Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Endorsement
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Illustrations
• List of Texts
• List of Abbreviations
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the second edition
• Preface to the third edition
• Acknowledgments
• Part I Before Britain
  • Chapter One The origins of English (before 450)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 1.1 The origins of human1 language
      • 1.1.1 Divergence, change, and the family (tree) model
      • 1.1.2 Proto-languages: the comparative method and language families
      • 1.1.3 The speech community
    • 1.2 Language change
      • 1.2.1 Internal change
      • 1.2.2 Typological change
      • 1.2.3 External change
      • 1.2.4 Borrowing
      • 1.2.5 Creolization and substrate influence
    • 1.3 Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain
      • 1.3.1 Changes in grammar
      • 1.3.2 Changes in pronunciation
      • 1.3.3 Changes in vocabulary
    • 1.4 The world of the Germanic peoples
      • 1.4.1 Germanic–Roman contact
      • 1.4.2 The influence of the Roman world and of Latin
    • 1.5 The Germanic migrations
      • 1.5.1 The northern peoples: the Saxons and Frisians
      • 1.5.2 The Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and Frisians in Britain
      • 1.5.3 Linguistic and social variation
    • 1.6 Summary
    • Further reading
• Part II English in Britain
  • Chapter Two Old English: Early Germanic Britain (450–700)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 2.1 The first peoples
      • 2.1.1 Celtic influence
      • 2.1.2 Substrate influence of Celtic on English
      • 2.1.3 Placenames or toponyms
      • 2.1.4 Roman influence
    • 2.2 The Germanic incursions
      • 2.2.1 The Germanic kingdoms
      • 2.2.2 The laws of Kent
    • 2.3 Introduction to Old English
      • 2.3.1 Alphabet, spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary
      • 2.3.2 Pronouns
      • 2.3.3 General grammatical information
    • 2.4 The Christianization of England
    • 2.5 Literature in the early Old English period
      • 2.5.1 Beowulf
      • 2.5.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Britain (and more about OE)
      • 2.5.3 Social and linguistic variation
    • 2.6 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter Three Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences (700–1066/1100)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 3.1 The Viking invasions
      • 3.1.1 The first phase of Viking incursions
      • 3.1.2 The second phase: settlement
      • 3.1.3 The final phase of Danish invasion: dynastic conflict
    • 3.2 Linguistic influence of Old Norse (ON)
      • 3.2.1 Vocabulary
      • 3.2.2 Pronunciation
      • 3.2.3 Inflection
      • 3.2.4 Syntax
    • 3.3 Creolization
      • 3.3.1 Pidginization and creolization
      • 3.3.2 Arguments and evidence
      • 3.3.3 Creolization or not?
    • 3.4 Standardization
      • 3.4.1 Alfred’s reforms and the West Saxon standard
      • 3.4.2 Monastic reform
    • 3.5 Social and linguistic variation
    • 3.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Four Middle English: The non-standard period (1066/1100–1350)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 4.1 Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest
      • 4.1.1 The Norman French presence in England
      • 4.1.2 Separation of France and England
      • 4.1.3 Magna Carta, the re-emergence of English, reaction to foreigners, and growth of national feeling
    • 4.2 Middle English and the question of creolization
    • 4.3 Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period
      • 4.3.1 Pronunciation of ME and phonemicization (/v, ð, z/)
      • 4.3.2 Spelling in ME
      • 4.3.3 Grammar
      • 4.3.4 Vocabulary
    • 4.4 English literature
    • 4.5 Dialectal diversity in early ME
    • 4.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Five Middle English: The emergence of Standard English (1350–1500)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 5.1. Political and social turmoil and demographic developments
      • 5.1.1 The Hundred Years’ War and the Peasants' Revolt
      • 5.1.2 The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485)
      • 5.1.3 Lollardy
      • 5.1.4 The decline of Latin
    • 5.2 The expansion of domains
      • 5.2.1 The emergence of a new standard
      • 5.2.2 The rise of London English
      • 5.2.3 London as a demographic and economic center
      • 5.2.4 Wave theory
    • 5.3 Chancery English
      • 5.3.1 New grammatical patterns
      • 5.3.2 Vocabulary
    • 5.4 Literature in the late ME period
      • 5.4.1 Literary models
      • 5.4.2 Printing
    • 5.5 Variation in late ME
    • 5.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Six The Early Modern English period (1500–1700)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 6.1 The Early Modern English period
      • 6.1.1 Economic and demographic developments
      • 6.1.2 Reformation and Renaissance
      • 6.1.3 Political-dynastic developments
      • 6.1.4 The Puritans, the Civil War, and the Commonwealth
      • 6.1.5 Restoration England
    • 6.2 Early Modern English
      • 6.2.1 Early Modern London
      • 6.2.2 General English (GenE)
      • 6.2.3 Standardization
      • 6.2.4 Latin
      • 6.2.5 A typological perspective
    • 6.3 Regulation and codification
      • 6.3.1 Spelling and pronunciation
      • 6.3.2 Vocabulary and meaning
      • 6.3.3 Grammar and morphology
      • 6.3.4 Pragmatics: second person modes of address, titles
    • 6.4 Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres
      • 6.4.1 Religious writing
      • 6.4.2 Scientific writing
      • 6.4.3 EModE literature
    • 6.5 Variation
    • 6.6 Summary
    • Further reading
• Plates Images
• Part III Britain and beyond
  • Chapter Seven The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 7.1 Social-historical background
      • 7.1.1 The Age of Discovery
      • 7.1.2 Demographic movements
      • 7.1.2 Mercantilism and territorial expansion
    • 7.2 European expansion and the slave trade
      • 7.2.1 The major slave-trading powers
      • 7.2.2 The mechanics of the slave trade
      • 7.2.3 Linguistic correlates of European expansionism
    • 7.3 North America
      • 7.3.1 The beginnings of English in North America
      • 7.3.2 Native American – English contact
      • 7.3.3 Colonial English
      • 7.3.4 Learning and education in New England
      • 7.3.5 English in Canada
    • 7.4 The Southern Hemisphere
      • 7.4.1 Australia
      • 7.4.2 South Africa
      • 7.4.3 New Zealand
    • 7.5 Second- and foreign-language countries (ESL and EFL)
      • 7.5.1 Southern Africa
      • 7.5.2 West Africa
      • 7.5.3 East Africa
      • 7.5.4 South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific
    • 7.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Eight Standard and non-standard English
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 8.1 Standard English and General English
      • 8.1.1 Standardization
      • 8.1.2 The emergence of Non-Standard General English (NSGenE)
    • 8.2 English in England, Wales, Scotland – and Ireland
      • 8.2.1 The urban varieties
      • 8.2.2 Regional English in England7 and Scotland
      • 8.2.3 Ireland
    • 8.3 North American English (NAmE)
      • 8.3.1 Standardization in America
      • 8.3.2 Koinéization
      • 8.3.3 American NSGenE
      • 8.3.4 The development of regional English in North America
    • 8.4 Southern Hemisphere English
      • 8.4.1 Southern Hemisphere NSGenE
      • 8.4.2 Regional variation in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes
    • 8.5 Ethnicity and language
      • 8.5.1 African-American English
      • 8.5.2 British Black English
      • 8.5.3 Aboriginal English
    • 8.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Nine English pidgins, English creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 9.0 Cultural survivals
    • 9.1 Pidgins
      • 9.1.1 What is a pidgin?
      • 9.1.2 Examples of Pidgin English
    • 9.2 Creoles
      • 9.2.1 What is a creole?
      • 9.2.2 Examples of English creoles
      • 9.2.3 The creole continuum
    • 9.3 Pidgin and creole communities
      • 9.3.1 Language contact
      • 9.3.2 The spread of English pidgins and creoles
    • 9.4 Theories of origins
      • 9.4.1 A monogenetic source
      • 9.4.2 Polygenesis or parallel development.
