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• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About the Authors
• Preface
• The Keys to Organic Chemistry
• Principles, Preparation, and Problem Solving
• The Keys to Organic Chemistry
• Principles, Preparation, and Problem Solving
• Resources Available Online
• Acknowledgments
• Global Edition Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. Structure And Bonding
  • 1-1 The Origins of Organic Chemistry
  • 1-2 Principles of Atomic Structure
  • 1-3 Bond Formation: The Octet Rule
  • 1-4 Lewis Structures
  • 1-5 Multiple Bonding
    • Summary: Common Bonding Patterns (Uncharged)
  • 1-6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
  • 1-7 Formal Charges
    • Summary: Common Bonding Patterns in Organic Compounds and Ions
  • 1-8 Ionic Structures
  • 1-9 Resonance
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing And Evaluating Resonance Forms
  • 1-10 Structural Formulas
  • 1-11 Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas
  • 1-12 Wave Properties of Electrons in Orbitals
  • 1-13 Molecular Orbitals
  • 1-14 Pi Bonding
  • 1-15 Hybridization and Molecular Shapes
  • 1-16 Drawing Three-Dimensional Molecules
  • 1-17 General Rules of Hybridization and Geometry
    • Summary: Hybridization and Geometry
  • 1-18 Bond Rotation
  • 1-19 Isomerism
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 2. Acids And Bases; Functional Groups
  • 2-1 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
  • 2-2 Intermolecular Forces
  • 2-3 Polarity Effects on Solubilities
  • 2-4 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
  • 2-5 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
  • 2-6 Strengths of Acids and Bases
  • 2-7 Equilibrium Positions of Acid–Base Reactions
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Predicting Acid–Base Equilibrium Positions
  • 2-8 Solvent Effects on Acidity and Basicity
    • Summary: Acidity and Basicity Limitations in Common Solvents
  • 2-9 Effects of Size and Electronegativity on Acidity
  • 2-10 Inductive Effects on Acidity
  • 2-11 Hybridization Effects on Acidity
  • 2-12 Resonance Effects on Acidity and Basicity
  • 2-13 Lewis Acids and Bases
  • 2-14 The Curved-Arrow Formalism
  • 2-15 Hydrocarbons
  • 2-16 Functional Groups with Oxygen
  • 2-17 Functional Groups with Nitrogen
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 3. Structure And Stereochemistry Of Alkanes
  • 3-1 Classification of Hydrocarbons (Review)
  • 3-2 Molecular Formulas of Alkanes
  • 3-3 Nomenclature of Alkanes
    • Summary: Rules for Naming Alkanes
  • 3-4 Physical Properties of Alkanes
  • 3-5 Uses and Sources of Alkanes
  • 3-6 Reactions of Alkanes
  • 3-7 Structure and Conformations of Alkanes
  • 3-8 Conformations of Butane
  • 3-9 Conformations of Higher Alkanes
  • 3-10 Cycloalkanes
  • 3-11 Cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
  • 3-12 Stabilities of Cycloalkanes; Ring Strain
  • 3-13 Cyclohexane Conformations
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing Chair Conformations
  • 3-14 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
  • 3-15 Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Recognizing Cis and Trans Isomers
  • 3-16 Bicyclic Molecules
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 4. The Study Of Chemical Reactions
  • 4-1 Introduction
  • 4-2 Chlorination of Methane
  • 4-3 The Free-Radical Chain Reaction
  • 4-4 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy
  • 4-5 Enthalpy and Entropy
  • 4-6 Bond-Dissociation Enthalpies
  • 4-7 Enthalpy Changes in Chlorination
  • 4-8 Kinetics and the Rate Equation
  • 4-9 Activation Energy and the Temperature Dependence of Rates
  • 4-10 Transition States
  • 4-11 Rates of Multistep Reactions
  • 4-12 Temperature Dependence of Halogenation
  • 4-13 Selectivity in Halogenation
  • 4-14 Hammond’s Postulate
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
  • 4-15 Radical Inhibitors
  • 4-16 Reactive Intermediates
    • Summary: Reactive Intermediates
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 5. Stereochemistry
  • 5-1 Introduction
  • 5-2 Chirality
  • 5-3 (R) and (S) Nomenclature of Asymmetric Carbon Atoms
  • 5-4 Optical Activity
  • 5-5 Biological Discrimination of Enantiomers
  • 5-6 Racemic Mixtures
  • 5-7 Enantiomeric Excess and Optical Purity
  • 5-8 Chirality of Conformationally Mobile Systems
