Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• 1. What Is Language?
  • Linguistic Knowledge
    • Knowledge of the Sound System
    • Knowledge of Words
    • Arbitrary Relation of Form and Meaning
    • The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge
    • Knowledge of Sentences and Nonsentences
    • Linguistic Knowledge and Performance
  • What Is Grammar?
    • Descriptive Grammars
    • Prescriptive Grammars
    • Teaching Grammars
    • Universal Grammar
    • The Development of Grammar in the Child
    • Sign Languages: Evidence for Language Universals
  • What Is Not (Human) Language
    • The Birds and the Bees
    • Can Animals Learn Human Language?
    • Can Computers Learn Human Language?
  • Language and Thought
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 2. Morphology: The Words of Language
  • Content Words and Function Words
  • Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning
    • The Discreteness of Morphemes
    • Bound and Free Morphemes
    • Circumfixes
    • Roots and Stems
  • Rules of Word Formation
    • Derivational Morphology
    • Inflectional Morphology
    • The Hierarchical Structure of Words
    • Rule Productivity
    • Other Morphological Processes
    • Sign Language Morphology
  • Morphological Analysis: Identifying Morphemes
    • Case Study 1
    • Case Study 2
    • Case Study 3
    • Case Study 4
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 3. Syntax: Infinite Use of Finite Means
  • What the Syntax Rules Do
  • Sentence Structure
    • Constituents and Constituency Tests
    • Structural Ambiguity
    • Syntactic Categories
    • Lexical and Functional Categories
    • Phrase Structure Trees
    • Phrase Structure Rules
    • Building Phrase Structure Trees
    • The Infinity of Language: Recursive Rules
  • The Internal Structure of Phrases
    • Heads, Complements, and Selection
    • Selection
    • The Three Levels of Phrases
    • What Heads the Sentence
    • The Infinity of Language Revisited
  • Grammatical Dependencies
    • Subject–Verb Agreement
    • Question Formation Rules
    • Yes–no questions
    • Wh Questions
    • UG Principles and Parameters
    • Sign Language Syntax
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 4. The Meaning of Language
  • What Speakers Know about Sentence Meaning
    • Truth
    • Entailment and Related Notions
    • Ambiguity and the Principle of Compositionality
  • Compositional Semantics
    • Semantic Rules
  • When Compositionality Goes Awry
    • Anomaly
    • Metaphor
    • Idioms
  • Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings)
    • Theories of Word Meaning
    • Lexical Relations
    • Semantic Features
    • Semantic Features and Grammar
    • Argument Structure and Thematic roles
  • Pragmatics
    • Pronouns and Other Deictic Words
    • Implicature
    • Presupposition
    • Speech Acts
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 5. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
  • Sound Segments
    • Speech Sounds, Like Snowflakes
  • The Phonetic Alphabet
  • Articulatory Phonetics
    • Consonants
    • Vowels
  • Major Phonetic Classes
    • Noncontinuants and Continuants
    • Obstruents and Sonorants
    • Syllabic Sounds
  • Prosodic Features
    • Tone and Intonation
  • Phonetic Symbols and Spelling Correspondences
  • The “Phonetics” of Signed Languages
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 6. Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
  • The Pronunciation of Morphemes
    • The Pronunciation of Plurals
    • Additional Examples of Allomorphs
  • Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language
    • Illustration of Allophones
    • Phonemes and How to Find Them
    • Complementary Distribution
    • Distinctive Features of Phonemes
    • Phonemic Patterns May Vary across Languages
    • Natural Classes of Speech Sounds
    • Feature Specifications for American English Consonants and Vowels
  • The Rules of Phonology
    • Feature-Changing Rules
    • Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules
    • From One to Many and from Many to One
    • The Function of Phonological Rules
  • Prosodic Phonology
    • Syllable Structure
    • Word Stress
    • Sentence and Phrase Stress
    • Intonation
  • Sequential Constraints of Phonemes
    • Lexical Gaps
  • Why Do Phonological Rules Exist?
  • Phonological Analysis
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 7. Language in Society
  • Dialects
    • Regional Dialects
    • Social Dialects
  • Languages in Contact
    • Lingua Francas
    • Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles
    • Creoles and Creolization
    • Bilingualism
  • Language and Education
    • Second-Language Teaching Methods
    • Teaching Reading
    • Bilingual Education
    • Dialects of Underrepresented Groups
  • Language in Use
    • Styles
    • Slang
    • Jargon and Argot
    • Taboo or Not Taboo?
    • Epithets
    • Language and Sexism
    • Secret Languages and Language Games
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 8. Language Change: The Syllables of Time
  • The Regularity of Sound Change
    • Sound Correspondences
    • Ancestral Protolanguages
  • Phonological Change
    • Phonological Rules
  • The Great Vowel Shift
  • Morphological Change
  • Syntactic Change
  • Lexical Change
    • Change in Category
    • Addition of New Words
    • Borrowings or Loan Words
    • Loss of Words
    • Semantic Change
    • Broadening
    • Reconstructing “Dead” Languages
    • The Nineteenth-Century Comparativists
    • Comparative Reconstruction
    • Historical Evidence
  • Extinct and Endangered Languages
  • The Genetic Classification of Languages
    • Languages of the World
  • Types of Languages
  • Why Do Languages Change?
  • The History of Writing
    • Pictograms and Ideograms
    • Cuneiform Writing
    • The Rebus Principle
    • From Hieroglyphics to the Alphabet
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 9. Language Acquisition
  • The Linguistic Capacity of Children
    • What’s Learned, What’s Not?
    • Stages in Language Acquisition
    • The Perception and Production of Speech Sounds
    • The Acquisition of Phonology
    • The Acquisition of Word Meaning
    • The Acquisition of Morphology
    • The Acquisition of Syntax
    • The Acquisition of Pragmatics
    • The Development of Auxiliaries: A Case Study
    • Setting Parameters
    • The Acquisition of Signed Languages
  • The Role of the Linguistic Environment: Adult Input
    • The Role of Imitation, Reinforcement, and Analogy
    • The Role of Structured Input
  • Knowing More Than One Language
    • Childhood Bilingualism
    • Second Language Acquisition
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 10. Language Processing and the Human Brain
  • The Human Mind at Work
    • Comprehension
    • Syntactic Processing
    • Speech Production
  • Brain and Language
    • The Human Brain
    • The Localization of Language in the Brain
    • Neural Evidence of Grammatical Phenomena
  • Language and Brain Development
    • Left Hemisphere Lateralization for Language in Young Children
    • Brain Plasticity
    • The Critical Period
  • The Modular Mind: Dissociations of Language and Cognition
    • Linguistic Savants
    • Specific Language Impairment
    • Genetic Basis of Language
  • Summary
  • References for Further Reading
  • Exercises

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