Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1. Social Psychology The Science of the Social Side of Life
  • 1.1: Social Psychology: What It Is and Is Not
    • 1.1.1: Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature
    • 1.1.2: Social Psychology Focuses on the Behavior of Individuals
    • 1.1.3: Social Psychology Seeks to Understand the Causes of Social Behavior
    • 1.1.4: The Search for Basic Principles in a Changing Social World
  • 1.2: Social Psychology: Advances at the Boundaries
    • 1.2.1: Cognition and Behavior: Two Sides of the Same Social Coin
    • 1.2.2: The Role of Emotion in the Social Side of Life
    • 1.2.3: Social Relationships: How Important They Are for Well-Being
    • 1.2.4: Social Neuroscience: The Intersection of Social Psychology and Brain Research
    • 1.2.5: The Role of Implicit (Nonconscious) Processes
    • 1.2.6: Taking Full Account of Social Diversity
  • 1.3: How Social Psychologists Answer the Questions They Ask: Research as the Route to Increased Know
    • 1.3.1: Systematic Observation: Describing the World Around Us
    • 1.3.2: Correlation: The Search for Relationships
    • 1.3.3: The Experimental Method: Knowledge Through Systematic Intervention
    • 1.3.4: Further Thoughts on Causality: The Role of Mediating Variables
    • 1.3.5: Meta-Analysis: Assessing a Body of Knowledge
  • 1.4: The Role of Theory in Social Psychology
  • 1.5: The Quest for Knowledge and the Rights of Individuals: Seeking an Appropriate Balance
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 2. Social Cognition How We Think About the Social World
  • 2.1: Heuristics: How We Employ Simple Rules in Social Cognition
    • 2.1.1: Representativeness: Judging by Resemblance
    • 2.1.2: Availability: “If I Can Recall Many Instances, They Must Be Frequent?”
    • 2.1.3: Anchoring and Adjustment: Where You Begin Makes a Difference
    • 2.1.4: Status Quo Heuristic: “What Is, Is Good”
    • What Research Tells Us About… People’s Preference for the Status Quo
  • 2.2: Schemas: Mental Frameworks for Organizing Social Information
    • 2.2.1: The Impact of Schemas on Social Cognition: Attention, Encoding, Retrieval
    • 2.2.2: Priming: How Schemas Guide Our Thought and Action?
    • 2.2.3: Schema Persistence: Why Even Discredited Schemas Can Influence Thought and Behavior
    • 2.2.4: Reasoning by Metaphor: How Social Attitudes and Behavior Are Affected by Figures of Speech
  • 2.3: Automatic and Controlled Processing in Social Thought
    • 2.3.1: Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior
    • 2.3.2: Benefits of Automatic Processing: Beyond Mere Efficiency
  • 2.4: Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Why Total Rationality Is Rarer Than You Think
    • 2.4.1: Our Powerful Tendency to Be Overly Optimistic
    • 2.4.2: Situation-Specific Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Counterfactual Thinking and Magical
  • 2.5: Affect and Cognition: How Feelings Shape Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings
    • 2.5.1: The Influence of Affect on Cognition
    • 2.5.2: The Influence of Cognition on Affect
    • 2.5.3: Affect and Cognition: Social Neuroscience Evidence for Two Separate Systems
    • What Research Tells Us About… How Today’s Decisions Are Shaped by Regret for Tomorrow’s Outcom
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 3. Social Perception Seeking to Understand Others
  • 3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language
    • 3.1.1: Basic Channels of Nonverbal Communication
    • 3.1.2: Nonverbal Cues in Social Life
    • 3.1.3: Recognizing Deception
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Nonverbal Cues in Job Interviews
    • 3.1.4: Dark Personality and Person Perception
  • 3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior
    • 3.2.1: Theories of Attribution: How We Attempt to Make Sense of the Social World
    • 3.2.2: Basic Sources of Error in Attribution
    • What Research Tells Us About… Why Some People Conclude They Are Superior to Others
    • 3.2.3: Applications of Attribution Theory: Interventions and Insights
  • 3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Information About Others
    • 3.3.1: Impression Formation
    • 3.3.2: Impression Management
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 4. The Self Answering the Question “Who Am I?”
