Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• About the authors
• 1 Introducing social psychology
  • What is social psychology?
    • Social psychology and its close neighbours
    • Topics of social psychology
  • Research methods
    • Scientific method
    • Experiments
    • Non-experimental methods
    • Data and analysis
  • Research ethics
    • Physical welfare of participants
    • Respect for privacy
    • Use of deception
    • Informed consent
    • Debriefing
  • Theories and theorising
    • Theories in social psychology
    • Social psychology in crisis
    • Reductionism and levels of explanation
    • Positivism and post-positivism
  • Historical context
    • Social psychology in the nineteenth century
    • The rise of experimentation
    • Later influences
    • The journals
  • Social psychology in Europe
  • About this text
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 2 Social cognition and social thinking
  • Social psychology and cognition
    • A short history of cognition in social psychology
  • Forming impressions of other people
    • What information is important?
    • Biases in forming impressions
    • Cognitive algebra
  • Social schemas and categories
    • Types of schemas
    • Categories and prototypes
    • Categorisation and stereotyping
  • How we use, acquire and change schemas
    • Using schemas
    • Acquiring schemas
    • Changing schemas
  • Social encoding
    • Salience
    • Vividness
    • Accessibility
  • Memory for people
    • Contents of person memory
    • Organisation of person memory
    • Using person memory
  • Social inference
    • Departures from normality
    • Heuristics
    • Improving social inference
  • Affect and emotion
    • Antecedents of affect
    • Consequences of affect
    • Emotion regulation
    • Beyond cognition and neuroscience
  • Where is the 'social' in social cognition?
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 3 Attribution and social explanation
  • Seeking the causes of behaviour
  • How people attribute causality
    • People as naive psychologists
    • From acts to dispositions
    • People as everyday scientists
  • Extensions of attribution theory
    • Explaining our emotions
    • Attributions for our own behaviour
    • Task performance attributions
  • Applications of attribution theory
    • Individual differences and attributional styles
    • Interpersonal relationships
  • Attributional biases
    • Correspondence bias, the fundamental attribution error, and essentialism
    • The actor–observer effect
    • The false consensus effect
    • Self-serving biases
  • Intergroup attribution
    • Attribution and stereotyping
  • Social knowledge and societal attributions
    • Social representations
    • Rumour and gossip
    • Conspiracy theories
    • Societal attributions
    • Culture's contribution
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 4 Self and identity
  • Who are you?
  • Self and identity in historical context
    • Psychodynamic self
    • Individual versus collective self
    • Collective self
    • Symbolic interactionist self
  • Self-awareness
  • Self-knowledge
    • Self-schemas
    • Regulatory focus theory
    • Inferences from our behaviour
    • Social comparison and self-knowledge
  • Many selves, multiple identities
    • Types of self and identity
    • Contextual sensitivity of self and identity
    • In search of self-coherence
  • Social identity theory
    • Personal identity and social identity
    • Processes of social identity salience
    • Consequences of social identity salience
  • Self-motives
    • Self-assessment and self-verification
    • Self-enhancement
  • Self-esteem
    • Self-esteem and social identity
    • Individual differences
    • In pursuit of self-esteem
  • Self-presentation and impression management
    • Strategic self-presentation
    • Expressive self-presentation
  • Cultural differences in self and identity
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 5 Attitudes
  • Structure and function of attitudes
    • A short history of attitudes
    • Attitude structure
    • Attitude functions
    • Cognitive consistency
    • Cognition and evaluation
    • Decision-making and attitudes
  • Can attitudes predict behaviour?
