Efnisyfirlit

• Front Matter
• 1: The Cellular and Molecular Basis for Human Systems
  • I. OVERVIEW
  • II. CELLULAR DEVELOPMENT
    • A. Cell Division: mitosis
      • Figure 1.1
      • Figure 1.2
      • Clinical Application 1.1: Common Aneuploidies
    • B. Cell cycle
      • Figure 1.3
      • Figure 1.4
      • Clinical Application 1.2: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
    • C. Cell division: meiosis
      • Figure 1.5
      • Figure 1.6
      • Figure 1.7
      • Clinical Application 1.3: Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes
  • III. INHERITANCE
    • A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
    • B. Autosomal recessive inheritance
    • C. X-linked inheritance
      • Figure 1.8
    • D. Mitochondrial inheritance
      • Figure 1.9
    • E. Multifactorial inheritance
  • IV. CELL SIGNALING
    • Figure 1.10
    • A. Ligands
    • B. Receptors
      • Figure 1.11
      • Figure 1.12
      • Figure 1.13
      • Figure 1.14
      • Figure 1.15
    • C. Second messenger systems
  • V. TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
    • A. Chromosome structure
    • B. Transcription
      • Figure 1.16
    • C. Posttranscriptional processing
      • Figure 1.17
    • D. Translation
      • Figure 1.18
      • Figure 1.19
    • E. Posttranslational modification
      • Figure 1.20
      • Figure 1.21
      • Figure 1.22
      • Figure 1.23
  • VI. CANCER AND GENES
    • A. Mutation
    • B. Cancer-causing genes
      • Figure 1.24
      • Clinical Application 1.4: Burkitt Lymphoma
      • Figure 1.25
      • Clinical Application 1.5: Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
      • Clinical Application 1.6: Retinoblastoma
      • Figure 1.26
      • Clinical Application 1.7: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
      • Clinical Application 1.8: Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer
      • Clinical Application 1.9: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
  • VII. TELOMERASE ACTIVITY
    • A. Telomere shortening
      • Figure 1.27
    • B. Telomerase up-regulation
  • VIII. MOLECULAR SCREENING AND TESTING
    • A. Chromosome identification
      • Figure 1.28
    • B. Polymerase chain reaction
      • Figure 1.29
    • C. Sequencing
      • Figure 1.30
    • D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms
      • Figure 1.31
    • E. Microarray analysis
      • Figure 1.32
      • Chapter Summary
  • Study Questions
• 2: Cellular and Neuroscience Aspects of Human Systems
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 2.1
  • II. CELLULAR ASPECTS OF HUMAN SYSTEMS
    • A. Cell structure and organelles
      • Figure 2.2
      • Figure 2.3
      • Figure 2.4
      • Figure 2.5
    • B. Cellular energy production and metabolism
      • Figure 2.6
      • Figure 2.7
      • Figure 2.8
    • C. Membrane ion channels and membrane transport
      • Figure 2.9
      • Figure 2.10
      • Figure 2.11
    • D. Ion channels, membrane potential, and action potential
      • Figure 2.12
      • Figure 2.13
      • Figure 2.14
      • Figure 2.15
  • III. NERVOUS SYSTEM COMMUNICATION PATHWAYS
    • Table 2.1: Major Integrative Functions of the Brain
    • Figure 2.16
    • A. Development
      • Figure 2.17
      • Figure 2.18
    • B. Brain and spinal cord
      • Figure 2.19
      • Figure 2.20
      • Figure 2.21
      • Figure 2.22
    • C. Peripheral nervous system
      • Figure 2.23
    • D. Neuron structure
      • Figure 2.24
      • Figure 2.25
    • E. Impulse transmission
    • F. Nervous pathway abnormalities
      • Figure 2.26
      • Figure 2.27
      • Figure 2.28
      • Figure 2.29
      • Figure 2.30
      • Table 2.2: Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neural Lesions or Factors Observed
      • Figure 2.31
      • Table 2.3: Central Nervous System Tumors
  • IV. NEUROSCIENCE ASPECTS OF HUMAN SYSTEMS
    • A. Musculoskeletal and integumentary systems
      • Figure 2.32
      • Figure 2.33
    • B. Cardiovascular System
      • Figure 2.34
      • Figure 2.35
      • Figure 2.36
      • Table 2.4: Actions of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
