Efnisyfirlit

• Measurement and Instrumentation
• Measurement and Instrumentation
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 - Fundamentals of measurement systems
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Measurement units
  • 1.3 Measurement system design
    • 1.3.1 Elements of a measurement system
    • 1.3.2 Choosing appropriate measuring instruments
  • 1.4 Measurement system applications
  • 1.5 Summary
  • 1.6 Problems
• 2 - Instrument types and performance characteristics
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Review of instrument types
    • 2.2.1 Active and passive instruments
    • 2.2.2 Null-type and deflection-type instruments
    • 2.2.3 Analog and digital instruments
    • 2.2.4 Indicating instruments and instruments with a signal output
    • 2.2.5 Smart and nonsmart instruments
  • 2.3 Static characteristics of instruments
  • 2.4 Dynamic characteristics of instruments
    • 2.4.1 Zero-order instrument
    • 2.4.2 First-order instrument
    • 2.4.3 Second-order instrument
  • 2.5 Necessity for calibration
  • 2.6 Summary
  • 2.7 Problems
• 3 - Measurement uncertainty
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Sources of systematic error
    • 3.2.1 System disturbance due to measurement
      • Measurements in electric circuits
    • 3.2.2 Errors due to environmental inputs
    • 3.2.3 Wear in instrument components
    • 3.2.4 Connecting leads
  • 3.3 Reduction of systematic errors
  • 3.4 Quantification of systematic errors
    • 3.4.1 Quantification of individual systematic error components
      • Environmental condition errors
      • Calibration errors
      • System disturbance errors
      • Measurement system loading errors
    • 3.4.2 Calculation of overall systematic error
  • 3.5 Sources and treatment of random errors
  • 3.6 Induced measurement noise
    • 3.6.1 Inductive coupling
    • 3.6.2 Capacitive (electrostatic) coupling
    • 3.6.3 Noise due to multiple earths
    • 3.6.4 Noise in the form of voltage transients
    • 3.6.5 Thermoelectric potentials
    • 3.6.6 Shot noise
    • 3.6.7 Electrochemical potentials
  • 3.7 Techniques for reducing induced measurement noise
    • 3.7.1 Location and design of signal wires
    • 3.7.2 Earthing
    • 3.7.3 Shielding
    • 3.7.4 Other techniques
  • 3.8 Summary
  • 3.9 Problems
• 4 - Statistical analysis of measurements subject to random errors
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Mean and median values
  • 4.3 Standard deviation and variance
  • 4.4 Graphical data analysis techniques: frequency distributions
  • 4.5 Gaussian (Normal) distribution
  • 4.6 Standard Gaussian tables (z distribution)
  • 4.7 Standard error of the mean
  • 4.8 Estimation of random error in a single measurement
  • 4.9 Distribution of manufacturing tolerances
  • 4.10 Chi-squared (χ2) distribution
  • 4.11 Goodness of fit to a Gaussian distribution
    • 4.11.1 Inspecting shape of histogram
    • 4.11.2 Using a normal probability plot
    • 4.11.3 Chi-squared test
  • 4.12 Rogue data points (data outliers)
  • 4.13 Student t distribution
  • 4.14 Aggregation of measurement system errors
    • 4.14.1 Combined effect of systematic and random errors
    • 4.14.2 Aggregation of errors from separate measurement system components
      • Error in a sum
      • Error in a difference
      • Error in a product
      • Error in a quotient
    • 4.14.3 Total error when combining multiple measurements
  • 4.15 Summary
  • 4.16 Problems
• 5 - Calibration of measuring sensors and instruments
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Principles of calibration
  • 5.3 Control of calibration environment
  • 5.4 Calibration chain and traceability
  • 5.5 Calibration records
  • 5.6 Summary
  • 5.7 Problems
  • References
• 6 - Conversion of nonvoltage sensor outputs
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Resistance measurement using a direct current bridge circuit
    • 6.2.1 Null-type, direct current bridge (Wheatstone bridge)
    • 6.2.2 Deflection-type direct current bridge
      • Case where current drawn by measuring instrument is not negligible
    • 6.2.3 Error analysis
      • Apex balancing
  • 6.3 Impedance measurement using alternating current bridges
    • 6.3.1 Null-type impedance bridge
    • 6.3.2 Maxwell and Hay's bridges
    • 6.3.3 Deflection-type alternating current bridge
  • 6.4 Alternative methods for measuring resistance
    • 6.4.1 Voltmeter-ammeter method
    • 6.4.2 Resistance-substitution method
    • 6.4.3 Measurement using a digital voltmeter
    • 6.4.4 Measurement using an ohmmeter
  • 6.5 Alternative method for measuring inductance
  • 6.6 Alternative methods to measure capacitance
  • 6.7 Current measurement
  • 6.8 Frequency measurement
    • 6.8.1 Measurement using a digital counter-timer
    • 6.8.2 Measurement using a phase-locked loop
    • 6.8.3 Measurement using an oscilloscope
    • 6.8.4 Measurement using a Wien bridge
  • 6.9 Phase measurement
    • 6.9.1 Measurement using an electronic counter-timer
    • 6.9.2 Measurement using an X–Y plotter
    • 6.9.3 Measurement using an oscilloscope
    • 6.9.4 Measurement using a phase-sensitive detector
  • 6.10 Summary
  • 6.11 Problems
• 7 - Measurement signal transmission
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Analog transmission using copper conductors
    • 7.2.1 Transmission as varying voltages
    • 7.2.2 Current loop transmission
    • 7.2.3 Transmission using an A.C. carrier
  • 7.3 Digital transmission using copper conductors
  • 7.4 Fiber-optic transmission
    • 7.4.1 Principles of fiber optics
    • 7.4.2 Transmission characteristics
    • 7.4.3 Multiplexing schemes
  • 7.5 Optical wireless telemetry (open air path transmission)
  • 7.6 Radio telemetry (radio wireless transmission)
  • 7.7 Pneumatic transmission
  • 7.8 Summary
  • 7.9 Problems
• 8 - Principles of data acquisition and signal processing
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Preliminary definitions
  • 8.3 Sensor signal characteristics
  • 8.4 Aliasing
  • 8.5 Quantization
  • 8.6 Analog signal processing
  • 8.7 Passive filters
    • 8.7.1 Filter transfer function
    • 8.7.2 Low-pass filter bode plot
    • 8.7.3 Passive high-pass filter
  • 8.8 Active filters
    • 8.8.1 Active low-pass filter
    • 8.8.2 Signal amplification
    • 8.8.3 Noninverting amplifier
    • 8.8.4 Differential amplification
    • 8.8.5 Instrumentation amplifier
    • 8.8.6 Other op-amp based filters and amplifiers
  • 8.9 Digital filters
    • 8.9.1 Filter with memory
    • 8.9.2 Example
    • 8.9.3 ARMA and IIR filters
  • 8.10 Summary
  • 8.11 Exercises
  • Appendix
    • Simple filter solution
• 9 - Use of LabVIEW in data acquisition and postprocessing of signals
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Computer-based data acquisition
  • 9.3 Acquisition of data
  • 9.4 National instruments LabVIEW
    • Virtual instruments
  • 9.5 Introduction to graphical programming in LabVIEW
  • 9.6 Elements of the tools palette
  • 9.7 Logic operations in LabVIEW
  • 9.8 Loops in LabVIEW
  • 9.9 Case structures in LabVIEW
  • 9.10 Data acquisition using LabVIEW
  • 9.11 LabVIEW function generation
  • 9.12 LabVIEW implementation of digital filters
  • 9.13 Higher-order digital filters in LabVIEW
  • 9.14 Summary
  • 9.15 Exercises
• 10 - Display, recording and presentation of measurement data
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Display of measurement signals
    • 10.2.1 Digital meters
    • 10.2.2 Analog meters
      • Moving-coil meter
      • Moving-iron meter
      • Clamp-on meters
      • Analog multimeter
      • Measuring high-frequency signals with analog meters
      • Calculation of meter outputs for nonstandard waveforms
    • 10.2.3 Oscilloscopes
      • Analog oscilloscope (Cathode ray oscilloscope)
      • Digital storage oscilloscopes
