Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• IFC
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
  • Arrangement of Content
  • Sectional Plan
  • Conventions of Style
  • Appendixes
  • Acknowledgments
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Origin and Transport of Magma
  • Introduction
    • Glossary
    • 1 The Melt of the Earth
    • 2 Volcanism and Plate Tectonics
    • 3 The Mid-ocean Ridge
    • 4 The Subduction Factory
    • 5 Volcanoes on Hot Spots
    • 6 Volcanism on Other Worlds
    • 7 Volcanic Processes
    • 8 The Impact of Volcanism
    • Further Reading
  • The History of Volcanology
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 The Beginnings
    • 3 The Legends and Hell
    • 4 Wind in the Earth
    • 5 Internal Combustion
    • 6 Exothermic Chemical Reactions
    • 7 The Cooling Star
    • 8 Plutonists Victorious over the Neptunists
    • 9 The First Field Volcanologists
    • 10 Experiments of the Plutonists
    • 11 A Solid Earth
    • 12 Decompression Melting
    • 13 Stirring the Pot: Convection
    • 14 Birth of Petrology
    • 15 The Source
    • 16 The Role of Water
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Part I Origin and Transport of Magma
  • Chapter 1. Melting the Earth's Upper Mantle
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Mantle
    • 3 Mantle Melting Processes
    • 4 Mantle Melt Compositions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 2. Migration of Melt
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Porous Flow Model of Melt Migration
    • 2 Melt Viscosity
    • 3 Permeability
    • 4 Mechanical Properties of the Matrix
    • 5 Melt Localization and Flow Focusing
    • 6 Future Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 3. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Plate Boundaries and Magmatism
    • 3 Magma–Tectonic Interactions
    • 4 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 4. The Composition and Origin of Magmas
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Rock Names and Compositions
    • 3 Basaltic Magmas
    • 4 Silicic Magmas: Granites and Rhyolites
    • 5 Trace Elements
    • 6 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • Nomenclature
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Magmatic Systems: Time and Length Scales
    • 3 Magma Thermodynamic Properties
    • 4 Magma Transport Properties
    • 5 Conclusions
    • Supplementary Material for Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of Magmas
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Thermodynamic Potentials and Modeling the Equilibrium State
    • 3 The Minimization of a Thermodynamic Potential
    • 4 Computational Thermodynamics Tools Available to the Volcanologist/Igneous Petrologist
    • 5 Future Directions of Chemical Thermodynamic Applications in Magmatic Systems
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 7. Volatiles in Magmas
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Definition and Significance of Magmatic Volatiles
    • 2 Solubility of Volatiles in Silicate Melts
    • 3 Approaches for Assessing Magmatic Volatile Contents
    • 4 Analytical Techniques for Measuring Volatile Abundances in Silicate Glasses
    • 5 Volatile Concentrations in Basaltic Magmas
    • 6 Volatile Abundances in Silicic Magmas
    • 7 Origin of Volatiles, Earth Degassing, and Volatile Recycling by Subduction
    • 8 Future Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 8. Magma Chambers
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Magma Bodies: Types and Sizes
    • 3 Magma Crystallization and SFs
    • 4 Phenocrysts and SFs
    • 5 Differentiation Processes in Chambers
    • 6 Chamber Processes Revealed in the Pluton Rock Record
    • 7 Chamber Evolution and Pluton Formation
    • 8 Magmatic Systems as Mush Columns
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Magma Storage Regions
    • 3 Magma Extrusion Rates
    • 4 Bubble Formation and Evolution during Magma Ascent
    • 5 Groundmass Crystallization during Magma Ascent
    • 6 Phenocryst–Melt Reactions during Magma Ascent
    • 7 Summary
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 10. Magma Transport in Dikes
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Overview
    • 3 Deformational Behavior of Materials
    • 4 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
    • 5 Magma Flow in Dikes
    • 6 Dike Formation and Propagation
    • 7 The Fate of Dikes
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 General Principles
    • 2 Small-Scale Processes
    • 3 Large-Scale Processes
    • 4 Process Interactions
    • Further Reading
• Part II: Eruptions
  • Part II Eruptions
  • Chapter 12. Earth's Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanoes—Types, Distribution, Number, and Setting
    • 3 Eruptions
    • 4 Volcanoes and Humans
