Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 The Soils Around Us
  • 1.1 What Ecosystem Services Do Soils Perform?
  • 1.2 How Do Soils Support Plant Growth?
  • 1.3 How Do Soils Regulate Water Supplies?
  • 1.4 How Do Soils Recycle Raw Materials?
  • 1.5 How Do Soils Modify the Atmosphere?
  • 1.6 What Lives in the Soil Habitat?
  • 1.7 Soil as an Engineering Medium
  • 1.8 The Pedosphere and the Critical Zone?
  • 1.9 Soils as Natural Bodies
  • 1.10 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons)
  • 1.11 Topsoil and Subsoil
  • 1.12 Soil—Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life
  • 1.13 What are the Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils?
  • 1.14 The Nature of Soil Organic Matter
  • 1.15 Soil Water—Dynamic and Complex
  • 1.16 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases
  • 1.17 How Do Soil Components Interact to Supply Nutrients to Plants?
  • 1.18 How Do Plant Roots Obtain Nutrients?
  • 1.19 Soil Health, Degradation, and Resilience
  • 1.20 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials
  • 2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals
  • 2.2 What Environmental Factors Influence Soil Formation?
  • 2.3 Parent Materials
  • 2.4 How Does Climate Affect Soil Formation?
  • 2.5 How Do Living Organisms (Including People) Affect Soil Formation?
  • 2.6 How Does Topography Affect Soil Formation?
  • 2.7 How Does Time Affect Soil Formation?
  • 2.8 Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation
  • 2.9 The Soil Profile
  • 2.10 Urban Soils
  • 2.11 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 3 Soil Classification
  • 3.1 Concept of Individual Soils
  • 3.2 Soil Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Classification System
  • 3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy
  • 3.4 Soil Orders
  • 3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development)
  • 3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon)
  • 3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils)
  • 3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning)
  • 3.9 Histosols (Organic Soils Without Permafrost)
  • 3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils)
  • 3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling, and Cracking Clays)
  • 3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands)
  • 3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Moderately Leached)
  • 3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Highly Leached)
  • 3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Highly Leached)
  • 3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered)
  • 3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy
  • 3.18 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties
  • 4.1 Soil Color
  • 4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles)
  • 4.3 Soil Textural Classes
  • 4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils
  • 4.5 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates
  • 4.6 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils
  • 4.7 Soil Density
  • 4.8 Pore Space of Mineral Soils
  • 4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses
  • 4.10 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior
  • 5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water
  • 5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water
  • 5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts
  • 5.4 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential
  • 5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil
  • 5.6 Infiltration and Percolation
  • 5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils
  • 5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness
  • 5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water
  • 5.10 Mechanisms by Which Plants are Supplied with Water
  • 5.11 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle
  • 6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle
  • 6.2 Fate of Incoming Water
  • 6.3 The Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)
  • 6.4 Control of ET
  • 6.5 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil
  • 6.6 Percolation and Groundwater
  • 6.7 Enhancing Soil Drainage
  • 6.8 Septic Tank Drain Fields
  • 6.9 Irrigation Principles and Practices
  • 6.10 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 7 Soil Aeration and Temperature
  • 7.1 Soil Aeration—The Process
  • 7.2 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration
  • 7.3 Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Potential
  • 7.4 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration and Eh
  • 7.5 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration
  • 7.6 Soil Aeration in Urban Landscapes
  • 7.7 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils
  • 7.8 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature
  • 7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy
  • 7.10 Thermal Properties of Soils
  • 7.11 Soil Temperature Control
  • 7.12 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 8 The Colloidal Fraction: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity
  • 8.1 General Properties and Types of Soil Colloids
  • 8.2 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure
  • 8.3 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays
  • 8.4 Structural Characteristics of Nonsilicate Colloids
  • 8.5 Genesis and Geographic Distribution of Soil Colloids
  • 8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids
  • 8.7 Adsorption of Cations and Anions
  • 8.8 Cation Exchange Reactions
  • 8.9 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
  • 8.10 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soils
  • 8.11 Anion Exchange
  • 8.12 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination
  • 8.13 Binding of Biomolecules to Clay and Humus
  • 8.14 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 9 Soil Acidity
  • 9.1 What Processes Cause Soil Acidification?
  • 9.2 Role of Aluminum in Soil Acidity
  • 9.3 Pools of Soil Acidity
  • 9.4 Buffering of pH in Soils
  • 9.5 How Can We Measure Soil ph?