      • Digital phosphor oscilloscope
      • Digital sampling oscilloscope
      • PC-based oscilloscope
    • 10.2.4 Electronic output displays
    • 10.2.5 Computer monitor displays
  • 10.3 Recording of measurement data
    • 10.3.1 Chart recorders
      • Pen strip chart recorder
      • Multipoint strip chart recorder
      • Circular chart recorder
      • Paperless chart recorder
      • Videographic recorder
    • 10.3.2 Ink-jet and laser printers
    • 10.3.3 Other recording instruments
    • 10.3.4 Digital data recorders
  • 10.4 Presentation of data
    • 10.4.1 Tabular data presentation
    • 10.4.2 Graphical presentation of data
      • Fitting curves to data points on a graph
      • Regression techniques
      • Linear least squares regression
      • Quadratic least squares regression
      • Polynomial least squares regression
      • Confidence tests in curve fitting by least squares regression
      • Correlation tests
  • 10.5 Summary
  • 10.6 Problems
• 11 - Intelligent sensors
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Principles of digital computation
    • 11.2.1 Elements of a computer
    • 11.2.2 Computer operation
      • Programming and program execution
    • 11.2.3 Computer input–output interface
      • Address decoding
      • Data transfer control
    • 11.2.4 Practical considerations in adding computers to measurement systems
  • 11.3 Intelligent devices
    • 11.3.1 Intelligent instruments
    • 11.3.2 Smart sensors
      • Calibration capability
      • Self-diagnosis of faults
      • Automatic calculation of measurement accuracy and compensation for random errors
      • Adjustment for measurement nonlinearities
    • 11.3.3 Smart transmitters
      • Comparison of performance with other forms of transmitter
      • Summary of advantages of smart transmitters
      • Self-calibration
      • Self-diagnosis and fault detection
  • 11.4 Communication with intelligent devices
    • 11.4.1 Input–output interface
    • 11.4.2 Parallel data bus
    • 11.4.3 Local area networks
      • Star networks
      • Ring and bus networks
    • 11.4.4 Digital fieldbuses
  • 11.5 Summary
  • 11.6 Problems
  • References
• 12 - Measurement reliability and safety systems
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Reliability
    • 12.2.1 Principles of reliability
      • Reliability quantification in quasiabsolute terms
      • Failure patterns
      • Reliability quantification in probabilistic terms
    • 12.2.2 Laws of reliability in complex systems
      • Reliability of components in series
      • Reliability of components in parallel
    • 12.2.3 Improving measurement system reliability
      • Choice of instrument
      • Instrument protection
      • Regular calibration
      • Redundancy
    • 12.2.4 Software reliability
      • Quantifying software reliability
      • Improving software reliability
  • 12.3 Safety systems
    • 12.3.1 Introduction to safety systems
      • IEC61508
    • 12.3.2 Design of a safety system
      • Two-out-of-three voting system
      • Standby system
      • Actuators and alarms
  • 12.4 Summary
  • 12.5 Problems
  • References
• 13 - Sensor technologies
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Capacitive sensors
  • 13.3 Resistive sensors
  • 13.4 Magnetic sensors
  • 13.5 Hall-effect sensors
  • 13.6 Piezoelectric transducers
  • 13.7 Strain gauges
  • 13.8 Piezoresistive sensors
  • 13.9 Optical sensors
    • 13.9.1 Optical sensors (Air-path)
      • Light sources
      • Light detectors
    • 13.9.2 Optical sensors (Fiber-optic)
      • Intrinsic sensors
      • Extrinsic sensors
      • Distributed sensors
  • 13.10 Ultrasonic transducers
    • 13.10.1 Transmission speed
    • 13.10.2 Directionality of ultrasound waves
    • 13.10.3 Relationship between wavelength, frequency and directionality of ultrasound waves
    • 13.10.4 Attenuation of ultrasound waves
    • 13.10.5 Ultrasound as a range sensor
      • Measurement resolution and accuracy
    • 13.10.6 Effect of noise in ultrasonic measurement systems
    • 13.10.7 Exploiting Doppler shift in ultrasound transmission
  • 13.11 Nuclear sensors
  • 13.12 Microsensors (MEMS sensors)
  • 13.13 Nanosensors (NEMS sensors)
  • 13.14 Summary
  • 13.15 Problems
  • Reference
• 14 - Temperature measurement
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Thermoelectric effect sensors (thermocouples)
    • 14.2.1 Thermocouple tables
    • 14.2.2 Nonzero reference junction temperature
    • 14.2.3 Thermocouple types
      • Base metal thermocouples
      • Noble metal thermocouples
    • 14.2.4 Thermocouple protection
    • 14.2.5 Thermocouple manufacture
    • 14.2.6 The thermopile
    • 14.2.7 Digital thermometer
    • 14.2.8 The continuous thermocouple
  • 14.3 Varying-resistance devices
    • 14.3.1 Resistance temperature device (resistance thermometer)
    • 14.3.2 Thermistors
  • 14.4 Semiconductor devices
  • 14.5 Radiation thermometers
    • 14.5.1 Optical pyrometer
    • 14.5.2 Radiation pyrometers
  • 14.6 Thermography (thermal imaging)
  • 14.7 Thermal expansion methods
    • 14.7.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers
    • 14.7.2 Bimetallic thermometer
    • 14.7.3 Pressure thermometers
  • 14.8 Fiber-optic temperature sensors
  • 14.9 Color indicators
  • 14.10 Pyrometric cones
  • 14.11 Intelligent temperature-measuring instruments
  • 14.12 Microelectromechanical system temperature sensors
  • 14.13 Choice between temperature transducers
  • 14.14 Calibration of temperature transducers
    • 14.14.1 Reference instruments and special calibration equipment
    • 14.14.2 Calculating frequency of calibration checks
    • 14.14.3 Procedures for calibration
  • 14.15 Summary
  • 14.16 Problems
• 15 - Pressure measurement
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Diaphragms
  • 15.3 Capacitive pressure sensor
  • 15.4 Fiber-optic pressure sensors
  • 15.5 Bellows
  • 15.6 Bourdon tube
  • 15.7 Manometers
  • 15.8 Resonant-wire devices
  • 15.9 Digital pressure gauges
    • 15.9.1 Piezoresistive digital pressure gauge
    • 15.9.2 Piezoelectric digital pressure gauge
    • 15.9.3 Magnetic digital pressure gauge
    • 15.9.4 Capacitive digital pressure gauge
    • 15.9.5 Fiber-optic digital pressure sensor
    • 15.9.6 Potentiometric digital pressure sensor
    • 15.9.7 Resonant-wire digital pressure transducer
  • 15.10 MEMS pressure sensors
  • 15.11 Special measurement devices for low-pressures
  • 15.12 High-pressure measurement (greater than 7000bar)
  • 15.13 Intelligent pressure transducers
  • 15.14 Differential pressure measuring devices
  • 15.15 Selection of pressure sensors
  • 15.16 Calibration of pressure sensors
    • 15.16.1 Reference calibration instruments
      • Dead-weight gauge (pressure balance)
      • U-tube manometer
      • Barometers
      • Vibrating cylinder gauge
      • Gold-chrome alloy resistance instruments
      • McLeod gauge
      • Ionization gauge
      • Micromanometers
    • 15.16.2 Calculating frequency of calibration checks
    • 15.16.3 Procedures for calibration
  • 15.17 Summary
  • 15.18 Problems
• 16 - Flow measurement
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Mass flow rate
    • 16.2.1 Conveyor-based methods
    • 16.2.2 Coriolis flowmeter
    • 16.2.3 Thermal mass flow measurement
    • 16.2.4 Joint measurement of volume flow rate and fluid density
  • 16.3 Volume flow rate
    • 16.3.1 Differential pressure (obstruction-type) meters
      • Orifice plate
      • Venturis and similar devices
      • Pitot static tube
    • 16.3.2 Variable area flowmeters (Rotameters)
    • 16.3.3 Positive displacement flowmeters
    • 16.3.4 Turbine meters
    • 16.3.5 Electromagnetic flowmeters
    • 16.3.6 Vortex-shedding flowmeters
    • 16.3.7 Ultrasonic flowmeters
      • Doppler shift ultrasonic flowmeter
      • Transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter
      • Combined Doppler-shift/transit time flowmeters
    • 16.3.8 Other types of flowmeter for measuring volume flow rate
    • 16.3.9 Open channel flowmeters
  • 16.4 Intelligent flowmeters
  • 16.5 Choice between flowmeters for particular applications
  • 16.6 Calibration of flowmeters
    • 16.6.1 Calibration equipment and procedures for mass flow measuring instruments
    • 16.6.2 Calibration equipment and procedures for instruments measuring the volume flow rate of liquid
      • Calibrated tank
      • Gravimetric method
      • Pipe prover
      • Compact prover
      • Positive displacement meter
      • Orifice plate
      • Turbine meter
    • 16.6.3 Calibration equipment and procedures for instruments measuring the volume flow rate of gases
      • Bell prover
      • Positive displacement meter
      • Compact prover
    • 16.6.4 Reference standards
  • 16.7 Summary
  • 16.8 Problems
• 17 - Level measurement
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Dipsticks
  • 17.3 Float systems
  • 17.4 Pressure-measuring devices (Hydrostatic systems)
  • 17.5 Capacitive devices
  • 17.6 Ultrasonic level gauge
  • 17.7 Radar (microwave) sensors
  • 17.8 Nucleonic (or radiometric) sensors
  • 17.9 Vibrating level sensor
  • 17.10 Intelligent level-measuring instruments
  • 17.11 Choice between different level sensors
  • 17.12 Calibration of level sensors
  • 17.13 Summary
  • 17.14 Problems
• 18 - Mass, force, and torque measurement
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Mass (weight) measurement
    • 18.2.1 Electronic load cell (Electronic balance)
    • 18.2.2 Pneumatic and Hydraulic load cells
    • 18.2.3 Intelligent load cells
    • 18.2.4 Mass balance (Weighing) instruments
    • 18.2.5 Spring balance
  • 18.3 Force measurement
    • 18.3.1 Use of accelerometers
    • 18.3.2 Vibrating wire sensor
    • 18.3.3 Use of load cells
  • 18.4 Torque measurement
    • 18.4.1 Measurement of induced strain
    • 18.4.2 Optical torque measurement
    • 18.4.3 Torque measurement using surface acoustic wave MEMS devices
  • 18.5 Calibration of mass, force and torque measuring sensors
    • 18.5.1 Mass calibration
      • Beam balance
      • Weigh beam
      • Electromagnetic balance
      • Proof-ring-based load cell
    • 18.5.2 Force sensor calibration
    • 18.5.3 Calibration of torque-measuring systems
  • 18.6 Summary
  • 18.7 Problems
  • Reference
• 19 - Translational motion, vibration, and shock measurement
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 Displacement
    • 19.2.1 Resistive potentiometer
    • 19.2.2 Linear variable differential transformer
    • 19.2.3 Variable capacitance transducers
    • 19.2.4 Variable inductance transducers
    • 19.2.5 Strain gauges and piezoresistive sensors
    • 19.2.6 Piezoelectric transducers
    • 19.2.7 Nozzle flapper
    • 19.2.8 Other methods of measuring small- to medium-sized displacements
      • Linear inductosyn
      • Translation of linear displacements into rotary motion
      • Integration of output from velocity transducers and accelerometers
      • Laser interferometer
      • Fotonic sensor
      • Noncontacting optical sensor
    • 19.2.9 Measurement of large displacements (range sensors)
      • Energy source/detector-based range sensors
      • Rotary potentiometer and spring-loaded drum
    • 19.2.10 Proximity sensors
    • 19.2.11 Choosing translational measurement transducers
    • 19.2.12 Calibration of translational displacement measurement transducers
  • 19.3 Velocity
    • 19.3.1 Differentiation of displacement measurements
    • 19.3.2 Integration of the output of an accelerometer
    • 19.3.3 Conversion to rotational velocity
    • 19.3.4 Calibration of velocity measurement systems
  • 19.4 Acceleration
    • 19.4.1 Selection of accelerometers
    • 19.4.2 Calibration of accelerometers
  • 19.5 Vibration
    • 19.5.1 Nature of vibration
    • 19.5.2 Vibration measurement
    • 19.5.3 Calibration of vibration sensors
  • 19.6 Shock
    • 19.6.1 Calibration of shock sensors
  • 19.7 Summary
  • 19.8 Problems
• 20 - Rotational motion transducers
  • 20.1 Introduction
  • 20.2 Rotational displacement
    • 20.2.1 Circular and helical potentiometers
    • 20.2.2 Rotational variable differential transformer
    • 20.2.3 Incremental shaft encoders
    • 20.2.4 Coded-disk shaft encoders
      • Optical digital shaft encoder
      • Contacting (electrical) digital shaft encoder
      • Magnetic digital shaft encoder
    • 20.2.5 The resolver
      • Varying amplitude output resolver
      • Varying phase output resolver
    • 20.2.6 The synchro
    • 20.2.7 The rotary inductosyn
    • 20.2.8 Gyroscopes
      • Mechanical gyroscopes
      • Optical gyroscopes
    • 20.2.9 Choice between rotational displacement transducers
    • 20.2.10 Calibration of rotational displacement transducers
  • 20.3 Rotational velocity
    • 20.3.1 Digital tachometers
      • Optical sensing
      • Inductive sensing
      • Magnetic (Hall-effect) sensing
    • 20.3.2 Stroboscopic methods
    • 20.3.3 Analog tachometers
    • 20.3.4 The rate gyroscope
    • 20.3.5 Fiber-optic gyroscope
    • 20.3.6 MEMS gyroscope
    • 20.3.7 Differentiation of angular displacement measurements
    • 20.3.8 Integration of the output from an accelerometer
    • 20.3.9 Choice between rotational velocity transducers
    • 20.3.10 Calibration of rotational velocity transducers
  • 20.4 Rotational acceleration
    • 20.4.1 Calibration of rotational accelerometers
  • 20.5 Summary
  • 20.6 Problems
• 21 - Summary of other measurements
  • 21.1 Introduction
  • 21.2 Dimension measurement
    • 21.2.1 Rules and tapes
    • 21.2.2 Calipers
    • 21.2.3 Micrometers
    • 21.2.4 Gauge blocks (slip gauges) and length bars
    • 21.2.5 Height and depth measurement
    • 21.2.6 Calibration of dimension measurements
  • 21.3 Angle measurement
    • 21.3.1 Calibration
  • 21.4 Surface flatness measurement
    • 21.4.1 Calibration of variation gauge
  • 21.5 Volume measurement
    • 21.5.1 Calibration of volume measurements
  • 21.6 Viscosity measurement
    • 21.6.1 Viscosity calibration
  • 21.7 Moisture measurement
    • 21.7.1 Industrial moisture measurement techniques
      • Electrical methods
      • Neutron moderation
      • Low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance
      • Optical methods
      • Ultrasonic methods
      • Change in mechanical properties
    • 21.7.2 Laboratory techniques for moisture measurement
      • Water separation
      • Gravimetric methods
      • Phase-change methods
      • Equilibrium relative humidity measurement
    • 21.7.3 Humidity measurement
      • The electrical hygrometer
      • The psychrometer (wet and dry bulb hygrometer)
      • Dew point meter
      • Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)relative humidity sensor
    • 21.7.4 Calibration of moisture and humidity measurements
  • 21.8 Sound measurement
    • 21.8.1 Calibration of sound meters
  • 21.9 pH measurement
    • 21.9.1 pH calibration
  • 21.10 Gas sensing and analysis
    • 21.10.1 Calibration of gas sensors
  • 21.11 Summary
  • 21.12 Problems
• 1 - Imperial–metric–SI conversion tables
  • Length
  • Area
  • Second moment of area
  • Volume
  • Density
  • Mass
  • Force
  • Torque (moment of force)
  • Inertia
  • Pressure
  • Additional conversion factors
  • Energy, work, heat
  • Additional conversion factors
  • Power
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
  • Mass flow rate
  • Volume flow rate
  • Specific energy (heat per unit volume)
  • Dynamic viscosity
  • Kinematic viscosity
• 2 - Thévenin's theorem
  • References
• 3 - Thermocouple tables
• 4 - Using mathematical tables
  • Interpolation
• Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • X
  • Z

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