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Scales and Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions
    • 3 Typical Eruptions and Recurrence Rates
    • 4 Mass and Volume of Volcanic Deposits
    • 5 Magnitudes of Volcanic Eruptions
    • 6 Intensities of Volcanic Eruptions
    • 7 Very Large Eruptions
    • 8 The Relationship between the Intensity and Magnitude of a Volcanic Eruption
    • 9 Energy of Volcanic Eruptions
    • 10 Other Measures of Eruption Size
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Ocean Ridges (Divergent Plate Volcanism)
    • 3 Volcanic Arcs (Subduction Zone Volcanism)
    • 4 Large Igneous Provinces
    • 5 Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 15. Primary Volcanic Landforms
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Polygenetic Volcanoes
    • 3 Caldera Volcanoes (Including Supervolcanoes)
    • 4 Monogenetic Volcanoes
    • 5 Volcanic Clusters, Fields, or Provinces
    • 6 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 16. Calderas
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 The Anatomy of a Caldera Volcano
    • 3 Activity at Caldera Volcanoes
    • 4 Discussion
    • Further Reading
• Part III: Effusive Volcanism
  • Part III Effusive Volcanism
  • Chapter 17. Lava Flows and Rheology
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Types of Lava
    • 3 Distribution Systems
    • 4 Flow Dynamics, Cooling and Rheology
    • 5 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 18. Lava Dome Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Definition
    • 3 Types of Lava Domes
    • 4 Lava Dome Structures and Textures
    • 5 Classic Lava Dome Eruptions
    • 6 Dynamics and Mechanics of Lava Dome Extrusion
    • 7 Hazards Associated with Lava Domes
    • 8 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 19. Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Mafic Lavas
    • 3 Felsic Lavas and Associated Rocks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 20. Glaciovolcanism
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgment
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 The Basaltic Tuya Paradigm
    • 3 Intermediate to Felsic Glaciovolcanism
    • 4 Glaciovolcanism as a Paleoclimate Proxy
    • 5 Physical Constraints on Glaciovolcanic Processes
    • 6 Observations on Modern Eruptions
    • 7 Future Research
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Mid-ocean Ridges and Magma Generation
    • 3 Segmentation
    • 4 Magma Storage
    • 5 Mid-ocean Ridge Eruptions
    • 6 Volcanic Deposition
    • 7 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 22. Seamounts and Island Building
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Definition of the Term Seamount
    • 3 Types of Seamounts
    • 4 Abundance of Seamounts
    • 5 Geochemistry
    • 6 Geochronology
    • 7 Structural Rock Types at Seamounts
    • 8 Hydrothermal Processes
    • 9 Growth and Collapse of Seamounts
    • 10 Importance of Seamounts
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgment
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 General Characteristics of Basaltic Volcanic Fields
    • 3 Eruptive Processes and Products
    • 4 Spatial Distribution of Volcanoes
    • 5 Temporal Recurrence Rate of Activity within Basaltic Fields
    • 6 Magma Sources and Ascent
    • 7 Hazard Analysis
    • 8 Future Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Compositional Range and Diversity of Provinces, Global Distribution, and Tectonic Settings
    • 3 Physical Parameters: Size, Age, Periodicity/Timing
    • 4 Source of Magmas and Mantle Dynamics
    • 5 Petrological and Geochemical Character of Basaltic LIP Magmas
    • 6 Oceanic Plateaus
    • 7 Volcanic Divergent Margins
    • 8 Continental Flood Basalts
    • 9 Summary
    • Further Reading
• Part IV: Explosive Volcanism
  • Part IV Explosive Volcanism
    • Mechanisms and Styles of Explosive Eruptions
    • Pyroclast Transport and Deposition
  • Chapter 25. Magmatic Fragmentation
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 From Source to Surface
    • 3 Fragmentation Process
    • 4 Products of Fragmentation
    • 5 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 26. Magma–Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 History of Observations and Research
    • 3 Processes and Physical Models
    • 4 Phreatomagmatic Deposits and Diagnostic Tools
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Overview
    • 2 Terminology
    • 3 Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptive Styles
    • 4 Deposit Geometry
    • 5 Pyroclast Textures
    • 6 Style Transitions
    • 7 The Role of Volatiles
    • 8 Insights from Infrasonic Measurements
    • 9 Conduit Fluid Dynamics
    • 10 New Directions and Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 28. Vulcanian Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Hazards
    • 3 Field Example: Karymsky Volcano
