Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Outline Contents
• Detailed Contents
• 1 Patterns in the Marine Environment
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Biogeography
  • 1.3 Biodiversity
  • 1.4 Abundance and Size
  • Further Reading
• Part One: Processes
  • 2 Primary Production Processes
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Photosynthesis
    • 2.3 Light in Water
    • 2.4 Light and Photosynthesis
    • 2.5 Supply of Inorganic Nutrients
    • 2.6 The Main Limiting Nutrients for Growth
    • 2.7 Algal Growth
    • 2.8 Seasonal Trends in Primary Production
    • 2.9 Global Trends in Primary Production
    • 2.10 Primary Production in Seaweeds
    • 2.11 Measurement of Primary Production
    • 2.12 Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (1930s to present)
    • 2.13 Hawaii Ocean Time Series, HOT (1988 to present)
    • Further Reading
  • 3 Marine Microbial Secondary Production
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Organic Matter in the Ocean
    • 3.3 Key Marine Microbial Secondary Producers
    • 3.4 Prokaryotic Primary Producers
    • 3.5 Major Metabolic Strategies in Marine Prokaryotes
    • 3.6 Sources and Processing of Organic Carbon
    • 3.7 Marine Microbes and the Oceanic Nitrogen Cycle
    • 3.8 The Importance of Small Organisms in Oceanic Food Webs and Organic-matter Cycling
    • 3.9 The Dynamics of Bacterial Growth and its Measurement
    • 3.10 Growth Yield and Trophic Yield
    • 3.11 Marine Microbial Food Webs
    • 3.12 Marine Bacterial Populations
    • 3.13 Viruses
    • 3.14 Protozoa
    • 3.15 Metazoan Zooplankton
    • 3.16 Food Web Dynamics and Growth Control in Oceanic Microbial Food Webs
    • 3.17 The Seasonal Cycle of Production and Consumption
    • 3.18 Oceanic Microbes in Global Carbon and Nutrient Cycles
    • Further Reading
  • 4 Secondary Production: The Macrobiota
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Measuring Secondary Production
    • 4.3 Drivers of Secondary Production
    • 4.4 Size Structuring in Marine Food-Webs
    • 4.5 Human Impacts on Secondary Production
    • Further Reading
• Part Two: Systems
  • 5 Estuaries
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Estuarine Organisms
    • 5.3 Productivity and Food Webs
    • 5.4 Diversity Patterns in Estuaries
    • 5.5 Other ‘Brackish-water’ Systems
    • Further Reading
  • 6 Rocky and Sandy Shores
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 What is the Shore?
    • 6.3 Environmental Gradients and the Shore
    • 6.4 Causes of Zonation
    • 6.5 The Organization of Shore Communities
    • 6.6 The Shore Network
    • 6.7 The Future of Rocky and Sandy Shores
    • Further Reading
  • 7 Pelagic Ecosystems
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Definitions and Environmental Features
    • 7.3 Pelagic Inhabitants: Consequences of Size
    • 7.4 Diel Vertical Migration
    • 7.5 Size-structured Pelagic Food-webs
    • 7.6 Longevity in the Plankton
    • 7.7 Temporal and Spatial Variability in Pelagic Ecosystems
    • 7.8 Sampling the Open Ocean
    • 7.9 Pelagic Fisheries
    • 7.10 Regime Shifts in Pelagic Marine Ecosystems
    • 7.11 The Future for Pelagic Marine Ecosystems
    • Further Reading
  • 8 Continental Shelf Seabed
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Definitions and Environmental Features
    • 8.3 The Seabed Habitat and Biota
    • 8.4 Functional Roles of the Biota
    • 8.5 Food Webs in Shelf Systems
    • 8.6 Characterization of Seabed Communities
    • 8.7 Specific Habitats
    • Further Reading
  • 9 The Deep Sea
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Definitions and Environmental Features
    • 9.3 Food Supply to the Deep Sea
    • 9.4 The Organisms of the Deep Sea
    • 9.5 Habitats of the Deep Sea
    • 9.6 Chemosynthetic Habitats—Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps
    • Further Reading
  • 10 Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Meadows
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Mangrove Forests
    • 10.3 Seagrass Meadows
    • Further Reading
  • 11 Coral Reefs
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Reef Development and Distribution
    • 11.3 Reef Growth and Bioerosion
    • 11.4 Corals’ Biology and Reproduction
    • 11.5 Constraints on Coral Growth and Distribution
    • 11.6 Coral Reef Productivity and Food Chains
    • 11.7 Diversity Patterns on Coral Reefs
    • 11.8 Dynamics of Reef Animals
    • 11.9 Threats to Coral Reefs
    • 11.10 Reefs and Human Society
    • Further Reading
  • 12 Polar Regions
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 What is Pack Ice?
