Principles of International Environmental Law
Námskeið LÖG110F Themes on International and European Union Environmental Law - Höfundar: Philippe Sands, Jacqueline Peel
7.590 kr.
Námskeið
- LÖG110F Themes on International and European Union Environmental Law
Lýsing:
This new and fully updated edition of Principles of International Environmental Law offers a comprehensive and critical account of one of the fastest growing areas of international law: the principles and rules relating to environmental protection. Introducing the reader to the key foundational principles, governance structures and regulatory techniques, Principles of International Environmental Law explores each of the major areas of international environmental regulation through substantive chapters, including climate change, atmospheric protection, oceans and freshwater, biodiversity, chemicals and waste regulation.
The ever-increasing overlap with other areas of international law is also explored through examination of the inter-linkages between international environmental law and other areas of international regulation, such as trade, human rights, humanitarian law and investment law. Incorporating the latest developments in treaty and case law for key areas of environmental regulation, this text is an essential reference and textbook for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and practitioners of international environmental law.
Annað
- Höfundar: Philippe Sands, Jacqueline Peel
- Útgáfa:4
- Útgáfudagur: 01-03-2018
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781108372855
- Print ISBN: 9781108420952
- ISBN 10: 1108372856
Efnisyfirlit
- Half-title
- Title page
- Copyright information
- Table of contents
- Foreword
- Preface and Acknowledgements to the Fourth Edition
- Preface and Acknowledgements to the Third Edition
- Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition
- Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition
- Table of Cases
- Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
- List of Abbreviations
- Part I The Legal and Institutional Framework
- 1 The Environment and International Society: Issues, Concepts and Definitions
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction: The Environmental Challenge
- The Basis for Decision-Making: Science, Economics and Other Values
- Science
- Economics
- Other Social Objectives
- Sustainable Development
- The International Legal Order
- The Functions of International Law
- Sovereignty and Territory
- International Actors
- The Environment and International Law: Defining Terms
- Challenges for International Environmental Law
- Further Reading
- International Environmental Law: Texts, Articles and History
- Sources of International Environmental Law
- Primary Materials
- International Environmental Jurisprudence
- Secondary Materials – Journals
- Websites
- 2 History
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- From Early Fisheries Conventions to the Creation of the United Nations
- From the Creation of the United Nations to Stockholm: 1945–72
- UNCCUR
- Development of International Environmental Rules
- The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
- Stockholm Follow-up
- From Stockholm to Rio: 1972–92
- Post-Stockholm: Treaties and Other International Acts
- 1978 UNEP Draft Principles
- 1981 Montevideo Programme
- 1982 World Charter for Nature
- 1980 World Conservation Strategy/1991 ‘Caring for the Earth’ Strategy
- The Brundtland Report and the Report of the Legal Experts Group
- Lead-up to UNCED
- UNCED
- The Rio Declaration
- Agenda 21
- UNCED Follow-up
- Beyond UNCED: Trends and Directions
- World Summit on Sustainable Development
- Rio+20 Summit
- Post Rio+20 Follow-up: Institutional Reform and the Sustainable Development Goals
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 3 Governance: States, International Organisations and Non-State Actors
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- States
- International Organisations
- History of International Organisational Arrangements
- UNCED, WSSD and the Rio+20 Summit
- The Function and Role of International Organisations
- Global Organisations
- United Nations (www.un.org)
- Coordination
- UN General Assembly
- UN Environment Programme (www.unep.org)
- UN Development Programme (www.undp.org)
- International Law Commission (www.un.org/law/ilc)
- High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf)
- Other Subsidiary Bodies Established by the General Assembly
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- Security Council
- Trusteeship Council
- International Court of Justice (www.icj-cij.org)
- United Nations Specialised Agencies and Related Organisations
- Food and Agriculture Organization (www.fao.org)
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (www.unesco.org)
- International Maritime Organization (www.imo.org)
- International Labour Organization (www.ilo.org)
- World Meteorological Organization (www.wmo.int)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (www.icao.int)
- UN Industrial Development Organization (www.unido.org)
- World Health Organization (www.who.int)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (www.iaea.org)
- World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization
- Cooperative Arrangements
- Other Global Institutions
- Regional and Subregional Organisations
- Europe and the OECD