    • 4 General Phenomenological Features of Vulcanian Eruptions
    • 5 Eruption Mechanism
    • 6 Eruption Initiation
    • 7 Decompression and Fragmentation
    • 8 Vent Conditions
    • 9 Atmospheric Dynamics: Shock Waves
    • 10 Underexpanded Jet Stage
    • 11 Plume Stage
    • 12 Cyclic Activity, Transitions in Eruption Style
    • 13 Summary and Future Perspectives
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Classification Issues and General Characteristics
    • 3 The Plumbing System of Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions
    • 4 Magma Ascent and Fragmentation
    • 5 Atmospheric Dynamics
    • 6 Products—Density and Componentry
    • 7 Deposits
    • 8 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Transient Explosions
    • 3 Sustained Eruptions
    • 4 Discussion
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Explosive Basaltic Eruptions
    • 3 Explosive Silicic Eruptions
    • 4 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 32. Volcanic Plumes
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Generation of Volcanic Plumes
    • 3 Structure and Behavior of Volcanic Plumes
    • 4 Atmospheric Dispersal of Plumes
    • 5 Future Research
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 33. Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Tephra Sedimentation from Volcanic Plumes and Clouds
    • 3 Modeling Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation
    • 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 34. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Large-Scale Features
    • 3 Intermediate Scale Features
    • 4 Small-Scale Features
    • 5 Attempts to Classify Fall Deposits
    • Further Reading
    • Appendix: Techniques for Characterization of Fall Deposits
  • Chapter 35. Pyroclastic Density Currents: Processes and Models
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 PDCs: Encompassing a Range of Particle Concentration
    • 3 Morphology and Internal Dynamics
    • 4 Bed-Load, Erosion, and Deposition
    • 5 Models of PDCs
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 36. Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 PDC Deposits from Large Volume Explosive Eruptions
    • 3 Deposits from Small Volume PDCs
    • 4 Relationship to Topography
    • 5 Co-PDC Ashfall Deposits
    • 6 Emplacement Temperatures of PDC Deposits
    • 7 Welding and Rheomorphism in Ignimbrites
    • 8 Transport and Depositional Processes Inferred from PDC Deposits
    • 9 Deposits from PDCs that Entered the Sea
    • 10 Postdepositional Changes to PDC Deposits
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 37. Lahars and Their Deposits
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Genesis of Lahars
    • 3 Lahar Behavior: A Mechanical Perspective
    • 4 Lahar Behavior: A Geological Perspective
    • 5 Lahar Deposits
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 38. Landslides, Debris Avalanches, and Volcanic Gravitational Deformation
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcano Spreading and Sagging
    • 3 Volcanic Landslides
    • 4 Volcanic Debris Avalanches
    • 5 Volcanic Instability Priming and Triggers
    • 6 General Structure of Landslides
    • 7 General Structure of Deposits
    • 8 Debris Avalanche Facies
    • 9 Different Types of Avalanche Deposit
    • 10 Secondary Effects of Volcanic Landslides
    • 11 Transport Mechanisms
    • 12 Hazards from Volcanic Debris Avalanches
    • 13 Summary
    • Further Reading
    • Annexe 1—Extended Bibliography
• Part V: Extraterrestrial Volcanism
  • Part V Extraterrestrial Volcanism
  • Chapter 39. Volcanism on the Moon
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Mare Volcanism on the Moon
    • 3 Styles of Volcanism and Associated Landforms
    • 4 Nonmare Volcanism
    • 5 The Beginning and End of Mare Volcanism
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 40. Volcanism on Mercury
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction: Background and the Questions
    • 2 Mariner 10 Visits Mercury and the Postmission Debate
    • 3 The MESSENGER Mission: The Flybys and the Orbital Phase
    • 4 The Array of Volcanic Features on Mercury: What We See and What We Do Not
    • 5 Magma Generation, Ascent, and Eruption
    • 6 Outstanding Problems and Future Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 41. Volcanism on Mars
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Background
    • 3 Large Central Volcanoes
    • 4 Paterae and Tholi
    • 5 Hellas Highland Volcanoes
    • 6 Small Constructs
    • 7 Volcanic Plains
    • 8 Medusae Fossae Formation
    • 9 Compositional Constraints
    • 10 Volcanic History of Mars
    • 11 Future Studies
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 42. Volcanism on Venus
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Definition and Significance of Venus Volcanism
    • 2 Volcanic Landforms