  • 4.1: Self-Presentation: Managing the Self in Different Social Contexts
    • 4.1.1: Self–Other Accuracy in Predicting Our Behavior
    • 4.1.2: Self-Presentation Tactics
  • 4.2: Self-Knowledge: Determining Who We Are
    • 4.2.1: Introspection: Looking Inward to Discover the Causes of Our Own Behavior
    • What Research Tells Us About… Prosocial Spending and Individual Happiness
    • 4.2.2: The Self from the Observer’s Standpoint
  • 4.3: Personal Identity Versus Social Identity
    • 4.3.1: Who I Think I Am Depends on the Social Context
    • 4.3.2: Who I Am Depends on Others’ Treatment
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Importance of Belonging and Group Ties
    • 4.3.3: The Self Across Time: Past and Future Selves
    • 4.3.4: Why Self-Control Can Be Difficult to Achieve
  • 4.4: Social Comparison: How We Evaluate Ourselves
    • 4.4.1: Self-Serving Biases and Unrealistic Optimism
  • 4.5: Self-Esteem: Attitudes Toward Ourselves
    • 4.5.1: The Measurement of Self-Esteem
    • 4.5.2: How Migration Affects Self-Esteem
    • 4.5.3: Do Women and Men Differ in Their Level of Self-Esteem?
    • What Research Tells Us About… Perceived Discrimination and Self-Esteem
  • 4.6: The Self and Emotions
    • 4.6.1: How Shame and Guilt Can Shape Our Behavior
    • What Research Tells Us About… Academic Cheating & Self-Conscious Emotions
    • 4.6.2: The Two Faces of Janus: Authentic and Hubristic Pride
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 5. Attitudes Evaluating and Responding to the Social World
  • 5.1: Attitude Formation: How Attitudes Develop
    • 5.1.1: Classical Conditioning: Learning Based on Association
    • 5.1.2: Instrumental Conditioning: Rewardsfor the “Right” Views
    • 5.1.3: Observational Learning: Learning by Exposure to Others
    • What Research Tells Us About… Social Modeling and Fashion-related Attitude
  • 5.2: When and Why Do Attitudes Influence Behavior?
    • 5.2.1: Role of the Social Context in the Link Between Attitudes and Behavior
    • 5.2.2: Strength of Attitudes
    • 5.2.3: Attitude Extremity: Role of Vested Interests
    • 5.2.4: Attitude Certainty: Importance of Clarity and Correctness
    • 5.2.5: Role of Personal Experience
  • 5.3: How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?
    • 5.3.1: Attitudes Arrived at Through Reasoned Thought
    • 5.3.2: Attitudes and Spontaneous Behavioral Reactions
  • 5.4: The Science of Persuasion: How Attitudes Are Changed
    • 5.4.1: Persuasion: Communicators, Messages, and Audiences
    • 5.4.2: The Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion
  • 5.5: Resisting Persuasion Attempts
    • 5.5.1: Reactance: Protecting Our Personal Freedom
    • 5.5.2: Forewarning: Prior Knowledge of Persuasive Intent
    • 5.5.3: Selective Avoidance of Persuasion Attempts
    • 5.5.4: Actively Defending Our Attitudes: Counterarguing Against the Competition
    • 5.5.5: Individual Differences in Resistance to Persuasion
    • 5.5.6: Ego-Depletion Can Undermine Resistance
  • 5.6: Cognitive Dissonance: What Is It and How Do We Manage It?
    • 5.6.1: Dissonance and Attitude Change: The Effects of Induced Compliance
    • 5.6.2: Alternative Strategies for Resolving Dissonance
    • 5.6.3: When Dissonance Is a Tool for Beneficial Changes in Behavior
    • What Research Tells Us About… Culture and Attitude Processes
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 6. Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
  • 6.1: How Members of Different Groups Perceive Inequality
    • What Research Tells Us About… Biases inOur Beliefs About Inequality
  • 6.2: The Nature and Origins of Stereotyping
    • 6.2.1: Stereotyping: Beliefs About Social Groups
    • 6.2.2: Is Stereotyping Absent If Members of Different Groups Are Rated the Same?
    • 6.2.3: Can We Be Victims of Stereotyping and Not Even Recognize It: The Case of Single People
    • 6.2.4: Why Do People Form and Use Stereotypes?
  • 6.3: Prejudice: Feelings Toward Social Groups
    • 6.3.1: The Origins of Prejudice: Contrasting Perspectives
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Existential Threat in Prejudice
  • 6.4: Discrimination: Prejudice in Action
    • 6.4.1: Modern Racism: More Subtle, but Just as Harmful
  • 6.5: Why Prejudice Is Not Inevitable: Techniques for Countering Its Effects
    • 6.5.1: On Learning Not to Hate
    • 6.5.2: The Potential Benefits
    • 6.5.3: Recategorization: Changing the Boundaries
    • 6.5.4: The Benefits of Guilt for Prejudice Reduction
    • 6.5.5: Can We Learn to “Just Say No” to Stereotyping and Biased Attributions?
