Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Introduction
• 1 The Nature and Origins of Money and Barter
  • The importance of money
  • Sovereignty of monetary policy
  • Unprecedented inflation of population
  • Barter: as old as the hills
  • Persistence of gift exchange
  • Money: barter’s disputed paternity
  • Modern barter and countertrading
  • Modern retail barter
  • Primitive money: definitions and early development
  • Economic origins and functions
  • The quality-to-quantity pendulum: a metatheory of money
• 2 From Primitive and Ancient Money to the Invention Of Coinage, 3000–600 BC
  • Pre-metallic money
  • The ubiquitous cowrie
  • Fijian whales’ teeth and Yap stones
  • Wampum: the favourite American-Indian money
  • Cattle: man’s first working-capital asset
  • Pre-coinage metallic money
  • Money and banking in Mesopotamia
  • Girobanking in early Egypt
  • Coin and cash in early China
  • Coinage and the change from primitive to modern economies
  • The invention of coinage in Lydia and Ionian Greece
• 3 The Development of Greek and Roman Money, 600 BC–AD 410
  • The widening circulation of coins
  • Laurion silver and Athenian coinage
  • Greek and metic private bankers
  • The Attic money standard
  • Banking in Delos
  • Macedonian money and hegemony
  • The financial consequences of Alexander the Great
  • Money and the rise of Rome
  • Roman finance, Augustus to Aurelian, 14 BC–AD 275
  • Diocletian and the world’s first budget, 284–305
  • Finance from Constantine to the Fall of Rome
  • The nature of Graeco-Roman monetary expansion
• 4 The Penny and the Pound in Medieval European Money, 410–1485
  • Early Celtic coinage
  • Money in the Dark Ages: its disappearance and re-emergence
  • The Canterbury, Sutton Hoo and Crondall finds
  • From sceattas and stycas to Offa’s silver penny
  • The Vikings and Anglo-Saxon recoinage cycles, 789–978
  • Danegeld and heregeld, 978–1066
  • The Norman Conquest and the Domesday Survey, 1066–1087
  • The pound sterling to 1272
  • Touchstones and trials of the Pyx
  • The Treasury and the tally
  • The Crusades: financial and fiscal effects
  • The Black Death and the Hundred Years War
  • Poll taxes and the Peasants’ Revolt
  • Money and credit at the end of the Middle Ages
• 5 The Expansion of Trade and Finance, 1485–1640
  • What was new in the new era?
  • Printing: a new alternative to minting
  • The rise and fall of the world’s first paper money
  • Bullion’s dearth and plenty
  • Potosi and the silver flood
  • Henry VII: fiscal strength and sound money, 1485–1509
  • The dissolution of the monasteries
  • The Great Debasement
  • Recoinage and after: Gresham’s Law in action, 1560–1640
  • The so-called price revolution of 1540–1640
  • Usury: a just price for money
  • Bullionism and the quantity theory of money
  • Banking still foreign to Britain?
• 6 The Birth and Early Growth of British Banking, 1640–1789
  • Bank money supply first begins to exceed coinage
  • From the seizure of the mint to its mechanization, 1640–1672
  • From the great recoinage to the death of Newton, 1696–1727
  • The rise of the goldsmith-banker, 1633–1672
  • Tally-money and the Stop of the Exchequer
  • Foundation and early years of the Bank of England
  • The national debt and the South Sea Bubble
  • Financial consequences of the Bubble Act
  • Financial developments in Scotland, 1695–1789
  • The money supply and the constitution
• 7 The Ascendancy of Sterling, 1789–1914
  • Gold versus paper . . . finding a successful compromise
  • Country banking and the industrial revolution to 1826
  • Currency, the bullionists and the inconvertible pound, 1783–1826
  • The Bank of England and the joint-stock banks, 1826–1850
  • Amalgamation, limited liability and the end of unit banking
  • The rise of working-class financial institutions
  • The discount houses, the money market and the bill on London
  • The merchant banks, the capital market and overseas investment
  • The final triumph of the full gold standard, 1850–1914
  • Gold reserves, tallies and the constitution
• 8 British Monetary Development in the Twentieth Century
  • Introduction: a century of extremes
  • Financing the First World War, 1914–1918
  • The abortive struggle for a new gold standard, 1918–1931
  • Cheap money in recovery, war and reconstruction, 1931–1951
  • Inflation and the integration of an expanding monetary system, 1951–2000
  • The monetarist experiment, 1973–1990
  • EMU: the end of the pound sterling?
  • The 2008 financial crisis and the evolution of the banking system in the twenty-first century
• 9 American Monetary Development Since 1700
  • Introduction: the economic basis of the dollar
  • Colonial money: the swing from dearth to excess, 1700–1775
  • The official dollar and the growth of banking up to the Civil War, 1775–1861
  • From the Civil War to the founding of the ‘Fed’, 1861–1913
  • The banks through boom and slump, 1914–1944
  • Bretton Woods: vision and realization, 1944–1991
  • American banks abroad
  • From accord to deregulation, 1951–1980
  • Hazardous deposit insurance for thrifts, banks . . . and taxpayers
  • From unit banking . . . to balkanized banking
  • The great banking crisis of the twenty-first century
  • Reflating the economy? Greasing the wheels? Providing liquidity? The role of quantitative easing by the Federal Reserve after 2008 and its effect on the US dollar
  • Summary and conclusion: from beads to banks without barriers
• 10 Aspects of Monetary Development in Europe and Asia
  • Introduction: banking expertise shifts northward
  • The rise of Dutch finance
  • Other early public banks
  • France’s hesitant banking progress
  • German monetary development: from insignificance to cornerstone of the EMS
  • The monetary development of Japan since 1868
  • Stagnation and the limitations of monetary policy, 1990–2014
  • The arrival of modern China, 1949 to 2014
• 11 Money and Debt in Developing Nations During the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
  • Introduction: poverty in perspective
  • Stages in the drive for financial independence
  • Stage 1: Laissez-faire and the Currency Board System, c.1880–1931
  • Stage 2: The sterling area and the sterling balances, 1931–1951
  • Stage 3: Independence, planning euphoria and banking mania, 1951–1973
  • Stage 4: Market realism and financial deepening, 1973–1993
  • Debt and development: evolution of the crisis
  • The next step: the Asian financial crisis 1997 and twenty-first century debt relief for Africa and the developing world
  • Conclusion: reanchoring the runaway currencies
• 12 Further Towards A Global Currency 1990–2015
  • The epoch-making euro
  • More coins in an increasingly cashless society
  • The paradox of coin: rising production – falling significance
  • Speculation and the Tobin Tax
  • Inflation redux
• 13 Conclusion: The Role of Money in a Global Economy
  • Long-term swings in the quality/quantity pendulum
  • The military and developmental money-ratchets
  • Free trade in money in a global cashless society?
  • Independent multi-state central banking
  • Final thoughts: ‘Money is coined liberty’
• Bibliography
• Endnotes

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