    • 3 Factors Influencing Volcanic Eruptions and Volcanic Landforms on Venus
    • 4 Global Stratigraphy of Volcanic Landforms on Venus
    • 5 Evidence for Active Volcanism on Venus and Future Exploration
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 43. Volcanism on Io
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Interior and Heat Flow
    • 3 Surface Expressions of Volcanism
    • 4 Surface Changes, Color, and Composition
    • 5 Hot Spot Temperatures and Composition of Magma
    • 6 Styles of Volcanic Activity
    • 7 Global Geology and Distribution of Volcanism
    • 8 Atmosphere and Torus
    • 9 Future Studies
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 44. Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction and Scope
    • 2 Materials and Mechanisms
    • 3 Triton
    • 4 Moons of Uranus
    • 5 Saturnian Satellites
    • 6 The Jupiter System
    • 7 Future Exploration
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
• Part VI: Volcanic Interactions
  • Part VI Volcanic Interactions
  • Chapter 45. Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgment
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Sampling and Measuring of Volcanic Gases
    • 3 Chemical Composition of Volcanic Gases
    • 4 Degassing Processes
    • 5 Thermodynamics of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Gases
    • 6 Concluding Remarks
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 46. Intrusion-Related Geothermal Systems
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Intrusion-Related Geothermal Resources
    • 3 Heat Flow in the Earth
    • 4 Conceptual Models
    • 5 Hydrothermal Alteration
    • 6 Phase Distribution
    • 7 Geothermal Fluid Characteristics
    • 8 Geophysics, Structure, and Rock Properties
    • 9 Exploration and Appraisal of High-Temperature Systems
    • 10 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 47. Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting at Volcanic Arcs and Backarcs
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 MOR Hydrothermal Venting
    • 3 Styles of Arc and Backarc Hydrothermal Activity
    • 4 Arc Hydrothermal Fluids
    • 5 Backarc Hydrothermal Fluids
    • 6 Comparison with MOR Venting
    • 7 Discussion
    • 8 Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 48. Volcano-Related Lakes
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Characteristics of Volcano-Related Lakes
    • 3 Ancient Volcano-Related Lakes as Ore-forming Environments
    • 4 Hazards Posed by Volcano-Related Lakes
    • 5 Monitoring of Volcano-Related Lakes
    • 6 Mitigation of Volcano-Related Lake Hazards
    • 7 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 49. Volcanic Successions Associated with Ore Deposits: Facies Characteristics and Ore–Host Relationships
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Ore Deposits
    • 3 Komatiites and Their Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits
    • 4 Epithermal Gold–Silver Ore Deposits
    • 5 Kimberlites, Lamproites, and Diamonds
    • 6 Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 50. Volcanic Influences on the Carbon, Sulfur, and Halogen Biogeochemical Cycles
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Carbon Cycle
    • 3 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Sulfur Cycle
    • 4 Volcanic Activity and Influence on the Halogen Cycles
    • 5 Closing Remarks
    • Further Reading
• Part VII: Volcanic Hazards
  • Part VII Volcanic Hazards
  • Chapter 51. Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Recurrence Rates
    • 3 Steady-state Models
    • 4 Statistical Models
    • 5 Location of Eruptive Vents
    • 6 Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Curves and Maps
    • 7 The Event Tree Scheme for Long-term Hazard Assessment
    • 8 Future Developments
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 52. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Hazards
    • 2 Impacts
    • 3 Quantification
    • 4 Aviation Regulatory Environment
    • List of Acronyms
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 53. Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanic Emissions
    • 3 Radiative Interactions and Climate Forcing
    • 4 Climatic Impact of Volcanic Aerosols
    • 5 Ozone Impacts
    • 6 Discussion
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 54. Hazards from Pyroclastic Density Currents
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Definitions
    • 3 PDC Generation Mechanisms
    • 4 Velocities of PDCS
    • 5 Dynamic Pressures and Building Damage
    • 6 Detachment/Decoupling of PDCS
    • 7 Temperatures of PDCS
    • 8 PDC Hazard Modeling and Mapping
    • 9 Vesuvius Hazard Mapping Case Study
    • 10 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 55. Lava Flow Hazards and Modeling
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 What Are Lava Flows?
