, climate and weather prediction
  • A FUNDAMENTALS OF THE GCM
  • B MODEL SIMULATIONS
    • 1 GCMs
    • 2 Simpler models
    • 3 Regional models
  • C DATA SOURCES FOR FORECASTING
  • D NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION
    • 1 Short- and medium-range forecasting
    • 2 Nowcasting
    • 3 Long-range outlooks
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
    • Books
    • Websites
    • Articles
• CHAPTER NINE Mid-latitude synoptic and mesoscale systems
  • A THE AIR-MASS CONCEPT
  • B NATURE OF THE SOURCE AREA
    • 1 Cold air masses
    • 2 Warm air masses
  • C AIR-MASS MODIFICATION
    • 1 Mechanisms of modification
      • Thermodynamic changes
      • Dynamic changes
    • 2 The results of modification: secondary air masses
      • Cold air
      • Warm air
    • 3 The age of the air mass
  • D FRONTOGENESIS
    • 1 Frontal waves
    • 2 The frontal-wave depression
  • E FRONTAL CHARACTERISTICS
    • 1 The warm front
    • 2 The cold front
    • 3 The occlusion
    • 4 Frontal-wave families
  • F ZONES OF WAVE DEVELOPMENT AND FRONTOGENESIS
  • G SURFACE–UPPER-AIR RELATIONSHIPS AND THE FORMATION OF FRONTAL CYCLONES
  • H NON-FRONTAL DEPRESSIONS
    • 1 The lee cyclone
    • 2 The thermal low
    • 3 Polar lows
    • 4 The cold low
  • I MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• CHAPTER TEN Weather and climate in middle and high latitudes
  • A EUROPE
    • 1 Pressure and wind conditions
    • 2 Oceanicity and continentality
    • 3 British airflow patterns and their climatic characteristics
    • 4 Singularities and natural seasons
    • 5 Synoptic anomalies
    • 6 Topographic effects
  • B NORTH AMERICA
    • 1 Pressure systems
    • 2 The temperate west coast and cordillera
    • 3 Interior and eastern North America
      • Continental and oceanic influences
      • Warm and cold spells
      • Precipitation and the moisture balance
  • C THE SUBTROPICAL MARGINS
    • 1 The semi-arid southwestern United States
    • 2 The southeastern United States
    • 3 The Mediterranean
    • 4 North Africa
    • 5 Australasia
  • D HIGH LATITUDES
    • 1 The southern westerlies
    • 2 The sub-Arctic
    • 3 The polar regions
      • The Arctic
      • Antarctica
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• CHAPTER ELEVEN Tropical weather and climate
  • A THE INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE
  • B TROPICAL DISTURBANCES
    • 1 Wave disturbances
    • 2 Cyclones
      • Hurricanes and typhoons
      • Other tropical depressions
    • 3 Tropical cloud clusters
  • C THE SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON
    • 1 Winter
    • 2 Spring
    • 3 Early summer
    • 4 Summer
    • 5 Autumn
  • D EAST ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN SUMMER MONSOONS
  • E CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
    • 1 The African monsoon
    • 2 Southern Africa
  • F AMAZONIA
  • G EL NIÑO–SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) EVENTS
    • 1 The Pacific Ocean
    • 2 Teleconnections
  • H OTHER SOURCES OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE TROPICS
    • 1 Cool ocean currents
    • 2 Topographic effects
    • 3 Diurnal variations
  • I FORECASTING TROPICAL WEATHER
    • 1 Short- and extended-range forecasts
    • 2 Long-range forecasts
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• CHAPTER TWELVE Boundary layer climates
  • A SURFACE ENERGY BUDGETS
  • B NON-VEGETATED NATURAL SURFACES
    • 1 Rock and sand
    • 2 Water
    • 3 Snow and ice
  • C VEGETATED SURFACES
    • 1 Short green crops
    • 2 Forests
    • Modification of energy transfers
      • Modification of airflow
      • Modification of the humidity environment
      • Modification of the thermal environment
  • D URBAN SURFACES
    • 1 Modification of atmospheric composition
      • Aerosols
      • Gases
      • Pollution distribution and impacts
    • 2 Modification of the heat budget
      • Atmospheric composition
      • Urban surfaces
      • Human heat production
      • Heat islands
    • 3 Modification of surface characteristics
      • Airflow
      • Moisture
    • 4 Tropical urban climates
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• CHAPTER THIRTEEN Climate change
  • A GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • B CLIMATE FORCING, FEEDBACK AND RESPONSE
    • 1 Climate forcing
    • 2 Climate feedbacks
    • 3 Climate response
    • 4 The importance of framework
  • C THE CLIMATIC RECORD
    • 1 The geological record
    • 2 The last glacial cycle and post-glacial conditions
    • 3 The past 1000 years
  • D UNDERSTANDING RECENT CLIMATIC CHANGE
    • 1 Circulation changes
    • 2 Solar variability
    • 3 Volcanic activity
    • 4 Anthropogenic factors
  • E PROJECTIONS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE THROUGH THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
    • 1 Applications of General Circulation Models
    • 2 The IPCC simulations
  • F PROJECTED CHANGE IN OTHER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
    • 1 Hydrologic cycle and atmospheric circulation
    • 2 Global sea-level
    • 3 Snow and ice
    • 4 Vegetation
  • G POSTSCRIPT
  • REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
  • Books
  • Articles
• APPENDIX 1 Climate classification
  • A GENERIC CLASSIFICATIONS RELATED TO PLANT GROWTH OR VEGETATION
  • Temperature criteria
  • Aridity criteria
  • B ENERGY AND MOISTURE BUDGET CLASSIFICATIONS
  • C GENETIC CLASSIFICATIONS
  • D CLASSIFICATIONS OF CLIMATIC COMFORT
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
• APPENDIX 2 Système International (SI) units
• APPENDIX 3 Synoptic weather maps
• APPENDIX 4 Data sources
  • A DAILY WEATHER MAPS AND DATA
  • B SATELLITE DATA
  • C CLIMATIC DATA
  • D SELECTED SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Notes
• General Bibliography
• Index

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