    • 12.3 Arctic vs Antarctic Pack Ice
    • 12.4 Life in a Block of Ice
    • 12.5 Sea-Ice Edges
    • 12.6 Polar Benthos
    • 12.7 Polar Bentho-Pelagic Coupling
    • 12.8 Endemism in Polar Benthos
    • 12.9 Gigantism in Polar Waters
    • 12.10 Birds and Mammals
    • Further Reading
• Part Three: Impacts
  • 13 Fisheries
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Global Fisheries
    • 13.3 Fish Production
    • 13.4 Fished Species and their Fisheries
    • 13.5 Fish Population Biology
    • 13.6 Fishing Methods
    • 13.7 Fish Stock Assessment
    • 13.8 The Management Process
    • 13.9 Environmental Impacts of Fishing
    • 13.10 Ecosystem-based Fishery Management
    • 13.11 The Future of Fisheries
    • Further Reading
  • 14 Aquaculture
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Aquaculture Past and Present
    • 14.3 How do we Produce Food from the Sea?
    • 14.4 What is Cultivated and Where?
    • 14.5 Food Requirements and Constraints
    • 14.6 The Role of Biotechnology
    • 14.7 Negative Effects of Biotechnology
    • 14.8 Cultivation Systems
    • 14.9 Cultivation of Fish in Cages
    • 14.10 Cage Cultivation: A Lousy System?
    • 14.11 Breaking Away from the Coastal Margin
    • 14.12 Shrimp Cultivation: The Gold Rush
    • 14.13 Shrimp Farming and Mangroves
    • 14.14 Cultivation of Molluscs
    • 14.15 Ranching at Sea
    • 14.16 A Conservation Role for Aquaculture?
    • Further Reading
  • 15 Pollution, Disturbance, and Environmental Monitoring
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Ecological Role of Disturbance
    • 15.3 Measuring the Effects of Human Activities
    • 15.4 Agents of Change
    • 15.5 Interaction of Multiple Factors
    • Further Reading
  • 16 Conservation
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Why Conserve?
    • 16.3 What to Conserve
    • 16.4 Implementing Conservation Policy
    • 16.5 Conservation in Action
    • 16.6 The Role of Science
    • 16.7 The Future
    • Further Reading
  • 17 Climate Change
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 The Mechanisms of Climate Change
    • 17.3 Temperature Change in the Oceans
    • 17.4 Polar Ice Melt and Sea Level Rise
    • 17.5 Ocean Circulation, Weather, and Land Run-off
    • 17.6 Ocean Acidification
    • Further Reading
  • 18 Sea and Society
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Ecosystem Goods and Services
    • 18.3 An Economic Perspective
    • 18.4 Integrating Ecosystem Value into Spatial Planning
    • 18.5 Life-cycle Analysis
    • 18.6 Innovating to Reduce Carbon and Environmental Footprint
    • 18.7 Citizen Science
    • 18.8 Use of Social Media
    • Further Reading
• References
• Weblinks
• Index

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