The Craft of Research
Námskeið
- ÍSL101F Ritstjórn og fræðileg skrif
Lýsing:
With more than three-quarters of a million copies sold since its first publication, The Craft of Research has helped generations of researchers at every level—from first-year undergraduates to advanced graduate students to research reporters in business and government—learn how to conduct effective and meaningful research. Conceived by seasoned researchers and educators Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M.
Williams, this fundamental work explains how to find and evaluate sources, anticipate and respond to reader reservations, and integrate these pieces into an argument that stands up to reader critique. The fourth edition has been thoroughly but respectfully revised by Joseph Bizup and William T. FitzGerald. It retains the original five-part structure, as well as the sound advice of earlier editions, but reflects the way research and writing are taught and practiced today.
Its chapters on finding and engaging sources now incorporate recent developments in library and Internet research, emphasizing new techniques made possible by online databases and search engines. Bizup and FitzGerald provide fresh examples and standardized terminology to clarify concepts like argument, warrant, and problem. Following the same guiding principle as earlier editions—that the skills of doing and reporting research are not just for elite students but for everyone—this new edition retains the accessible voice and direct approach that have made The Craft of Research a leader in the field of research reference.
Annað
- Höfundar: Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, William T. FitzGerald
- Útgáfa:4
- Útgáfudagur: 2016-10-07
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780226239873
- Print ISBN: 9780226239736
- ISBN 10: 022623987X
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface: The Aims of This Edition
- Our Debts
- Dedication
- I Research, Researchers, and Readers
- Prologue: Becoming a Researcher
- 1 Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
- 1.1 What Is Research?
- 1.2 Why Write It Up?
- 1.3 Why a Formal Paper?
- 1.4 Writing Is Thinking
- 2 Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers
- 2.1 Conversing with Your Readers
- 2.2 Understanding Your Role
- 2.3 Imagining Your Readers’ Role
- ★ Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers
- Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
- ★ Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group
- 3 From Topics to Questions
- 3.1 From an Interest to a Topic
- 3.2 From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
- 3.3 From a Focused Topic to Questions
- 3.4 The Most Significant Question: So What?
- ★ Quick Tip: Finding Topics
- 4 From Questions to a Problem
- 4.1 Understanding Research Problems
- 4.2 Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
- 4.3 Finding a Good Research Problem
- 4.4 Learning to Work with Problems
- ★ Quick Tip: Manage the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience
- 5 From Problems to Sources
- 5.1 Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
- 5.2 Navigating the Twenty-First-Century Library
- 5.3 Locating Sources on the Internet
- 5.4 Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
- 5.5 Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
- 5.6 Using People to Further Your Research
- ★ Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
- 6 Engaging Sources
- 6.1 Recording Complete Bibliographical Information
- 6.2 Engaging Sources Actively
- 6.3 Reading for a Problem
- 6.4 Reading for Arguments
- 6.5 Reading for Data and Support
- 6.6 Taking Notes
- 6.7 Annotating Your Sources
- ★ Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
- Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
- 7 Making Good Arguments: An Overview
- 7.1 Argument as a Conversation with Readers
- 7.2 Supporting Your Claim
- 7.3 Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
- 7.4 Connecting Claims and Reasons with Warrants
- 7.5 Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
- 7.6 Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument
- ★ Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
- 8 Making Claims
- 8.1 Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
- 8.2 Evaluating Your Claim
- 8.3 Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
- 9 Assembling Reasons and Evidence
- 9.1 Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
- 9.2 Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
- 9.3 Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
- 9.4 Evaluating Your Evidence
- 10 Acknowledgments and Responses
- 10.1 Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will
- 10.2 Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
- 10.3 Deciding What to Acknowledge
- 10.4 Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments
- 10.5 The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
- ★ Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
- 11 Warrants
- 11.1 Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
- 11.2 Warrants in Academic Arguments
- 11.3 Understanding the Logic of Warrants
- 11.4 Testing Warrants
- 11.5 Knowing When to State a Warrant
- 11.6 Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
- 11.7 Challenging Others’ Warrants
- ★ Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
- Prologue: Planning Again
- 12 Planning and Drafting
- 12.1 Planning Your Paper
- 12.2 Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Plans
- 12.3 Turning Your Plan into a Draft
- ★ Quick Tip: Work Through Procrastination and Writer’s Block
- 13 Organizing Your Argument
- 13.1 Thinking Like a Reader
- 13.2 Revising Your Frame
- 13.3 Revising Your Argument
- 13.4 Revising the Organization of Your Paper
- 13.5 Checking Your Paragraphs
- 13.6 Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrasing It
- ★ Quick Tip: Abstracts
- 14 Incorporating Sources
- 14.1 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Appropriately
- 14.2 Integrating Direct Quotations into Your Text
- 14.3 Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
- 14.4 The Social Importance of Citing Sources
- 14.5 Four Common Citation Styles
- 14.6 Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
- ★ Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
- 15 Communicating Evidence Visually
- 15.1 Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
- 15.2 Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
- 15.3 Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
- 15.4 Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
- 15.5 Communicating Data Ethically
- 16 Introductions and Conclusions
- 16.1 The Common Structure of Introductions
- 16.2 Step 1: Establishing a Context
- 16.3 Step 2: Stating Your Problem
- 16.4 Step 3: Stating Your Response
- 16.5 Setting the Right Pace
- 16.6 Organizing the Whole Introduction
- 16.7 Finding Your First Few Words
- 16.8 Writing Your Conclusion
- ★ Quick Tip: Titles
- 17 Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
- 17.1 Judging Style
- 17.2 The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
- 17.3 A Third Principle: Old Before New
- 17.4 Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
- 17.5 A Final Principle: Complexity Last
- 17.6 Spit and Polish
- ★ Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
- The Ethics of Research
- A Postscript for Teachers
- Appendix: Bibliographical Resources
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