  • 9.6 Human-Influenced Soil Acidification
  • 9.7 Biological Effects of Soil pH
  • 9.8 Raising Soil pH by Liming
  • 9.9 Alternative Ways to Ameliorate the Ill Effects of Soil Acidity
  • 9.10 Lowering Soil pH
  • 9.11 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity
  • 10.1 Characteristics and Problems of Dry Region Soils
  • 10.2 Causes of High Soil pH (Alkalinity)
  • 10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils
  • 10.4 Measuring Salinity and Sodicity
  • 10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils
  • 10.6 Physical Degradation of Soil by Sodic Chemical Conditions
  • 10.7 Biological Impacts of Salt-Affected Soils
  • 10.8 Water-Quality Considerations for Irrigation
  • 10.9 Reclamation of Saline Soils
  • 10.10 Reclamation of Saline–Sodic and Sodic Soils
  • 10.11 Management of Reclaimed Soils
  • 10.12 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil
  • 11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil
  • 11.2 Organisms in Action
  • 11.3 Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity
  • 11.4 Earthworms
  • 11.5 Ants and Termites
  • 11.6 Soil Microanimals
  • 11.7 Plant Roots
  • 11.8 Soil Algae
  • 11.9 Soil Fungi
  • 11.10 Soil Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
  • 11.11 Conditions Affecting the Growth and Activity of Soil Microorganisms
  • 11.12 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms on Plant Communities
  • 11.13 Soil Organisms and Plant Damage
  • 11.14 Ecological Relationships among Soil Organisms
  • 11.15 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 12 Soil Organic Matter
  • 12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle
  • 12.2 Organic Decomposition in Soils
  • 12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Residue Decomposition and Mineralization
  • 12.4 Genesis and Nature of Soil Organic Matter and Humus
  • 12.5 Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth and Soil Function
  • 12.6 Amounts and Quality of Organic Matter in Soils
  • 12.7 Carbon Balance in the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System
  • 12.8 Environmental Factors Influencing Soil Organic Carbon Levels
  • 12.9 Soil Organic Matter Management
  • 12.10 Soils and Climate Change
  • 12.11 Composts and Composting
  • 12.12 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils
  • 13.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development
  • 13.2 Distribution of Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle
  • 13.3 Immobilization and Mineralization
  • 13.4 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen
  • 13.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals
  • 13.6 Ammonia Volatilization
  • 13.7 Nitrification
  • 13.8 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification and Anammox
  • 13.9 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
  • 13.10 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes
  • 13.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes
  • 13.12 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
  • 13.13 Nitrogen Deposition from the Atmosphere
  • 13.14 The Nitrate Leaching Problem
  • 13.15 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen
  • 13.16 Importance of Sulfur
  • 13.17 Natural Sources of Sulfur
  • 13.18 The Sulfur Cycle
  • 13.19 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils
  • 13.20 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction
  • 13.21 Sulfur Retention and Exchange
  • 13.22 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance
  • 13.23 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 14 Soil Phosphorus and Potassium
  • 14.1 Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility
  • 14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality
  • 14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle
  • 14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils
  • 14.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils
  • 14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Soil Phosphorus
  • 14.7 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils
  • 14.8 Plant Strategies for Adequate Phosphorus Acquisition from Soils
  • 14.9 Practical Phosphorus Management
  • 14.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles
  • 14.11 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition
  • 14.12 The Potassium Cycle
  • 14.13 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility
  • 14.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils
  • 14.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils
  • 14.16 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management
  • 14.17 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 15 Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon, and Trace Elements
  • 15.1 Calcium as an Essential Nutrient
  • 15.2 Magnesium as a Plant Nutrient
  • 15.3 Silicon in Soil–Plant Ecology
  • 15.4 Deficiency Versus Toxicity
  • 15.5 Micronutrient Roles in Plants
  • 15.6 Sources of Micronutrients
  • 15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Cations
  • 15.8 Organic Compounds as Chelates
  • 15.9 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Trace Element Anions
  • 15.10 Soil Management and Trace Element Needs
  • 15.11 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 16 Practical Nutrient Management
  • 16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management
  • 16.2 Nutrients as Pollutants
  • 16.3 Natural Ecosystem Nutrient Cycles
  • 16.4 Recycling Nutrients Through Animal Manures
  • 16.5 Industrial and Municipal By-Products
  • 16.6 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources
  • 16.7 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers
  • 16.8 Fertilizer Application Methods
  • 16.9 Timing of Fertilizer Application
  • 16.10 Diagnostic Tools and Methods
  • 16.11 Soil Analysis
  • 16.12 Site-Index Approach to Phosphorus Management
  • 16.13 Some Advances and Challenges in Fertilizer Management
  • 16.14 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 17 Soil Erosion and Its Control
  • 17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation
  • 17.2 On-Site and Off-Site impacts of Accelerated Soil Erosion
  • 17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion
  • 17.4 Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion
  • 17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion
  • 17.6 Conservation Tillage
  • 17.7 Vegetative Barriers
  • 17.8 Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting
  • 17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range- and Forestland
  • 17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites
  • 17.11 Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It
  • 17.12 Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion
  • 17.13 Tillage Erosion
  • 17.14 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation
  • 17.15 Progress in Soil Conservation
  • 17.16 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 18 Soils and Chemical Pollution
  • 18.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals
  • 18.2 Kinds of Organic Contaminants
  • 18.3 Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil
  • 18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms
  • 18.5 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals
  • 18.6 Soil Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances
  • 18.7 Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge
  • 18.8 Prevention and Remediation of Inorganic Soil Contamination
  • 18.9 Landfills
  • 18.10 Radionuclides in Soil
  • 18.11 Radon Gas from Soils
  • 18.12 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 19 Geographic Soils Information
  • 19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field
  • 19.2 Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils
  • 19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations
  • 19.4 Remote Sensing in Soil Survey
  • 19.5 Making a Soil Survey
  • 19.6 Using Soil Surveys
  • 19.7 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • 19.8 Digital Soil Maps: Properties or Polygons?
  • 19.9 GIS, GPS, and Precision Agriculture
  • 19.10 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• 20 Prospects for Soil Health in the Anthropocene
  • 20.1 The Concepts of Soil Health and Soil Quality
  • 20.2 Soil Resistance and Resilience
  • 20.3 Soils and Global Ecosystem Services
  • 20.4 Using Plants to Improve Soil Health
  • 20.5 Feeding the Human Population
  • 20.6 Intensified Agriculture—the Green Revolution
  • 20.7 Impacts of Vastly Increased Ratios of People to Land
  • 20.8 Sustainable Agriculture in Developed Countries
  • 20.9 Biochar: Hype or Hope for Soil Quality?
  • 20.10 Organic Farming Systems
  • 20.11 Sustainable Agriculture Systems for Resource-Poor Farmers
  • 20.12 Conclusion
  • Study Questions
  • References
• Appendix A World Reference Base, Canadian, and Australian Soil Classification Systems
• Appendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, Periodic Table of the Elements, and Plant Names
• Glossary of Soil Science Terms
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Y
  • Z

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