    • Beliefs, intentions and behaviour
    • Attitude accessibility
    • Attitude strength and direct experience
    • Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link
    • Moderator variables
  • Forming attitudes
    • Behavioural approaches
    • Cognitive development
    • Sources of learning
  • Concepts related to attitudes
    • Values
    • Ideology
    • Social representations
  • Measuring attitudes
    • Attitude scales
    • Using attitude scales today
    • Physiological measures
    • Measures of overt behaviour
    • Measuring covert attitudes
    • Concluding thoughts
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 6 Persuasion and attitude change
  • Attitudes, arguments and behaviour
  • Persuasive communication
    • The communicator
    • The message
    • The audience
  • Dual-process models of persuasion
    • Elaboration–likelihood model
    • Heuristic–systematic model
  • Compliance
    • Tactics for enhancing compliance
    • Action research
  • Cognitive dissonance and attitude change
    • Effort justification
    • Induced compliance
    • Free choice
    • The role of self
    • Vicarious dissonance
    • Alternative views to dissonance
    • A new look at cognitive dissonance
  • Resistance to persuasion
    • Reactance
    • Forewarning
    • Inoculation
    • Attitude accessibility and strength
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 7 Social influence
  • Types of social influence
    • Compliance, obedience, conformity
    • Power and influence
  • Obedience to authority
    • Factors influencing obedience
    • The ethical legacy of Milgram's experiments
  • Conformity
    • The formation and influence of norms
    • Yielding to majority group pressure
    • Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics
    • Situational factors in conformity
    • Processes of conformity
  • Minority influence and social change
    • Beyond conformity
    • Behavioural style and the genetic model
    • Conversion theory
    • Convergent–divergent theory
    • Social identity and self-categorisation
    • Vested interest and the leniency contract
    • Attribution and social impact
    • Two processes or one?
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 8 People in groups
  • What is a group?
    • Categories and group entitativity
    • Common-bond and common-identity groups
    • Groups and aggregates
    • Definitions
  • Group effects on individual performance
    • Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation
    • Classification of group tasks
    • Social loafing and social impact
  • Group cohesiveness
  • Group socialisation
  • Norms
    • Morality
  • Group structure
    • Roles
    • Status
    • Communication networks
    • Subgroups and crosscutting categories
    • Deviants and marginal members
  • Why do people join groups?
    • Reasons for joining groups
    • Motivations for affiliation and group formation
    • Why not join groups?
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 9 Leadership and group decision-making
  • Leaders and group decisions
  • Leadership
    • Defining leadership
    • Personality traits and individual differences
    • Situational perspectives
    • What leaders do
    • Contingency theories
    • Transactional leadership
    • Transformational leadership
    • Charisma and charismatic leadership
    • Leader perceptions and leadership schemas
    • Social identity and leadership
    • Trust and leadership
    • Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs
    • Intergroup leadership
  • Group decision-making
    • Rules governing group decisions
    • Brainstorming
    • Group memory
    • Groupthink
    • Group polarisation
  • Jury verdicts
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 10 Prejudice and discrimination
  • Nature and dimensions of prejudice
  • Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour
  • Targets of prejudice and discrimination
    • Sexism
    • Racism
    • Ageism
    • Discrimination against sexual minorities
    • Discrimination based on physical or mental disability
  • Forms of discrimination
    • Reluctance to help
    • Tokenism
    • Reverse discrimination
  • Stigma and other effects of prejudice
    • Stigma
    • Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological well-being
    • Stereotype threat
    • Failure and disadvantage
    • Attributional ambiguity
    • Self-fulfilling prophecies
    • Dehumanisation, violence and genocide
  • Explanations of prejudice and discrimination
    • Frustration–aggression
    • The authoritarian personality
    • Dogmatism and closed-mindedness
    • Right-wing authoritarianism
    • Social dominance theory
    • Belief congruence
    • Other explanations
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 11 Intergroup behaviour
  • What is intergroup behaviour?
  • Relative deprivation and social unrest
    • Relative deprivation
    • Social protest and collective action
  • Realistic conflict
    • Realistic conflict theory
    • Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas
  • Social identity
    • Minimal groups
    • Social identity theory
  • Social cognition
    • Categorisation and relative homogeneity
    • Memory
    • Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation
    • Optimal distinctiveness
  • Intergroup emotions
  • Collective behaviour and the crowd
    • Early theories
    • Deindividuation and self-awareness
    • Emergent norm theory
    • Social identity theory and crowd behaviour
  • Improving intergroup relations
    • Propaganda and education
    • Intergroup contact
    • Superordinate goals
    • Pluralism and diversity
    • Communication and negotiation
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 12 Aggression
  • Aggression in our community
  • Definitions and measurement
    • Defining aggression
    • Measuring aggression
  • Theoretical perspectives
    • Biological explanations
    • Social and biosocial explanations
  • Personal and situational variations
    • Personality and individual differences
    • Situational variables
  • General aggression model
  • Societal influences
    • Disadvantaged groups
    • Criminality and demographics
    • Subculture of violence
  • Mass media
    • A cognitive analysis
    • Rape myths, erotica and aggression
  • Domestic and intimate partner violence
    • Gender asymmetry?
    • Hurting the one we 'love'
  • Institutionalised aggression
    • Role of society
    • War
    • Role of the state
    • Role of the person
    • Levels of explanation
  • Reducing aggression
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 13 Prosocial behaviour
  • Now for something completely different
    • Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour and altruism
    • The Kitty Genovese murder
  • Why and when people help
    • Biology and evolution
    • Empathy and arousal
    • Calculating whether to help
    • Empathy and altruism
    • Learning to be helpful
  • The bystander effect
    • Latané and Darley's cognitive model
  • The person in the equation
    • Mood states
    • Attributes of the person
    • Helping to prevent crime
    • Shoplifting
    • Exam cheating
    • Health support networks
  • Receiving help
  • Norms, motives and self-sacrifice
    • Norms for helping
    • Motives and goals
    • Volunteers and martyrs
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 14 Attraction and close relationships
  • Liking, loving and affiliating
  • Attractive people
  • Evolution and attraction
    • The role of our genes
    • Attractive faces
    • The search for ideals
  • What increases liking?
    • Proximity
    • Familiarity
    • Attitude similarity
    • Social matching
    • Assortative mating
    • Personal characteristics
    • Cultural stereotypes
  • Attraction and rewards
    • Relationships based on reinforcement
    • Relationships based on social exchange
    • Costs and benefits
    • Comparison levels
    • Social exchange, equity and justice
    • The role of norms
  • Attachment
    • Social isolation and the need to affiliate
    • Isolation and anxiety
    • Effects of social deprivation
    • Attachment styles
  • Close relationships
    • What is love?
    • Love and romance
    • Labels and illusions
    • No greater love
    • Marriage
    • Same-sex romantic relationships
  • Relationships that work (and those that don't)
    • Maintaining relationships
    • For better or for worse
    • Relationship breakdown
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 15 Language and communication
  • Communication
  • Language
    • Language, thought and cognition
    • Paralanguage and speech style
    • Social markers in speech
    • Language, identity and ethnicity
    • Speech accommodation
    • Bilingualism and second-language acquisition
    • Intergroup language and communication
  • Communicating without words
    • Functions of non-verbal communication
    • Variations in non-verbal behaviour
    • Using the face to express emotions
    • Facial display rules
    • Gaze and eye contact
    • Postures and gestures
    • Touch
    • Up close and personal
    • Impression management and deception
  • Conversation and discourse
    • Conversation
    • Discourse
  • Computer-mediated communication
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• 16 Culture
  • The cultural context
  • Locating culture in social psychology
    • Has social psychology neglected culture?
    • Defining culture
  • Culture, history and social psychology
    • Origins in cultural anthropology
    • Rise of cross-cultural psychology
  • Culture, thought and behaviour
    • Culture, cognition and attribution
    • Culture, conformity and obedience
    • Culture and socialisation
  • Two psyches: East meets West
    • Two kinds of self
  • Dimensions for comparing cultures
    • Values
    • Individualism and collectivism
    • Tightness–looseness
    • Cooperation, competition and social identity
    • Collectivism and prosocial behaviour
    • Relationships
  • Culture through the lens of norms and identity
  • Contact between cultures
    • Communication, language and speech style
    • Language and understanding
    • Acculturation and culture change
  • Testing social psychology cross-culturally
    • The cross-cultural challenge
    • Indigenous social psychologies
    • The search for universals
    • The multicultural challenge
    • Where to from here?
  • Summary
  • Literature, film and TV
  • Learn more
• Glossary
• References
• Publisher's acknowledgements
• Author index
• Subject index

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