- OECD (www.oecd.org)
- Council of Europe (www.coe.int)
- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (www.osce.org)
- Africa
- Americas and the Caribbean
- Asia Pacific
- Europe and the OECD
- Organisations Established by Environmental Treaties
- United Nations (www.un.org)
- Non-State Actors
- Scientific Community
- Environmental, Health and Developmental Organisations
- Legal Groups
- Corporate Sector
- Individuals and Indigenous Communities
- The Media
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 4 International Lawmaking and Regulation
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Treaties
- Environmental Treaties
- The Treaty-Making Process
- The 1969 Vienna Convention and Legal Issues Relating to Treaties
- Interpretation
- Entry into Force
- Reservations and Interpretative Declarations
- Relations between International Agreements
- Amendment
- Other International Acts
- Acts of International Organisations
- Conference Declarations and Other Acts
- Customary International Law
- State Practice
- Opinio Juris
- Treaties and Custom
- Persistent Objector
- Regional Custom
- General Principles of International Law
- Equity
- Subsidiary Sources
- Introduction to Regulatory Approaches
- Direct Regulation
- Environmental Quality Standards
- Product Standards
- Emissions Standards
- Process Standards
- Economic Instruments
- Charges and Taxes
- Tradeable Permit Schemes
- Deposit-Refund Systems
- Subsidies
- Enforcement Incentives
- Liability and Compensation for Damage
- Trade Measures
- Investment Incentives
- Voluntary Approaches
- Consumer Information Incentives
- Integrated Environmental Management
- Direct Regulation
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 5 Compliance: Implementation, Enforcement, Dispute Settlement
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Implementation
- National Law
- National Compliance
- Reporting
- International Enforcement
- Enforcement by States
- Damage to a State’s Own Environment
- Damage to the Environment of Another State
- Damage to the Environment in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
- Enforcement by International Organisations
- Enforcement by Non-State Actors
- Enforcement in the National Courts
- International Enforcement
- Enforcement by States
- International Settlement of Disputes
- Introduction
- Diplomatic Means of Dispute Settlement
- Negotiation and Consultation
- Mediation, Conciliation, Fact-Finding and International Institutions
- Non-Compliance Procedures
- Inspection Procedures of Multilateral Development Banks
- NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation
- Legal Means of Dispute Settlement
- Arbitration
- International Courts
- International Court of Justice
- Contentious Cases
- Advisory Opinions
- Interim Measures of Protection
- UNCLOS and ITLOS
- WTO Dispute Settlement Body
- European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance
- Human Rights Courts
- 1 The Environment and International Society: Issues, Concepts and Definitions
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 6 General Principles and Rules
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Principles and Rules
- Sovereignty Over Natural Resources and the Responsibility Not to Cause Damage to the Environment of
- Sovereign Rights Over Natural Resources
- Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality
- Responsibility Not to Cause Environmental Damage
- Conclusion
- Sovereign Rights Over Natural Resources
- Principle of Preventive Action
- Cooperation
- Sustainable Development
- Introduction
- Future Generations
- Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
- Equitable Use of Natural Resources
- Integration of Environment and Development
- Conclusion
- Precautionary Principle
- Polluter Pays Principle
- OECD
- European Union
- Principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility
- Common Responsibility
- Differentiated Responsibility
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 7 Atmospheric Protection
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Milestones in the Development of Atmospheric Regulation
- Trail Smelter Case
- Nuclear Testing
- Customary Law
- UN Environmental Summits
- Urban and Transboundary Air Pollution
- 1979 UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Its Protocols
- 1979 LRTAP Convention
- 1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol
- 1985 Sulphur Protocol
- 1988 NOx Protocol
- 1991 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol
- 1994 Sulphur Protocol
- 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
- 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
- 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone
- 1991 Canada–US Air Quality Agreement
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Oxides
- Ozone
- Assessment, Information and Institutions
- 2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
- Aircraft Emissions: ICAO Convention
- 2013 Minamata Mercury Convention
- 1979 UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Its Protocols
- Ozone Depletion
- 1985 Vienna Convention
- The 1987 Montreal Protocol: Adjustments and Amendments
- Controlled Substances
- Control Measures: Consumption and Production
- CFCs
- Halons
- Additional CFCs
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Methylchloroform
- HCFCs, Hydrobromofluorocarbons and Methyl Bromide