    • C. Pulmonary system
      • Figure 2.37
      • Figure 2.38
      • Figure 2.39
      • Figure 2.40
    • D. Renal system
      • Figure 2.41
      • Figure 2.42
    • E. Gastrointestinal system
      • Figure 2.43
      • Figure 2.44
      • Figure 2.45
      • Figure 2.46
      • Figure 2.47
      • Figure 2.48
      • Figure 2.49
      • Figure 2.50
    • F. Endocrine and reproductive systems
      • Figure 2.51
      • Figure 2.52
      • Figure 2.53
      • Figure 2.54
      • Figure 2.55
      • Figure 2.56
      • Figure 2.57
      • Figure 2.58
      • Figure 2.59
      • Figure 2.60
    • G. Special senses: Vision, hearing, balance1
      • Figure 2.61
      • Figure 2.62
      • Figure 2.63
      • Figure 2.64
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 2.1: Pheochromocytoma
        • Figure 2.65
  • Study Questions
• 3: Musculoskeletal System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 3.1
  • II. MUSCULOSKELETAL EMBRYOLOGY
    • A. Bone development: Axial skeleton
      • Figure 3.2
      • Figure 3.3
    • B. Bone development: Appendicular skeleton
      • Figure 3.4
      • Figure 3.5
    • C. Skeletal muscle development
      • Figure 3.6
      • Figure 3.7
      • Figure 3.8
    • D. Skin and connective tissue development
    • E. Developmental disorders
      • Figure 3.9
      • Figure 3.10
      • Table 3.1: Examples of Glycogen Storage Diseases
      • Figure 3.11
      • Table 3.2: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
      • Figure 3.12
  • III. BONE
    • Figure 3.13
    • A. Anatomy
      • Figure 3.14
      • Figure 3.15
      • Figure 3.16
      • Figure 3.17
    • B. Histology and physiology
      • Figure 3.18
      • Figure 3.19
      • Figure 3.20
    • C. Bone disorders
      • Figure 3.21
      • Table 3.3: Causes of Osteomalacia and Rickets
      • Figure 3.22
      • Figure 3.23
  • IV. JOINTS AND JOINT DISORDERS
    • Figure 3.24
    • A. Joint structure
    • B. Joint disorders
      • Figure 3.25
      • Figure 3.26
      • Figure 3.27
      • Figure 3.28
      • Figure 3.29
  • V. SKELETAL MUSCLE
    • Figure 3.30
    • A. Anatomy
      • Figure 3.31
      • Figure 3.32
      • Figure 3.33
      • Figure 3.34
      • Figure 3.35
      • Figure 3.36
      • Figure 3.37
      • Figure 3.38
      • Figure 3.39
      • Figure 3.40
      • Figure 3.41
    • B. Histology and physiology
      • Figure 3.42
      • Figure 3.43
      • Figure 3.44
      • Figure 3.45
      • Figure 3.46
      • Figure 3.47
    • C. Metabolism
      • Figure 3.48
      • Figure 3.49
    • D. Disorders
      • Figure 3.50
      • Figure 3.51
  • VI. SKIN3
    • A. Histology
      • Figure 3.52
    • B. Thermoregulation
      • Figure 3.53
    • C. Disorders
      • Figure 3.54
      • Figure 3.55
      • Figure 3.56
      • Figure 3.57
      • Figure 3.58
      • Figure 3.59
      • Figure 3.60
      • Figure 3.61
      • Figure 3.62
      • Figure 3.63
      • Figure 3.64
  • VII. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    • Figure 3.65
    • A. Collagen, elastin, and cartilage
      • Figure 3.66
      • Figure 3.67
      • Figure 3.68
    • B. Adipose tissue
      • Figure 3.69
      • Figure 3.70
      • Figure 3.71
    • C. Connective tissue disorders
      • Figure 3.72
      • Figure 3.73
      • Figure 3.74
      • Figure 3.75
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 3.1: “Unhappy Triad” of the Left Knee
        • Figure 3.76
  • Study Questions
• 4: Cardiovascular System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 4.1
  • II. HEART
    • A. Embryology
      • Figure 4.2
      • Figure 4.3
      • Figure 4.4
      • Figure 4.5
      • Figure 4.6
    • B. Anatomy
      • Figure 4.7
      • Figure 4.8
    • C. Histology and myocyte contractile function
      • Figure 4.9
      • Figure 4.10
      • Figure 4.11
    • D. Myocyte electrical function
    • E. Heart conduction pathway
    • F. Electrocardiography
      • Figure 4.12
      • Figure 4.13
      • Figure 4.14
    • G. Cardiac pressure–volume relationships
      • Figure 4.15
      • Figure 4.16
      • Figure 4.17