    • 6.5.6: Social Influence as a Means of Reducing Prejudice
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 7. Liking, Love, and Other Close Relationships
  • 7.1: Internal Sources of Liking Others: The Role of Needs and Emotions
    • 7.1.1: The Importance of Affiliation in HumanExistence: The Need to Belong
    • 7.1.2: The Role of Affect: Do Our Moods Play a Role in Liking Others?
  • 7.2: External Sources of Attraction: The Effects of Proximity, Familiarity, and Physical Beauty
    • 7.2.1: The Power of Proximity: Unplanned Contacts
    • 7.2.2: Physical Beauty: Its Role in Interpersonal Attraction
    • What Research Tells Us About… Dramatic Differences in Appearance Between Partners: Is Love Really
  • 7.3: Sources of Liking Based on Social Interaction
    • 7.3.1: Similarity: Birds of a Feather Actually Do Flock Together
    • 7.3.2: Reciprocal Liking or Disliking: Liking Those Who Like Us
    • 7.3.3: Social Skills: Liking People Who Are Good at Interacting with Others
    • 7.3.4: Personality and Liking: Why People with Certain Traits Are More Attractive Than Others
    • 7.3.5: What Do We Desire in Others? Gender Differences and Changes over Stages of a Relationship
  • 7.4: Close Relationships: Foundations of Social Life
    • 7.4.1: Romantic Relationships and the (Partially Solved) Mystery of Love
    • 7.4.2: What Do We Seek in Romantic Partners?
    • What Research Tells Us About… Two Factors That May Destroy Love—Jealousy and Infidelity
    • 7.4.3: Relationships with Family Members: Our First—and Most Lasting—Close Relationships
    • 7.4.4: Friendships: Relationships Beyond the Family
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 8. Social Influence Changing Others’ Behavior
  • 8.1: Conformity: How Groups—and Norms—Influence Our Behavior
    • 8.1.1: Social Pressure: The Irresistible Force?
    • 8.1.2: How Social Norms Emerge
    • What Research Tells Us About… How Much We Really Conform
    • 8.1.3: Factors Affecting Conformity
    • 8.1.4: Social Foundations of Conformity: Why We Often Choose to “Go Along”
    • 8.1.5: The Downside of Conformity
    • 8.1.6: Reasons for Nonconformity: Why We Sometimes Choose “Not to Go Along”
    • 8.1.7: Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule?
  • 8.2: Compliance: To Ask—Sometimes—Is to Receive
    • 8.2.1: The Underlying Principles of Compliance
    • 8.2.2: Tactics Based on Friendship or Liking
    • 8.2.3: Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency
    • 8.2.4: Tactics Based on Reciprocity
    • 8.2.5: Tactics Based on Scarcity
    • 8.2.6: Do Compliance Tactics Work?
    • What Research Tells Us About… Leadership and Follower Compliance
  • 8.3: Obedience to Authority: Would You Harm Someone If Ordered to Do So?
    • 8.3.1: Obedience in the Laboratory
    • 8.3.2: Why Destructive Obedience Occurs
    • 8.3.3: Resisting the Effects of Destructive Obedience
  • 8.4: Unintentional Social Influence: How Others Change Our Behavior Even When They Are Not Trying to
    • 8.4.1: Emotional Contagion
    • 8.4.2: Symbolic Social Influence
    • 8.4.3: Modeling: Learning from Observing Others
    • Rapid Review
    • Critical Thinking Questions
    • Self-Test
• Chapter 9. Prosocial Behavior Helping Others
  • 9.1: Why People Help: Motives for Prosocial Behavior
    • 9.1.1: Empathy-Altruism: It Feels Good to Help Others
    • 9.1.2: Negative-State Relief: Helping Can Reduce Unpleasant Feelings
    • 9.1.3: Empathic Joy: Feeling Good by Helping Others
    • 9.1.4: Competitive Altruism: Why Nice People Sometimes Finish First
    • 9.1.5: Kin Selection Theory
    • 9.1.6: Defensive Helping: Helping Outgroups to Reduce Their Threat to Our Ingroup
  • 9.2: Responding to an Emergency: Will Bystanders Help?
    • 9.2.1: Helping in Emergencies: Apathy—or Action?
    • 9.2.2: Is There Safety in Numbers? Sometimes, but Not Always
    • 9.2.3: Key Steps in Deciding to Help—Or Not
  • 9.3: Factors That Increase or Decrease the Tendency to Help
    • 9.3.1: Factors That Increase Prosocial Behavior
    • What Research Tells Us About… Paying It Forward: Helping Others Because We Have Been Helped
    • 9.3.2: Factors That Reduce Helping
    • What Research Tells Us About… How People React to Being Helped
  • 9.4: Crowdfunding: A New Type of Prosocial Behavior
    • 9.4.1: Emotion and Prosocial Behavior: Mood, Feelings of Elevation, and Helping
    • 9.4.2: Social Neuroscience of Helping
  • 9.5: Final Thoughts: Are Prosocial Behavior and Aggression Opposites?