    • 3 Evolutionary Sequences Among Lava Flows
    • 4 Field Classification of Lava Flows
    • 5 The Lava Spectrum
    • 6 Lava Dynamics and Internal Solidification
    • 7 Forecasting the Behavior of Aa Flows
    • 8 Forecasting the Behavior of Pahoehoe and Blocky Flows
    • 9 The Control of Lava Flows
    • 10 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 56. Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Lahar and Jökulhlaup Characteristics
    • 3 Lahar and Jökulhlaup Hazards
    • 4 Hazard Mitigation
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 57. Hazards of Volcanic Gases
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Toxicity of Volcanic Gas Species
    • 3 Hazards to Population and the Environment: Case Studies
    • 4 Gas Hazard Mitigation
    • 5 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 58. Volcanic Tsunamis
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction: Causes and Consequences of Volcanic Tsunamis
    • 2 Examples of Different Volcanic Processes Which Can Produce Tsunamis
    • 3 Monitoring of Tsunamigenic Volcanoes and the Mitigation of Hazards from Volcanic Tsunamis
    • 4 Current and Future Research Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 59. Volcanic Seismicity
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Types of Volcanic Earthquakes and Terminology
    • 3 General Features of Earthquakes at Volcanoes
    • 4 Case Histories
    • 5 Conclusions
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 60. Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Early Studies of the Human Impacts of Eruptions
    • 2 Injury Agents
    • 3 Deaths in Volcanic Eruptions
    • 4 Causes of Death and Injury
    • 5 Conclusion
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 61. Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 The Record of LIP Events, Extinctions and OAEs
    • 3 The Nature of LIPs
    • 4 How Might LIP Volcanism Affect the Atmosphere and Environment?
    • 5 Release of Greenhouse Gases
    • 6 Ocean Acidification
    • 7 Possible Effects of Sulfur Gas Release
    • 8 Acid Rain
    • 9 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 62. Volcanic Lightning
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Instruments and Observations
    • 3 Types of Lightning
    • 4 Electrification Processes
    • Further Reading
• Part VIII: Eruption Response and Mitigation
  • Part VIII Eruption Response and Mitigation
  • Chapter 63. Seismic and Infrasonic Monitoring
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction—History and Organization
    • 2 Seismic Instruments and Networks
    • 3 Terminology and Types of Volcanic Earthquakes
    • 4 Forecasting Eruptions
    • 5 Characterizing Eruptions in Progress
    • 6 Case Histories
    • 7 Conclusions
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 64. Ground Deformation, Gravity, and Magnetics
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Principles of Ground Deformation Monitoring
    • 2 Techniques Used in the Field
    • 3 Modeling Deformation
    • 4 Case Histories of Deformation
    • 5 Principles of Gravity Monitoring
    • 6 Techniques Used in the Field
    • 7 Case Histories of Gravity Changes
    • 8 Principles of Magnetic Monitoring
    • 9 Techniques Used in the Field
    • 10 Case Histories of Magnetic Observations
    • 11 Concluding Remarks
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 65. Gas, Plume, and Thermal Monitoring
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Gas Measurements and Monitoring
    • 3 Thermal Measurements and Monitoring
    • 4 Website Dissemination and Alert Systems
    • 5 Future Directions
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 66. Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring
    • Abstract
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Instruments and Networks
    • 3 Monitoring Before Eruptions
    • 4 Monitoring During Eruptions
    • 5 Monitoring After Eruptions
    • 6 Case History: Merapi 2010
    • 7 Discussion
    • 8 Volcano Monitoring in the Future
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 67. Volcano Warning Systems
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcano Warning Systems
    • 3 Spatial and Temporal Classification of Notifications
    • 4 An Effective Warning System
    • 5 The Form of Warnings
    • 6 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 68. Volcanic Crisis Management
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Pre-event Preparedness
    • 3 Crisis Response
    • 4 Recovery
    • 5 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 69. Social Processes and Volcanic Risk Reduction
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Part I—Volcanic Activity: Social Outcomes, Individual Behavior, and Communication Processes
    • 3 Part II – Social Factors that Modulate Volcanic Risk
    • 4 Part III—Case Studies
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 70. Volcanic Risk Assessment
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanic Risk: Landmark Eruptions
    • 3 Volcanic Risk: Assets and Vulnerabilities
    • 4 Risk Metrics, Criteria, and Tolerability
    • 5 Characterizing Volcanic Risk
    • 6 Cost–Benefit Analysis in VRM
    • 7 Relative Risks and Risk Management for Nonlethal Hazards
    • 8 Expert Elicitation for Risk Assessment
    • 9 Future Developments
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
• Part IX: Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
  • Part IX Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
  • Chapter 71. Utilization of Geothermal Resources
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Use of Hydrothermal Fluids
    • 3 Hydrothermal Systems and their Roots
    • 4 Renewability of Geothermal Systems
    • 5 Drilling for Hydrothermal Fluids
    • 6 Strategy in Geothermal Development and Use
    • 7 Monitoring Studies
    • 8 Environmental Aspects
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 72. Volcanic Soils
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Formation and Evolution
    • 3 Distribution
    • 4 Properties
    • 5 Utilization and Environmental Implications
    • 6 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 73. Volcano Ecology: Disturbance Characteristics and Assembly of Biological Communities
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • Acknowledgments
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Conceptual Models of Succession: Biotic Assembly and Ecosystem Change Over Time
    • 3 Volcanic Processes and Initial Implications for Soil and Ecosystem Development
    • 4 Geography of Volcanism: Implications for Volcano Ecology
    • 5 Distribution of Volcano Ecology Studies across Biomes of the World
    • 6 Plant Successional Processes Following Volcanism
    • 7 Animal Responses to Initial Eruption and Subsequent Assembly Processes
    • 8 Ecosystem Processes and Biological Interactions
    • 9 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 74. Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Types of Materials
    • 3 Prehistoric Uses
    • 4 Modern Uses
    • 5 Additives
    • 6 Aggregates
    • 7 Construction
    • 8 Decorative Uses
    • 9 Conclusions
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 75. Volcanoes and Tourism
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 What is Volcano Tourism?
    • 2 Volcanoes in History, Culture, and Religion
    • 3 Volcanic National Parks, Geoparks, and World Heritage Sites
    • 4 Volcanic Eruptions—Unique Tourist Experiences
    • 5 Activities in Volcanic Environments
    • 6 Summary
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 76. Volcanoes, Ancient People, and Their Societies
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Volcanic Activity and Ancient Human Ancestors
    • 3 Volcanic Eruptions and Complex Societies
    • 4 Recent Large-Scale Volcanic Impacts
    • 5 Volcanoes and People in the Future
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 77. Volcanoes in Art
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 The Beginnings of Landscape Painting
    • 3 Vesuvius 1631 Eruption
    • 4 Empedocles Leaps into Etna
    • 5 The Neapolitan School
    • 6 Neoclassicism
    • 7 Turner's Fire
    • 8 Hokusai and the Spell of Fuji
    • 9 American Exploration of Unknown Volcanoes
    • 10 Hawaiian Eruptions
    • 11 Dr Atl—Volcanologist and Artist
    • 12 The Modern Volcano Landscape
    • 13 Artistic Illustration
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
  • Chapter 78. Volcanoes in Literature and Film
    • Abstract
    • Glossary
    • 1 Introduction
    • 2 Pretwentieth-Century Novels
    • 3 Twentieth-Century Novels
    • 4 Juvenile Fiction and Comics
    • 5 Volcano Films
    • See also the Following Articles
    • Further Reading
• Appendix 1. Common Units and Conversion Factors
  • 1 Mathematical Prefixes of Units
  • 2 Measurement Units and Conversion Factors
• Appendix 2. Catalog of Earth's Documented Holocene Eruptions
• Index
• IBC

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
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Auðvelt að fletta og leita
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Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu