Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Prologue: Basic Mathematics Review
• Chapter 1. Introduction
  • Why Study Statistics?
  • The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry
    • A Journey through the Scientific Process
  • The Goals of This Text
  • Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
    • Descriptive Statistics
    • Inferential Statistics
  • Discrete and Continuous Variables
    • Discrete Variables
    • Continuous Variables
  • Level of Measurement
    • The Nominal Level of Measurement
    • The Ordinal Level of Measurement
    • The Interval-Ratio Level of Measurement
    • Some Final Points
  • Summary
  • Glossary
  • Problems
  • You Are the Researcher
• Part I. Descriptive Statistics
  • Chapter 2. Basic Descriptive Statistics: Tables, Percentages, Ratios and Rates, and Graphs
    • Frequency Distributions for Nominal-Level Variables
    • Enhancing Clarity: Percentages and Proportions
    • Frequency Distributions for Ordinal-Level Variables
    • Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio–Level Variables
      • Constructing Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio–Level Variables
      • Stated Limits
      • Midpoints
      • Real Limits
      • Cumulative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage
      • Unequal Class Intervals
      • Summary: Frequency Distributions for Interval-Ratio–Level Variables
    • Ratios, Rates, and Percentage Change
      • Ratios
      • Rates
      • Percentage Change
    • Using Graphs to Present Data
      • Pie Charts
      • Bar Charts
      • Histograms
      • Line Charts
    • Interpreting Statistics: Changing Patterns of American Family Life
      • The U.S. Family
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 3. Measures of Central Tendency
    • The Mode
    • The Median
    • Other Measures of Position: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles
      • Percentiles
      • Deciles and Quartiles
      • Using Percentiles to Find the Median and the Mode
    • The Mean
    • Three Characteristics of the Mean
    • Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency
    • Interpreting Statistics: Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency to Describe Income
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 4. Measures of Variation
    • The Range ( R ) and Interquartile Range ( Q )
    • Computing the Range and Interquartile Range
      • Using a Frequency Distribution to Find the Range and the Interquartile Range
    • The Standard Deviation and Variance
    • Computing the Standard Deviation: An Additional Example
    • Visualizing Variation: Boxplots
    • Interpreting the Standard Deviation
    • Interpreting Statistics: The Changing Distribution of Income in the United States
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 5. The Normal Curve
    • Properties of the Normal Curve
    • Using the Normal Curve
      • Computing Z Scores
    • The Normal Curve Table (Appendix A)
    • Finding the Total Area Above and Below a Score
    • Finding Areas Between Two Scores
    • Using the Normal Curve to Estimate Probabilities
      • Estimating Probabilities
      • Probability and the Normal Curve
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
    • Part I. Cumulative Exercises
• Part II. Inferential Statistics
  • Chapter 6. Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the Sampling Distribution
    • Probability Sampling: Basic Concepts and Terms
    • EPSEM Sampling Techniques
      • Simple Random Sampling
      • Systematic Random Sampling
      • Stratified Random Sampling
      • Cluster Sampling
    • The Sampling Distribution
      • The Three Distributions Used in Inferential Statistics
      • Constructing a Sampling Distribution
      • Two Theorems
      • Summary: Two Theorems
    • The Sampling Distribution: An Additional Example Using the General Social Survey (GSS)
      • The GSS and the Population
      • The GSS and the Sample
      • The GSS and the Sampling Distribution
    • Symbols and Terminology
    • Summary
    • Glossary
    • Problems
  • Chapter 7. Estimation Procedures
    • Estimation Selection Criteria: Bias and Efficiency
      • Bias
      • Efficiency
    • Interval Estimation Procedures
    • Interval Estimation Procedures Using Sample Means (Large Samples)
    • Interval Estimation Procedures Using Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
    • Computing Confidence Intervals: A Summary
    • Controlling the Width of Interval Estimates
      • Interval Width and Confidence Level
      • Interval Width and Sample Size
    • Interpreting Statistics: Predicting Election Outcomes and Judging the Performance of the President
      • Predicting the 2016 Presidential Election
      • Breaking Down the Poll Numbers
      • The Ups and Downs of Presidential Popularity
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 8. Hypothesis Testing I: The One-Sample Case
    • An Overview of Hypothesis Testing
    • The Five-Step Model for Hypothesis Testing
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
    • Choosing a One-Tailed or Two-Tailed Test
      • Types of Significance Tests
      • One- Versus Two-Tailed Tests and the Five-Step Model
      • Using a One-Tailed Test
    • Selecting an Alpha Level
    • The Student’s t Distribution
      • The Distribution of t : Using Appendix B
      • Using the t Distribution in a Test of Hypothesis
    • Tests of Hypothesis for Single-Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
      • A Test of Hypothesis using Sample Proportions
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
  • Chapter 9. Hypothesis Testing II: The Two-Sample Case
    • The One-Sample Case Versus the Two-Sample Case
    • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Large Samples)
    • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means (Small Samples)
      • The Five-Step Model and the t Distribution
    • Hypothesis Testing with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
      • Conducting a Test of Hypothesis with Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
    • The Limitations of Hypothesis Testing: Significance Versus Importance
    • Interpreting Statistics: Is There a Statistically Significant Gender Gap in Income?
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 10. Hypothesis Testing III: The Analysis of Variance
    • The Logic of the Analysis of Variance
    • The Computation of ANOVA
    • An Example of Computing the Analysis of Variance
    • A Test of Significance for ANOVA
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
    • An Additional Example of Computing and Testing the Analysis of Variance
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements
    • The Limitations of the Test
    • Interpreting Statistics: Does Sexual Activity Vary by Age?
      • Post Hoc Analysis
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 11. Hypothesis Testing IV: Chi Square
    • Bivariate Tables
    • The Logic of Chi Square
    • The Computation of Chi Square
    • The Chi Square Test for Independence
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements.
    • Column Percentages
    • The Chi Square Test: An Additional Example
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements.
    • Chi Square and the Goodness-of-Fit Test
      • Step 1. Making Assumptions and Meeting Test Requirements.
    • The Limitations of the Chi Square Test
    • Interpreting Statistics: Family Values and Social Class
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
    • Part II. Cumulative Exercises
• Part III. Bivariate Measures of Association
  • Chapter 12. Bivariate Association for Nominal- and Ordinal-Level Variables
    • Association and Bivariate Tables
    • Three Characteristics of Bivariate Associations
      • Does an Association Exist?
      • How Strong is the Association?
      • What is the Pattern and/or the Direction of the Association?
      • Association and Statistical Significance
      • Association and Causation
    • Measures of Association: Introduction
    • Measures of Association for Nominal Variables
      • Chi Square–Based Measures of Association: Phi and Cramer’s V
      • The Limitations of Phi and Cramer’s V
      • A Measure of Association Based on Proportional Reduction in Error
      • The Limitations of Lambda
    • Measures of Association for Collapsed Ordinal Variables
      • Gamma
    • A Measure of Association for Continuous Ordinal Variables: Spearman’s Rho ( r s )
      • Computing Spearman’s Rho.
    • Interpreting Statistics Age and Concern for the Environment
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 13. Association Between Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level
    • Scatterplots and Regression Analysis
      • Constructing Scatterplots
      • Adding a “Freehand” Regression Line
      • Using Scatterplots to Answer the Three Questions
      • Using Scatterplots to Check for Linearity
      • Using Scatterplots for Prediction
    • The Regression Line
    • Computing and Interpreting the Regression Coefficients ( a and b )
      • Computing the Slope ( b )
      • Interpreting the Slope ( b )
      • Computing the Y Intercept ( a )
    • Predicting Scores on Y with the Least-Squares Regression Line
    • The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r )
    • Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient r 2
    • The Correlation Matrix
    • Correlation, Regression, Level of Measurement, and Dummy Variables
    • Testing Pearson’s r for Significance
    • Interpreting Statistics: The Correlates of Crime
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
    • Part III Cumulative Exercises
• Part IV. Multivariate Techniques
  • Chapter 14. Elaborating Bivariate Tables
    • Controlling for a Third Variable
      • The Bivariate Relationship
      • Partial Tables
    • Interpreting Partial Tables
      • Direct Relationships
      • Spurious or Intervening Relationships
      • Interaction
    • Partial Gamma ( G p )
      • Where Do Control Variables Come From?
    • The Limitations of Elaborating Bivariate Tables
    • Interpreting Statistics: Another Look at Concern for the Environment
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
  • Chapter 15. Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
    • Partial Correlation
      • Types of Relationships
      • Computing and Interpreting the Partial Correlation Coefficient
    • Multiple Regression: Predicting the Dependent Variable
      • Partial Slopes
    • Multiple Regression: Assessing the Effects of the Independent Variables
      • Computing the Standardized Regression Coefficients
      • The Standardized Least-Squares Regression Line
    • Multiple Correlation
      • Computing and Interpreting R 2
    • Interpreting Statistics: Another Look at the Correlates of Crime
    • The Limitations of Multiple Regression and Correlation
    • Summary
    • Summary of Formulas
    • Glossary
    • Problems
    • You Are the Researcher
    • Part IV. Cumulative Exercises
• Appendix A. Area Under the Normal Curve
• Appendix B. Distribution of t
• Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square
• Appendix D. Distribution of F
• Appendix E. Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects
• Appendix F. An Introduction to SPSS
• Appendix G. Codebooks for All Data Sets
• Glossary of Symbols
• Greek Letters

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