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 10. Aggression Its Nature, Causes, and Control
  • 10.1: Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of the Roots of Violence
    • 10.1.1: The Role of Biological Factors: Are We Programmed for Violence?
    • 10.1.2: Drive Theories: The Motive to Harm Others
    • 10.1.3: Modern Theories of Aggression
  • 10.2: Causes of Human Aggression: Social, Cultural, Personal, and Situational
    • 10.2.1: Basic Sources of Aggression: Frustration and Provocation
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Emotions in Aggression
    • 10.2.2: Social Causes of Aggression
    • 10.2.3: Why Some People Are More Aggressive Than Others
    • 10.2.4: Gender and Aggression: Are Men More Aggressive Than Women?
    • 10.2.5: Situational Determinants of Aggression: The Effects of Heat, Alcohol, and Gun Availability
  • 10.3: Aggression in the Classroom and Workplace
    • 10.3.1: What Is Bullying?
    • 10.3.2: Cyberbullying: Electronic Means of Harm Doing
    • 10.3.3: Can Bullying Be Reduced?
    • What Research Tells Us About… Workplace Aggression
  • 10.4: The Prevention and Control of Aggression: Some Useful Techniques
    • 10.4.1: Punishment: Revenge or Deterrence?
    • 10.4.2: Self-Regulation: Internal Mechanisms for Restraining Aggression
    • 10.4.3: Catharsis: Does “Blowing Off Steam” Really Help?
    • 10.4.4: Reducing Aggression by Thinking Nonaggressive Thoughts
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 11. Groups and Individuals The Consequences of Belonging
  • 11.1: Groups: When We Join . . . and When We Leave
    • 11.1.1: Groups: Their Key Components
    • 11.1.2: The Benefits—and Costs—of Joining
  • What Research Tells Us About… Dissent and Criticism of Our Groups—“Because We Care”
  • 11.2: Effects of the Presence of Others: From Task Performance to Behavior in Crowds
    • 11.2.1: Social Facilitation: Performing in the Presence of Others
    • 11.2.2: Social Loafing: Letting Others Do the Work
    • 11.2.3: Effects of Being in a Crowd
  • 11.3: Coordination in Groups: Cooperation or Conflict?
    • 11.3.1: Cooperation: Working with Others to Achieve Shared Goals
    • 11.3.2: Responding to and Resolving Conflicts
  • 11.4: Perceived Fairness in Groups: Its Nature and Effects
    • 11.4.1: Rules for Judging Fairness: Distributive, Procedural, and Transactional Justice
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Importance of Being Treated with Respect
  • 11.5: Decision Making by Groups: How It Occurs and the Pitfalls It Faces
    • 11.5.1: The Decision-Making Process: How Groups Attain Consensus
    • 11.5.2: The Downside of Group Decision Making
  • 11.6: The Role of Leadership in Group Settings
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• Chapter 12. Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life
  • 12.1: Social Sources of Stress and Their Effects on Personal Well-Being
    • 12.1.1: The Impact of Social Relationships on Health
    • 12.1.2: How Self-Views Affect Outcomes
    • 12.1.3: The Struggle to “Belong”
  • 12.2: Social Tactics for Decreasing the Harmful Effects of Stress
    • 12.2.1: Using Social Groups to Improve Health
    • 12.2.2: Social Identification as a Means for Managing Stress
  • What Research Tells Us About… Reducing Post-Traumatic Stress Among Veterans
    • 12.2.3: Accepting Ourselves
  • 12.3: Making the Legal System More Fair and Effective
    • 12.3.1: Social Influence in Policing and Legal Processes
    • 12.3.2: The Influence of Prejudice and Stereotypes in the Legal System
  • 12.4: Fostering Happiness in Our Lives
    • 12.4.1: How Happy Are People, in General?
    • 12.4.2: Factors That Influence Happiness
    • 12.4.3: Does Monetary Wealth Create Happiness?
    • 12.4.4: Is Happiness Getting What You Want or Enjoying What You Have?
    • 12.4.5: Differences Between Happy and Unhappy People
    • What Research Tells Us About… The Relationship Between Emotions and Life Satisfaction Within Diffe
    • 12.4.6: Benefits of Happiness
    • 12.4.7: Is It Possible to Be Too Happy?
    • 12.4.8: Increasing Happiness Levels
    • 12.4.9: Entrepreneurship as a Means of Seeking Happiness
  • Rapid Review
  • Critical Thinking Questions
  • Self-Test
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
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• Subject Index
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