- Bromochloromethane
- HFCs
- Transfer of Production
- Control Measures: Trade in Controlled Substances
- Developing Countries
- Technical, Financial and Other Assistance
- Reporting and Compliance
- Institutional Arrangements
- Outer Space
- 1967 Outer Space Treaty
- 1979 Moon Treaty
- Outer Space Principles
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- The Climate Change Problem
- Development of the Climate Change Regime
- 1992 Climate Change Convention
- Preamble, Definitions, Objective and Principles
- General Commitments
- Reporting
- Specific Commitments: Sources and Sinks
- Commitments: Financial Resources and Technology Transfer
- Institutional Arrangements
- Implementation and Dispute Settlement
- The 1997 Kyoto Protocol
- Emission Reduction Targets and Timetable
- Policies and Measures
- Flexibility Mechanisms: Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation and the CDM
- Sinks
- Developing Countries
- Reporting and Compliance
- Negotiations for a New Climate Treaty Agreement
- 1992 Climate Change Convention
- Paris Agreement
- Preamble and Objectives
- Nationally Determined Contributions
- Mitigation Commitments
- Sinks
- Voluntary Cooperation and Carbon Markets
- Adaptation and Loss and Damage
- Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and Capacity-Building
- Implementation and Compliance
- Institutional Arrangements
- Post-Paris Developments
- Intersectoral Linkages
- Emissions from International Aviation
- Emissions from International Shipping
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Customary Law
- Lac Lanoux Arbitration
- ILA: 1966 Helsinki Rules
- ILC 2008: Articles on Transboundary Aquifers
- Case Concerning the Gabcíkovo–Nagymaros Project
- The Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
- Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration
- Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Cases
- Global Rules
- 1997 Watercourses Convention
- 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
- Regional Rules
- Europe
- Rhine
- Americas
- 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
- Gut Dam Arbitration
- 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
- Africa
- Niger Basin
- Southern Africa, Including the Zambezi River
- Asia
- Mekong River Basin
- Subcontinental Asia
- Middle East
- Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty
- Jordan–Saudi Arabia Al-Sag/Al-Disi Aquifer Agreement
- Europe
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Protocols
- 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
- Objectives
- Preamble and Jurisdictional Scope
- Conservation and Sustainable Use
- Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
- Biotechnology and Living Modified Organisms
- Financial Resources
- Institutions and Other Mechanisms
- 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- 2010 Nagoya Protocol
- Evolution of the Biodiversity Convention
- 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
- Other Global Biodiversity-Related Conventions
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
- CITES Institutions
- Preamble and Definitions
- Appendices I–III and International Trade
- Introduction from the Sea under CITES
- Amendments to Appendices
- Reservations
- Exemptions and Special Provisions
- Compliance and Enforcement
- 1979 Bonn Convention on Migratory Species
- Ramsar Convention
- 1972 World Heritage Convention
- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
- International Plant Protection Convention
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
- Other Instruments Addressing Specific Ecosystems or Species
- Forests
- International Tropical Timber Agreement 2006
- UN Forum on Forests
- 2007 UN Forest Instrument
- Land and Soil Degradation, and Desertification
- 1994 Convention to Combat Desertification
- Birds
- 1950 Birds Convention
- 1970 Benelux Convention
- Other Animal Species
- 1973 Polar Bear Agreement
- 1979 Vicuna Convention
- Forests
- Africa
- 1968 African Nature Convention
- 2003 Revised African Nature Convention
- 1994 Lusaka Agreement
- The Americas and the Caribbean
- 1940 Western Hemisphere Convention
- 1978 Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation
- Pacific Islands Region
- Europe
- 1979 Berne Convention
- 1982 Benelux Convention
- 1991 Alpine Convention
- 2003 Carpathians Convention
- Asia
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Protection of the Marine Environment
- Introduction
- Development of International Law Rules
- Global Rules: UNCLOS
- Regional Arrangements
- UNEP Regional Seas Programme
- North-East Atlantic: 1992 OSPAR Convention
- Baltic Sea: the 1992 Helsinki Convention
- Pollution from Land-Based Sources
- Pollution by Dumping
- 1972 London Convention and 1996 Protocol
- 1972 London Convention
- 1996 Protocol
- Regional Agreements
- 1972 London Convention and 1996 Protocol
- Pollution from Vessels
- UNCLOS Rules
- MARPOL 73/78
- Annex I: Pollution by Oil
- Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
- Annex III: Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
- Annex IV: Sewage from Ships
- Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
- Annex VI: Air Pollution from Ships
- Polar Code
- Other Agreements on Pollution from Ships
- 2001 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (AFS)
- 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments
- 2007 Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks
- 2009 International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships
- Safety Agreements
- Pollution from Seabed Activities
- UNCLOS and the International Seabed Authority
- Regional Agreements
- 1989 Kuwait Protocol and the 1994 Madrid Protocol
- 1992 OSPAR Convention and the 1992 HELCOM Convention
- Environmental Emergencies
- 1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Intervention Protocol
- 1989 Salvage Convention
- 1990 OPRC Convention and 2000 HNS Protocol
- Regional Agreements
- 1969 and 1983 Bonn Agreements
- UNEP Regional Seas Protocols
- Introduction
- Development of International Law Rules
- Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958)
- Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases
- 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
- UNCLOS
- Territorial Waters, Archipelagic Waters and the Continental Shelf
- Exclusive Economic Zone
- High Seas
- 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement and Other Global Arrangements
- 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
- 1993 Compliance Agreement
- 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
- Regional Fishery Arrangements
- Fisheries Case Law
- Estai Case (Canada v. Spain)
- Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan, Australia v. Japan)
- Swordfish Case (Chile v. EU)
- South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China)
- Prompt Release Cases
- Marine Mammals
- International Whaling Commission
- Whaling in the Antarctic Case
- Regional Agreements
- 1992 ASCOBANS and 1996 ACCOBAMS
- 1992 NAMMCO
- Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the Mediterranean
- International Whaling Commission
- Driftnet Fishing
- Bottom Trawling
- 2009 Agreement on Port State Measures
- Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance
- ITLOS Jurisprudence
- Advisory Opinion by ITLOS on IUU Fishing
- The M/V ‘Virginia G’ Case (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau)
- Introduction
- From Agenda 21 to the Sustainable Development Goals
- Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly
- The International Legal Framework
- UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
- South China Sea Arbitration
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Regional Arrangements
- UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
- Protection of Deep-Sea Ecosystems
- Resolutions of the UN General Assembly
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- Marine Protected Areas
- Marine Protected Areas Under National Jurisdiction
- Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom)
- MPAs in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
- Marine Protected Areas Under National Jurisdiction
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Hazardous Substances
- Definition of Hazardous Substances
- Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
- EU Seveso Directive
- 1992 Industrial Accidents Convention
- Chemicals, Pesticides and Other Dangerous Substances
- Registration and Classification (Including Labelling and Packaging)
- Production and Use
- 2001 POPs Convention
- 2013 Minamata Mercury Convention
- International Trade
- 1985 FAO Code of Conduct
- 1998 Chemicals Convention
- Transport
- Exposure in the Work Environment
- Hazardous Activities
- Nuclear Activities and Radioactive Substances
- Nuclear Safety
- 1994 Nuclear Safety Convention
- 1997 Joint Safety Convention
- Transport
- Protection of Workers and the Public
- Border Area Cooperation
- Emergencies
- Nuclear Weapons and Testing, and Nuclear-Free Zones
- Nuclear Safety
- Other Hazardous Activities
- Energy
- Mining
- Phosphate Lands in Nauru Case
- Mercury Mining
- Agriculture
- Transportation
- Tourism
- Nuclear Activities and Radioactive Substances
- Defining Wastes
- Municipal Waste
- Hazardous and Toxic Wastes (Industrial, Agricultural and Mining Waste and Sewage Sludge)
- Radioactive Waste
- Prevention and Treatment
- Disposal
- Disposal at Sea
- Disposal into Rivers and Lakes by Other Land-Based Sources
- Incineration
- Landfill and Other Land Disposal and Storage
- Recycling and Reuse
- International Movement (Including Trade) in Waste
- The 1989 Basel Convention
- 1991 Bamako Convention
- 1995 Waigani Convention
- North America
- 1990 IAEA Code of Conduct on Radioactive Waste and 1997 Joint Convention on Spent Fuel and Radioacti
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- The Antarctic
- The Antarctic Treaty Regime
- 1959 Antarctic Treaty
- 1972 Antarctic Seals Convention
- 1980 CCAMLR
- 1988 CRAMRA
- 1991 Environment Protocol
- Institutional Arrangements
- Compliance and Related Matters
- The Antarctic Treaty Regime
- Other Treaty Provisions
- The Arctic Council
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
- Arctic Contaminants Action Program
- Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group
- Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group
- Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Working Group
- Sustainable Development Working Group
- Arctic Treaties
- 2013 Arctic Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response Agreement
- 14 Environmental Impact Assessment
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Non-Binding Instruments
- Developments from Stockholm to Rio
- UN Environmental Summits
- ILC Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm
- Treaties and Other Binding Instruments
- 1982 UNCLOS
- 1986 Noumea Convention
- 1991 Espoo Convention
- 2003 Strategic Environmental Assessment Protocol
- 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
- 1992 Biodiversity Convention
- Risk Assessment Procedures
- World Bank and Other Multilateral Lending Institutions
- International Cases
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 15 Environmental Information and Technology Transfer
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Environmental Information
- Information Exchange
- Reporting and Provision of Information
- Reports by Organisations
- Reports Under Treaties or Other Agreements
- Reports of Events Other than Emergencies
- Information to and from Non-State Organisations
- Consultation
- Prior Informed Consent
- Notification of Emergency Situations
- Nuclear Accidents
- 1986 Notification Convention
- Nuclear Accidents
- Monitoring and Other Information Gathering
- Treaty Arrangements
- Access to Environmental Information and Public Participation
- 1992 OSPAR Convention
- 1998 Aarhus Convention
- 2003 Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
- Public Education and Awareness
- Eco-Labelling
- Eco-Auditing and Accounting
- Environmental Accounting
- Environmental Auditing
- Soft Law Developments
- Treaty Provisions
- The Ozone Regime
- Biodiversity Convention
- 2010 Nagoya Protocol
- The Climate Change Regime
- Intellectual Property and Barriers to Technology Transfer
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- State Liability
- Introduction
- General International Law
- Defining Environmental Damage
- Threshold at which Environmental Damage Entails Liability
- Standard of Care
- Reparation
- Trail Smelter Case (1941)
- State Practice
- UN Compensation Commission
- International Crimes
- Treaties
- 1972 Space Liability Convention
- 1979 LRTAP Convention
- 1982 UNCLOS
- 1988 CRAMRA and 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol
- 1992 Climate Change Convention and 2015 Paris Agreement
- The Work of the International Law Commission
- Nuclear Installations
- 1960 Paris Convention and 1963 Brussels Convention
- 1963 Vienna Convention
- 1988 Joint Protocol
- 1997 Convention on Supplementary Compensation
- Oil Pollution
- 1992 Civil Liability Convention
- The 1992 Fund Convention
- 2003 Supplementary Fund Protocol
- IOPC Fund Practice
- The Patmos Claim
- The Haven Case
- The Erika Claim
- Other Claims
- 2001 Bunker Oil Convention
- Private Compensation Schemes
- Marine Environment
- Waste
- Transport
- Antarctic
- 1988 CRAMRA
- 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
- Biodiversity
- General Instruments Relating to Dangerous Goods or Activities
- 1993 Lugano Convention
- 2003 Civil Liability Protocol
- 17 Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Human Rights Law
- Development of International Human Rights Law
- Environmental Protection and Human Rights
- Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- Civil and Political Rights
- International Humanitarian Law
- Military Activities and Environmental Protection
- International Environmental Law During War and Armed Conflict
- International Law of War and Armed Conflict: General Rules of Environmental Protection
- International Law of War and Armed Conflict: Special Rules of Environmental Protection
- Environmental Security and International Law
- Military Activities and Environmental Protection
- Conclusions
- Further Reading
- 18 International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Trade and Environment
- Trade Measures in International Environmental Agreements
- Unilateral Environmental Measures and International Trade
- WTO/GATT
- Technical Barriers to Trade
- Committee on Trade and the Environment
- WTO Dispute Settlement
- Previous GATT Jurisprudence – Tuna/Dolphin
- Reformulated Gasoline Case (1996)
- Shrimp/Turtle Cases (1998 and 2001)
- Asbestos Case (2000)
- Brazil Retreaded Tyres Case (2007)
- Tuna/Dolphin II (2012)
- Assessment
- WTO/GATT
- Measures for Health and Safety Protection
- Beef Hormones Disputes (1998 and 2008)
- EC – Biotech (2006)
- Assessment
- Beef Hormones Disputes (1998 and 2008)
- Regional and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
- European Union
- Trade Restrictions on Environmental Grounds: The Role of the European Court of Justice
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Agricultural, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
- Non-Technical Barriers to Trade
- Competition
- Institutions and Dispute Settlement
- North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
- Border Environment Cooperation Commission, and North American Development Bank
- African Economic Community
- European Union
- Competition and Subsidies
- Subsidies
- Anti-Competitive Agreements
- Anti-Dumping
- Investment Treaties
- Substantive Rules
- Dispute Settlement
- Case Law
- Insurance
- Patents and Other Rights
- Traditional Knowledge
- Chapter Outline
- Introduction
- Governance Challenges
- Implementation and Enforcement Challenges
- Future Regulatory Development
- Conclusions
UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS
Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
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- Gerð : 208
- Höfundur : 15348
- Útgáfuár : 2018
- Leyfi : 380