  • 5-9 Chiral Compounds Without Asymmetric Atoms
  • 5-10 Fischer Projections
    • Summary: Fischer Projections and Their Use
  • 5-11 Diastereomers
    • Summary: Types of Isomers
  • 5-12 Stereochemistry of Molecules with Two or More Asymmetric Carbons
  • 5-13 Meso Compounds
  • 5-14 Absolute and Relative Configuration
  • 5-15 Physical Properties of Diastereomers
  • 5-16 Resolution of Enantiomers
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 6. Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution
  • 6-1 Introduction
  • 6-2 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
  • 6-3 Common Uses of Alkyl Halides
  • 6-4 Structure of Alkyl Halides
  • 6-5 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
  • 6-6 Preparation of Alkyl Halides
    • Summary: Methods for Preparing Alkyl Halides
  • 6-7 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Substitution and Elimination
  • 6-8 Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2 Reaction
  • 6-9 Generality of the SN2 Reaction
    • Summary: SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Halides
  • 6-10 Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions: Strength of the Nucleophile
    • Summary: Trends in Nucleophilicity
  • 6-11 Reactivity of the Substrate in SN2 Reactions
  • 6-12 Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction
  • 6-13 Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN1 Reaction
  • 6-14 Stereochemistry of the SN1 Reaction
  • 6-15 Rearrangements in SN1 Reactions
  • 6-16 Comparison of SN1 and SN2 Reactions
    • Summary: Nucleophilic Substitutions
    • Summary: Reactions of Alkyl Halides
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 7. Structure And Synthesis Of Alkenes; Elimination
  • 7-1 Introduction
  • 7-2 The Orbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond
  • 7-3 Elements of Unsaturation
  • 7-4 Nomenclature of Alkenes
  • 7-5 Nomenclature of Cis-Trans Isomers
    • Summary: Rules for Naming Alkenes
  • 7-6 Commercial Importance of Alkenes
  • 7-7 Physical Properties of Alkenes
  • 7-8 Stability of Alkenes
  • 7-9 Formation of Alkenes by Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
  • 7-10 Unimolecular Elimination: The E1 Reaction
    • Summary: Carbocation Reactions
  • 7-11 Positional Orientation of Elimination: Zaitsev’s Rule
  • 7-12 Bimolecular Elimination: The E2 Reaction
  • 7-13 Bulky Bases in E2 Eliminations; Hofmann Orientation
  • 7-14 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
  • 7-15 E2 Reactions in Cyclohexane Systems
  • 7-16 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination Mechanisms
    • Summary: Elimination Reactions
  • 7-17 Competition Between Substitutions and Eliminations
    • Summary: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Predicting Substitutions And Eliminations
  • 7-18 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
  • 7-19 Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
    • Summary: Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 8. Reactions Of Alkenes
  • 8-1 Reactivity of the Carbon–Carbon Double Bond
  • 8-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
  • 8-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
  • 8-4 Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes
  • 8-5 Hydration by Oxymercuration–Demercuration
  • 8-6 Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
  • 8-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes
  • 8-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
  • 8-9 Formation of Halohydrins
  • 8-10 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
  • 8-11 Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes
  • 8-12 Epoxidation of Alkenes
  • 8-13 Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides
  • 8-14 Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
  • 8-15 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
  • 8-16 Polymerization of Alkenes
  • 8-17 Olefin Metathesis
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Organic Synthesis
    • Summary: Reactions of Alkenes
    • Summary: Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes
    • Summary: Oxidation and Cyclopropanation Reactions of Alkenes
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 9. Alkynes
  • 9-1 Introduction
  • 9-2 Nomenclature of Alkynes
  • 9-3 Physical Properties of Alkynes
  • 9-4 Commercial Importance of Alkynes
  • 9-5 Electronic Structure of Alkynes
  • 9-6 Acidity of Alkynes; Formation of Acetylide Ions
  • 9-7 Synthesis of Alkynes from Acetylides
  • 9-8 Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
    • Summary: Syntheses of Alkynes
  • 9-9 Addition Reactions of Alkynes
  • 9-10 Oxidation of Alkynes
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Multistep Synthesis
    • Summary: Reactions of Alkynes
    • Summary: Reactions of Terminal Alkynes
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 10. Structure And Synthesis Of Alcohols
  • 10-1 Introduction
  • 10-2 Structure and Classification of Alcohols
  • 10-3 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
  • 10-4 Physical Properties of Alcohols
  • 10-5 Commercially Important Alcohols
  • 10-6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
  • 10-7 Synthesis of Alcohols: Introduction and Review
    • Summary: Previous Alcohol Syntheses
  • 10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis
  • 10-9 Reactions of Organometallic Compounds
    • Summary: Grignard Reactions
  • 10-10 Side Reactions of Organometallic Reagents: Reduction of Alkyl Halides
  • 10-11 Reduction of the Carbonyl Group: Synthesis of 1° and 2° Alcohols
    • Summary: Reactions of LiAIH4 and NaBH4
    • Summary: Alcohol Syntheses by Nucleophilic Additions to Carbonyl Groups
  • 10-12 Thiols (Mercaptans)
    • Summary: Synthesis of Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 11. Reactions Of Alcohols
  • 11-1 Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups
  • 11-2 Oxidation of Alcohols
  • 11-3 Additional Methods for Oxidizing Alcohols
  • 11-4 Biological Oxidation of Alcohols
  • 11-5 Alcohols as Nucleophiles and Electrophiles; Formation of Tosylates
    • Summary: SN2 Reactions of Tosylate Esters
  • 11-6 Reduction of Alcohols
  • 11-7 Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids
  • 11-8 Reactions of Alcohols with Phosphorus Halides
  • 11-9 Reactions of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride
  • 11-10 Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
  • 11-11 Unique Reactions of Diols
  • 11-12 Esterification of Alcohols
  • 11-13 Esters of Inorganic Acids
  • 11-14 Reactions of Alkoxides
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Multistep Synthesis
    • Summary: Reactions of Alcohols
    • Summary: Reactions of Alcohols: O¬H Cleavage
    • Summary: Reactions of Alcohols: C¬O Cleavage
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 12. Infrared Spectroscopy And Mass Spectrometry
  • 12-1 Introduction
  • 12-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • 12-3 The Infrared Region
  • 12-4 Molecular Vibrations
  • 12-5 IR-Active and IR-Inactive Vibrations
  • 12-6 Measurement of the IR Spectrum
  • 12-7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbons
  • 12-8 Characteristic Absorptions of Alcohols and Amines
  • 12-9 Characteristic Absorptions of Carbonyl Compounds
  • 12-10 Characteristic Absorptions of C¬N Bonds
  • 12-11 Simplified Summary of IR Stretching Frequencies
  • 12-12 Reading and Interpreting IR Spectra (Solved Problems)
  • 12-13 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
  • 12-14 Determination of the Molecular Formula by Mass Spectrometry
  • 12-15 Fragmentation Patterns in Mass Spectrometry
    • Summary: Common Fragmentation Patterns
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 13. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • 13-1 Introduction
  • 13-2 Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  • 13-3 Magnetic Shielding by Electrons
  • 13-4 The NMR Spectrometer
  • 13-5 The Chemical Shift
  • 13-6 The Number of Signals
  • 13-7 Areas of the Peaks
  • 13-8 Spin-Spin Splitting
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing an NMR Spectrum
  • 13-9 Complex Splitting
  • 13-10 Stereochemical Nonequivalence of Protons
  • 13-11 Time Dependence of NMR Spectroscopy
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Interpreting Proton NMR Spectra
  • 13-12 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
  • 13-13 Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra
  • 13-14 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Spectroscopy Problems
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 14. Ethers, Epoxides, And Thioethers
  • 14-1 Introduction
  • 14-2 Physical Properties of Ethers
  • 14-3 Nomenclature of Ethers
  • 14-4 Spectroscopy of Ethers
  • 14-5 The Williamson Ether Synthesis
  • 14-6 Synthesis of Ethers by Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
  • 14-7 Industrial Synthesis: Bimolecular Condensation of Alcohols
    • Summary: Syntheses of Ethers (Review)
  • 14-8 Cleavage of Ethers by HBr and HI
  • 14-9 Autoxidation of Ethers
    • Summary: Reactions of Ethers
  • 14-10 Thioethers (Sulfides) and Silyl Ethers
  • 14-11 Synthesis of Epoxides
    • Summary: Epoxide Syntheses
  • 14-12 Acid-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
  • 14-13 Base-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
  • 14-14 Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
    • Summary: Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
  • 14-15 Reactions of Epoxides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
  • 14-16 Epoxy Resins: The Advent of Modern Glues
    • Summary: Reactions of Epoxides
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 15. Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, And ultraviolet Spectroscopy
  • 15-1 Introduction
  • 15-2 Stabilities of Dienes
  • 15-3 Molecular Orbital Picture of a Conjugated System
  • 15-4 Allylic Cations
  • 15-5 1,2- and 1,4-Addition to Conjugated Dienes
  • 15-6 Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Control in the Addition of HBr to Buta-1,3-diene
  • 15-7 Allylic Radicals
  • 15-8 Molecular Orbitals of the Allylic System
  • 15-9 Electronic Configurations of the Allyl Radical, Cation, and Anion
  • 15-10 SN2 Displacement Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates
  • 15-11 The Diels–Alder Reaction
  • 15-12 The Diels–Alder as an Example of a Pericyclic Reaction
  • 15-13 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy
  • 15-14 Colored Organic Compounds
  • 15-15 UV-Visible Analysis in Biology and Medicine
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 16. Aromatic Compounds
  • 16-1 Introduction: The Discovery of Benzene
  • 16-2 The Structure and Properties of Benzene
  • 16-3 The Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
  • 16-4 The Molecular Orbital Picture of Cyclobutadiene
  • 16-5 Aromatic, Antiaromatic, and Nonaromatic Compounds
  • 16-6 Hückel’s Rule
  • 16-7 Molecular Orbital Derivation of Hückel’s Rule
  • 16-8 Aromatic Ions
  • 16-9 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
  • 16-10 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  • 16-11 Aromatic Allotropes of Carbon
  • 16-12 Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
  • 16-13 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
  • 16-14 Physical Properties of Benzene and Its Derivatives
  • 16-15 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 17. Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds
  • 17-1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
  • 17-2 Halogenation of Benzene
  • 17-3 Nitration of Benzene
  • 17-4 Sulfonation of Benzene
  • 17-5 Nitration of Toluene: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution
  • 17-6 Activating, Ortho, Para-Directing Substituents
    • Summary: Activating, Ortho, Para-Directors
  • 17-7 Deactivating, Meta-Directing Substituents
    • Summary: Deactivating, Meta-Directors
  • 17-8 Halogen Substituents: Deactivating, but Ortho, Para-Directing
    • Summary: Directing Effects of Substituents
  • 17-9 Effects of Multiple Substituents on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
  • 17-10 The Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
  • 17-11 The Friedel–Crafts Acylation
    • Summary: Comparison of Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Acylation
  • 17-12 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
  • 17-13 Aromatic Substitutions Using Organometallic Reagents
  • 17-14 Addition Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
  • 17-15 Side-Chain Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
  • 17-16 Reactions of Phenols
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Synthesis Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
    • Summary: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
    • Summary: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Benzene
    • Summary: Substitutions of Aryl Halides
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 18. Ketones And Aldehydes
  • 18-1 Carbonyl Compounds
  • 18-2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
  • 18-3 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-4 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-5 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-6 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-7 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-8 Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids
  • 18-9 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes from Nitriles
  • 18-10 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Esters
    • Summary: Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-11 Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: Introduction to Nucleophilic Addition
  • 18-12 Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-13 Formation of Cyanohydrins
  • 18-14 Formation of Imines
  • 18-15 Condensations with Hydroxylamine and Hydrazines
    • Summary: Condensations of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 18-16 Formation of Acetals
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
  • 18-17 Use of Acetals as Protecting Groups
  • 18-18 The Wittig Reaction
  • 18-19 Oxidation of Aldehydes
  • 18-20 Reductions of Ketones and Aldehydes
    • Summary: Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes
    • Summary: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 19. Amines
  • 19-1 Introduction
  • 19-2 Nomenclature of Amines
  • 19-3 Structure of Amines
  • 19-4 Physical Properties of Amines
  • 19-5 Basicity of Amines
  • 19-6 Factors that Affect Amine Basicity
  • 19-7 Salts of Amines
  • 19-8 Spectroscopy of Amines
  • 19-9 Reactions of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes (Review)
  • 19-10 Aromatic Substitution of Arylamines and Pyridine
  • 19-11 Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides
  • 19-12 Acylation of Amines by Acid Chlorides
  • 19-13 Formation of Sulfonamides
  • 19-14 Amines as Leaving Groups: The Hofmann Elimination
  • 19-15 Oxidation of Amines; The Cope Elimination
  • 19-16 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
  • 19-17 Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
    • Summary: Reactions of Amines
  • 19-18 Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination
  • 19-19 Synthesis of Amines by Acylation–Reduction
  • 19-20 Syntheses Limited to Primary Amines
    • Summary: Synthesis of Amines
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 20. Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-1 Introduction
  • 20-2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-3 Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 1063
  • 20-4 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 1064
  • 20-5 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-6 Commercial Sources of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-7 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-8 Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
    • Summary: Syntheses of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-9 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives; Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
  • 20-10 Condensation of Acids with Alcohols: The Fischer Esterification
  • 20-11 Esterification Using Diazomethane
  • 20-12 Condensation of Acids with Amines: Direct Synthesis of Amides
  • 20-13 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
  • 20-14 Alkylation of Carboxylic Acids to Form Ketones
  • 20-15 Synthesis and Use of Acid Chlorides
    • Summary: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • 21-1 Introduction
  • 21-2 Structure and Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives
  • 21-3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • 21-4 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • 21-5 Interconversion of Acid Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
  • 21-6 Transesterification
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
  • 21-7 Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • 21-8 Reduction of Acid Derivatives
  • 21-9 Reactions of Acid Derivatives with Organometallic Reagents
  • 21-10 Summary of the Chemistry of Acid Chlorides
  • 21-11 Summary of the Chemistry of Anhydrides
  • 21-12 Summary of the Chemistry of Esters
  • 21-13 Summary of the Chemistry of Amides
  • 21-14 Summary of the Chemistry of Nitriles
  • 21-15 Thioesters
  • 21-16 Esters and Amides of Carbonic Acid
    • Summary: Reactions of Acid Chlorides
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 22. Condensations And Alpha Substitutions Of Carbonyl Compounds
  • 22-1 Introduction
  • 22-2 Enols and Enolate Ions
  • 22-3 Alkylation of Enolate Ions
  • 22-4 Formation and Alkylation of Enamines
  • 22-5 Alpha Halogenation of Ketones
  • 22-6 Alpha Bromination of Acids: The HVZ Reaction
  • 22-7 The Aldol Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • 22-8 Dehydration of Aldol Products
  • 22-9 Crossed Aldol Condensations
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
  • 22-10 Aldol Cyclizations
  • 22-11 Planning Syntheses Using Aldol Condensations
  • 22-12 The Claisen Ester Condensation
  • 22-13 The Dieckmann Condensation: A Claisen Cyclization
  • 22-14 Crossed Claisen Condensations
  • 22-15 Syntheses Using b-Dicarbonyl Compounds
  • 22-16 The Malonic Ester Synthesis
  • 22-17 The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
  • 22-18 Conjugate Additions: The Michael Reaction
  • 22-19 The Robinson Annulation
    • Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
    • Summary: Enolate Additions and Condensations
    • Summary: Reactions of Stabilized Carbanions
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 23. Carbohydrates And Nucleic Acids
  • 23-1 Introduction
  • 23-2 Classification of Carbohydrates
  • 23-3 Monosaccharides
  • 23-4 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
  • 23-5 Anomers of Monosaccharides; Mutarotation
  • 23-6 Reactions of Monosaccharides: Reduction
  • 23-7 Oxidation of Monosaccharides; Reducing Sugars
  • 23-8 Nonreducing Sugars: Formation of Glycosides
  • 23-9 Ether and Ester Formation
  • 23-10 Chain Shortening: The Ruff Degradation
  • 23-11 Chain Lengthening: The Kiliani–Fischer Synthesis
    • Summary: Reactions of Sugars
  • 23-12 Disaccharides
  • 23-13 Polysaccharides
  • 23-14 Nucleic Acids: Introduction
  • 23-15 Ribonucleosides and Ribonucleotides
  • 23-16 The Structures of RNA and DNA
  • 23-17 Additional Functions of Nucleotides
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 24. Amino Acids, Peptides, And Proteins
  • 24-1 Introduction
  • 24-2 Structure and Stereochemistry of the a-Amino Acids
  • 24-3 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
  • 24-4 Isoelectric Points and Electrophoresis
  • 24-5 Synthesis of Amino Acids
    • Summary: Syntheses of Amino Acids
  • 24-6 Resolution of Amino Acids
  • 24-7 Reactions of Amino Acids
    • Summary: Reactions of Amino Acids
  • 24-8 Structure and Nomenclature of Peptides and Proteins
  • 24-9 Peptide Structure Determination
  • 24-10 Laboratory Peptide Synthesis
  • 24-11 Classification of Proteins
  • 24-12 Levels of Protein Structure
  • 24-13 Protein Denaturation
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 25. Lipids
  • 25-1 Introduction
  • 25-2 Waxes
  • 25-3 Triglycerides
  • 25-4 Saponification of Fats and Oils: Soaps and Detergents
  • 25-5 Phospholipids
  • 25-6 Steroids
  • 25-7 Prostaglandins
  • 25-8 Terpenes
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Chapter 26. Synthetic Polymers
  • 26-1 Introduction
  • 26-2 Chain-Growth Polymers
  • 26-3 Stereochemistry of Polymers
  • 26-4 Stereochemical Control of Polymerization: Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
  • 26-5 Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
  • 26-6 Copolymers of Two or More Monomers
  • 26-7 Step-Growth Polymers
  • 26-8 Polymer Structure and Properties
  • 26-9 Recycling of Plastics
    • Essential Terms
    • Study Problems
• Appendices
  • Appendix 1A. NMR: Spin-Spin Coupling Constants
  • Appendix 1B. NMR: Proton Chemical Shifts
  • Appendix 1C. NMR: 13C Chemical Shifts in Organic Compounds
  • Appendix 2A. IR: Characteristic Infrared Group Frequencies
  • Appendix 2B. IR: Characteristic Infrared Absorptions of Functional Groups
  • Appendix 3A. Methods and Suggestions for Proposing Mechanisms
  • Appendix 3B. Suggestions for Developing Multistep Syntheses
  • Appendix 4. pKa Values for Representative Compounds
  • Appendix 5. Summary of Organic Nomenclature
• Answers to Selected Problems
• Photo Credits
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
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• Periodic Table of the Elements

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu