Efnisyfirlit

• Foreword
• Preface
• Translator’s Note
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Abbreviations
• The Origins and History of Glaciers and Glaciology
• 1 Origins and Nature of Glaciers
  • Abstract
  • 1.1 The Frozen World and Its Imprints
  • 1.2 Understanding Ice in the Global Environment
  • 1.3 Introduction to Glaciers
  • 1.4 Formation of a Glacier
  • 1.5 Elements of the Glacial Transport System
  • 1.6 Thermal Characteristics of Glaciers
  • 1.7 Energy Fluxes and Glacial Melting
  • 1.8 The Plumbing System of a Glacier
  • 1.9 Glacial Lakes and Outburst Floods (Jökulhlaups)
  • 1.10 Glacial Surges
  • 1.11 Erosive and Creative Powers of Glaciers and Their Rivers
  • References
• 2 Reading the Landscape
  • Abstract
  • 2.1 The Long, Winding Road to Understanding Ice Ages
  • 2.2 Venetz-Sitten, de Charpentier and the Glacial Hypothesis
  • 2.3 Agassiz, Schimper, and the Birth of the Theory of the Ice Age
  • 2.4 Locating and Dating the Ice-Age Glacier
  • 2.5 Traces of Many Glacial and Interglacial Periods in Sediment Layers
  • 2.6 Linking Climate Change to Earth’s Orbital Trajectory: Adhémar, Croll and Milankovitch
  • 2.7 Reading Climate History in Suboceanic Strata and Glacial Ice
  • 2.8 The Emergence of a Complete Picture of Past Global Climate Variations
  • 2.9 Climate Fluctuations During the Last Glacial Period
  • 2.10 Late Quaternary Glaciation of Iceland
  • 2.11 Holocene Climate and Glaciers
  • 2.12 Climate and the Glaciers of Iceland Over the Last Millennium
  • 2.13 Climate in the 20th Century and the Future of Iceland’s Glaciers
  • References
• 3 Iceland
  • Abstract
  • 3.1 ‘Iceland Is One Great Mountainous and Glacier Mickle Land.’ (Stefánsson 1957, p. 1)
  • 3.2 Influence of Climate and Landscape on Location of Glaciers
  • 3.3 The Hidden Terrains of Iceland
  • 3.4 Mass Balances and Runoff Meltwaters of Icelandic Glaciers
  • 3.5 Glacial Meteorology
  • 3.6 The Dynamics of Iceland’s Glaciers
  • 3.7 Recent Developments and the Importance of Studying Icelandic Glaciers
  • 3.8 Future Prospects for Icelandic Glaciers
  • References
• 4 History of Glaciology in Iceland
  • Abstract
  • 4.1 Accounts of Glaciers at the Beginning of the Settlement of Iceland
  • 4.2 The First Contemporary Documentary Evidence of Glaciers in Iceland
  • 4.3 Þórður Vídalín and His Treatise on Ice Mountains
  • 4.4 Encroachment of Expanding Glaciers from ca. 1700 Onwards
  • 4.5 The Enlightenment and Knowledge of Glaciers in the 18th Century
  • 4.6 The Pioneering Glaciologist Sveinn Pálsson
  • 4.7 Gunnlaugsson’s Map of Iceland and Hallgrímsson’s Unfinished ‘Account of Iceland’
  • 4.8 The Search for Traces of Ice-Age Glaciers in Iceland
  • 4.9 Þorvaldur Thoroddsen’s Overview of Iceland’s Geography and Geology
  • 4.10 Detection of Ancient Climate Changes in Marine and Terrestrial Sediments
  • 4.11 From Ice-Age Glacial Remnants to Modern Glaciers
  • 4.12 Changes in Glaciers and Climate Since the Settlement of Iceland
  • 4.13 Cartography of Iceland’s Glaciers
  • 4.14 Hidden Subglacial Topography Revealed
  • 4.15 Main Emphasis of Glaciological Research at the Beginning of the 21st Century
  • References
• The Glaciers of Iceland
• 5 Glaciers of Southern Iceland
  • Abstract
  • 5.1 Mýrdalsjökull Ice Cap
    • 5.1.1 Mýrdalsjökull and Its Subglacial Volcanic System
    • 5.1.2 Katla: Stories and Legends
    • 5.1.3 History of Research on Katla
    • 5.1.4 The Subglacial Topography and Geology of Mýrdalsjökull
    • 5.1.5 Waiting for Katla
  • 5.2 Eyjafjallajökull
    • 5.2.1 Volcanic Eruptions Beneath Eyjafjallajökull
  • 5.3 Tindfjallajökull
  • 5.4 Torfajökull
  • 5.5 Hekla
  • References
• 6 Glaciers of the Central Highlands
  • Abstract
  • 6.1 Langjökull
    • 6.1.1 Karlsdráttur and Kirkjuból
    • 6.1.2 Langjökull as the Source of Groundwater Springs
    • 6.1.3 The Subglacial Terrain of Langjökull
    • 6.1.4 The Origins of Langjökull
    • 6.1.5 The Future of Langjökull
  • 6.2 Þórisjökull
  • 6.3 Eiríksjökull
  • 6.4 Hrútfell
  • 6.5 Ok
  • 6.6 Hofsjökull
    • 6.6.1 Explorations of Hofsjökull
    • 6.6.2 Hofsjökull at the Beginning of the 21st Century
    • 6.6.3 The Subglacial Terrain of Hofsjökull
    • 6.6.4 Origins and Future of Hofsjökull
  • 6.7 Kerlingarfjöll Mountains
  • 6.8 Tungnafellsjökull
  • References
• 7 Glaciers of Northern and Western Iceland
  • Abstract
  • 7.1 Glaciers Between Skagafjörður and Eyjafjörður
    • 7.1.1 Glaciers Formed in Valley Heads
    • 7.1.2 Location of Northern Glaciers
    • 7.1.3 Mountain Trails
  • 7.2 Glaciers Between Eyjafjörður and Skjálfandi Bay
  • 7.3 Drangajökull
    • 7.3.1 Drangajökull’s Outlet Glaciers
    • 7.3.2 Muddy Shores and Tepid Pools
    • 7.3.3 Poor Farmland, but Plentiful Driftwood
  • 7.4 Gláma
  • 7.5 Snæfellsjökull
  • References
• 8 Vatnajökull and Glaciers of Eastern Iceland
  • Abstract
  • 8.1 Vatnajökull
    • 8.1.1 Volcanic Activity and Jökulhlaups
    • 8.1.2 Cartographic History of Vatnajökull
  • 8.2 Skeiðarársandur Outwash Plain
    • 8.2.1 History of Skeiðarársandur
    • 8.2.2 Skeiðarárjökull
  • 8.3 The Subglacial Lake Grímsvötn
    • 8.3.1 Grímsvötn: Volcanic Activity and Jökulhlaups
    • 8.3.2 Eruptions to the North of Grímsvötn Cause Jökulhlaups
    • 8.3.3 Eruption in Grímsvötn 2011, Iceland’s Largest Since Hekla in 1947
    • 8.3.4 History of Grímsvötn
    • 8.3.5 Grímsvötn Rediscovered
    • 8.3.6 Research into Grímsvötn After the Eruption of 1934
    • 8.3.7 Close Monitoring of Grímsvötn
    • 8.3.8 The Motor Age Begins at Grímsvötn
  • 8.4 The Stratovolcano Öræfajökull
    • 8.4.1 Öræfi’s Beautiful Countryside and Unique Culture
    • 8.4.2 Devastating Eruption of Hnappafellsjökull in 1362
    • 8.4.3 Eruption of Öræfajökull, 3 August 1727 to April or May 1728
  • 8.5 Breiðamerkurjökull and Breiðamerkursandur
    • 8.5.1 Glacial Advances and Land Destruction Since the Time of Settlement
    • 8.5.2 The Creation of Proglacial Lakes and the Retreat of the Glacier
    • 8.5.3 Coastal Erosion Near Jökulsárlón Threatens the National Highway
  • 8.6 Glaciers in Mýrar and Hornafjörður
    • 8.6.1 Ancient Route Over Vatnajökull from Suðursveit
    • 8.6.2 Glaciers to the East of Breiðabunga Dome
    • 8.6.3 Mýrar Rivers Threatened Settlements
    • 8.6.4 Hoffellsjökull and the Hornafjarðarfljót River
    • 8.6.5 Expansion of Hoffellsjökull from the Time of Settlement Until the End of the 19th Century
    • 8.6.6 Retreat of Hoffellsjökull from the End of the 19th Century
    • 8.6.7 Hoffellsjökull as Scene of Pioneering Glaciology in the Early 20th Century
  • 8.7 Eastern Vatnajökull and Glaciers in the Lón District
  • 8.8 The Northern Margins of Vatnajökull
    • 8.8.1 The Ancient Vatnajökulsvegur Highland Trail
    • 8.8.2 Further Expeditions to the Northern Margins
    • 8.8.3 Brúarjökull
    • 8.8.4 Enormous Surges of Brúarjökull
    • 8.8.5 Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant
    • 8.8.6 Dyngjujökull
    • 8.8.7 Volcanoes Beneath Dyngjujökull
    • 8.8.8 The Askja Swarm
    • 8.8.9 The Bárðarbunga Caldera
  • 8.9 The Western Margins of Vatnajökull
    • 8.9.1 Jökulhlaups and Magma Flows from Bárðarbunga Volcano
    • 8.9.2 Skaftárkatlar Ice Cauldrons on Lokahryggur Ridge
    • 8.9.3 The Skaftá River
    • 8.9.4 Síðujökull and the Grímsvötn Volcano
    • 8.9.5 Surges Along the Western Margins of Vatnajökull
    • 8.9.6 History of the Exploration, Cartography and Toponymy of Western Vatnajökull
  • 8.10 The Origins of Vatnajökull
  • 8.11 Mass Balance of Vatnajökull Since the Beginning of the 20th Century
  • 8.12 The Future of Vatnajökull
  • References
• Appendix A: Overview of the History of Glaciers and Glaciology in Iceland
• Appendix B: Surface Areas and Volumes of Several Glaciers Until the Year 2000. See Appendix C for 20
• Appendix C: Surface Areas of Glaciers According to Land Maps, Aerial Photographs and Satellite Image
• Appendix D: Surface Area (km2) of Individual Outlet Glaciers of Vatnajökull, Langjökull, Hofsjöku
• Appendix E: Computer-Generated Image of Subglacial Base of Vatnajökull
• Appendix F: Katla Jökulhlaups since Settlement of Iceland
• Appendix G: Computer-Generated Image of Subglacial Base of Mýrdalsjökull
• Appendix H: Jökulhlaups from Eystri-Skaftárketill ice cauldron (Vatnajökull)
• Appendix I: Jökulhlaups from Vestari-Skaftárketill Ice Cauldron (Vatnajökull)
• Appendix J: Computer-Generated Image of Subglacial Base of Langjökull
• Appendix K: Computer-Generated Image of Subglacial Base of Hofsjökull
• Appendix L: Recorded Volcanic Eruptions Beneath Vatnajökull
• Appendix M: Grímsvötn: Surface Area and Volume of Grímsvötn and Grímsvötn jökulhlaups; Thickn
• Afterword

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