      • 9.4.3 The influence of the superstrate
      • 9.4.4 The effect of linguistic universals – the bioprogram
    • 9.5 History and textual examples
      • 9.5.1 The Caribbean
      • 9.5.2 Papua-New Guinea (PNG)
    • 9.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Ten Grammatical change in ModE
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 10.0 Grammatical developments
    • 10.1 Word order
    • 10.2 The noun phrase
      • 10.2.1 Number, case, and gender of nouns
      • 10.2.2 Pronouns, personal and relative, and demonstratives
    • 10.3 The verb phrase: development of full ModE paradigm
      • 10.3.1 Verb morphology
      • 10.3.2 Aspect: progressive, habitual, and perfect
      • 10.3.3 The subjunctive, the conditional, the modals, and the semi-modals
      • 10.3.4 The passive
    • 10.4 Other: conjunctions and prepositions
    • 10.5 Substrate influence
    • 10.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Eleven Pronunciation change in ModE
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 11.1 Introduction and principles of pronunciation change
      • 11.1.1 Internal change
      • 11.1.2 External change
      • 11.1.3 Splits, mergers (with phoneme loss), and chain shifts
    • 11.2 The reference accents and other national accents
      • 11.2.1 Pronunciation in the British Isles
      • 11.2.2 North American pronunciation
      • 11.2.3 Southern Hemisphere English: pronunciation
      • 11.2.4 Linguistic features of ESL
      • 11.2.5 Pidgin and creole pronunciation
    • 11.3 Consonants in ModE
      • 11.3.1 Consonant loss
      • 11.3.2 Feeding and bleeding
      • 11.3.3 Vocalization of /l/ and /r/
      • 11.3.4 Intervocalic T and glottaling
    • 11.4 Vowels in ModE
      • 11.4.1 The vowel system of ModE
      • 11.4.2 The vowels of early ModE
      • 11.4.3 The vowel system of Northern and Scottish English
      • 11.4.4 Vowel systems influenced by non-English substrate languages
    • 11.5 Vowel changes in ModE: chain shifts and mergers
      • 11.5.1 The Southern Shift in England, the Southern Hemisphere, and the US
      • 11.5.2 The Northern Cities Chain Shift (NCCS)
    • 11.6 Summary
    • Further reading
  • Chapter Twelve Vocabulary and spelling change in Modern English
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 12.1 New words and old
    • 12.2 Borrowing
      • 12.2.1 British and Irish English
      • 12.2.2 North American English (NAmE)
      • 12.2.3 Southern Hemisphere English
      • 12.2.4 English as a Second Language (ESL)
      • 12.2.5 English pidgins and creoles
      • 12.2.6 Place names (onomastics)
      • 12.2.7 Lexical-semantic change
    • 12.3 Word formation13
      • 12.3.1 Compounding
      • 12.3.2 Derivation
    • 12.4 Pragmatics
      • 12.4.1 Politeness
      • 12.4.2 Modes of address
      • 12.4.3 Discourse particles
      • 12.4.4 Yes, No, and Negation
    • 12.5 Modern English spelling
      • 12.5.1 Spelling reform
      • 12.5.2 Variety-specific spelling
    • 12.6 Summary
    • Further reading
• Part IV World-wide English
  • Chapter Thirteen Global English (since 1945)
    • Contents
    • Chapter overview
    • 13.1 The beginnings of Global English
    • 13.2 Media dominance
      • 13.2.1 Publishing
      • 13.2.2 The electronic media
      • 13.2.3 The expansion of functions in the Information Society
    • 13.3 Features of medialized language
      • 13.3.1 Non-standard tendencies in the written language
      • 13.3.2 Features of global Standard English
    • 13.4 English in a world-wide context
      • 13.4.1 Pluricentricism
      • 13.4.2 ESL
      • 13.4.3 Standardization
      • 13.4.4 Language Planning and Policy (LPP)
      • 13.4.5 Non-native codes
    • 13.5 Bilingualism, code-switching, and hybrid languages
      • 13.5.1 Immigrant languages
      • 13.5.2 Language as a marker of identity
      • 13.5.3 Convergence and divergence: a delicate balance
    • 13.6 Summary
    • Further reading
• Glossary
• General bibliography
• Index
• The International Phonetic Alphabet

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