    • H. Cardiac cycle and cardiac output
      • Figure 4.18
      • Figure 4.19
    • I. Coronary blood flow
    • J. Cardiac abnormalities
      • Figure 4.20
      • Figure 4.21
      • Figure 4.22
      • Figure 4.23
      • Figure 4.24
      • Figure 4.25
      • Figure 4.26
      • Figure 4.27
      • Table 4.1: Summary of the Cardiomyopathies
      • Figure 4.28
      • Figure 4.29
      • Figure 4.30
      • Figure 4.31
  • III. VASCULATURE
    • Figure 4.32
    • A. Development
      • Figure 4.33
    • B. Blood flow resistance
    • C. Histology
      • Figure 4.34
    • D. Smooth muscle contraction
      • Figure 4.35
    • E. Arterial blood pressure regulation
      • Figure 4.36
      • Figure 4.37
      • Figure 4.38
      • Table 4.2: Blood Pressure Classification
      • Figure 4.39
      • Figure 4.40
      • Figure 4.41
      • Figure 4.42
      • Table 4.3: Antihyperlipidemic Drugs
  • IV. MICROCIRCULATION
    • A. Transcapillary flux
      • Figure 4.43
    • B. Edema
      • Figure 4.44
      • Figure 4.45
  • V. HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
    • Figure 4.46
    • Figure 4.47
    • Figure 4.48
    • Figure 4.49
    • A. Hematopoiesis
      • Figure 4.50
    • B. Erythropoiesis
      • Figure 4.51
    • C. Hemoglobin disorders
      • Figure 4.52
    • D. Erythrocyte disorders
      • Figure 4.53
    • E. Platelets and clotting disorders
      • Figure 4.54
      • Figure 4.55
  • VI. LYMPHOID SYSTEM
    • Figure 4.56
    • Figure 4.57
    • A. Thymus gland
      • Figure 4.58
    • B. Spleen and lymph nodes
    • C. Disorders
      • Table 4.4: Principal Causes of Neutropenia
      • Table 4.5: Principal Causes of Neutrophilia
      • Figure 4.59
      • Figure 4.60
      • Figure 4.61
      • Figure 4.62
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 4.1: Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Heart Failure
        • Figure 4.63
  • Study Questions
• 5: Pulmonary System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 5.1
  • II. EMBRYOLOGY
    • A. Nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, upper airways, and trachea
      • Figure 5.2
    • B. Thorax, diaphragm, and pleurae
      • Figure 5.3
    • C. Lungs and lower airways
      • Figure 5.4
      • Table 5.1: Phases of Lung Development
      • Table 5.2: Age-Related Changes in Alveolar Number and Surface Area in the Human Lung
      • Figure 5.5
  • III. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
    • A. Respiratory gases
      • Table 5.3: Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
      • Table 5.4: Arterial Blood Gases
      • Figure 5.6
    • B. Calculations
      • Figure 5.7
      • Figure 5.8
    • C. Pulmonary function tests
      • Figure 5.9
    • D. Gas transport
      • Figure 5.10
      • Figure 5.11
      • Figure 5.12
      • Figure 5.13
    • E. Cellular oxidative phosphorylation
    • F. Acid–Base balance
      • Figure 5.14
      • Figure 5.15
    • G. Control of breathing
      • Figure 5.16
    • H. Respiratory tract histology and immunology
      • Figure 5.17
      • Figure 5.18
      • Table 5.5: The Four Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
  • IV. ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
    • A. Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
    • B. Pharynx, larynx, and vocal cords
    • C. Trachea
      • Figure 5.19
    • D. Thorax
      • Figure 5.20
      • Figure 5.21
      • Figure 5.22
    • E. Lungs and lower airways
      • Figure 5.23
      • Figure 5.24
      • Figure 5.25
      • Figure 5.26
      • Figure 5.27
  • V. ABNORMALITIES
    • A. Sleep apnea
    • B. Pneumothorax, pleural effusion and atelectasis
      • Figure 5.28
    • C. Pleural tumors
      • Figure 5.29
      • Figure 5.30
    • D. Pulmonary hypertension
      • Figure 5.31
    • E. Pulmonary edema
    • F. Pulmonary embolism
      • Figure 5.32
    • G. Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage
      • Figure 5.33
    • H. Infections
      • Figure 5.34
      • Figure 5.35
      • Figure 5.36
      • Figure 5.37
      • Figure 5.38
      • Figure 5.39
      • Figure 5.40
      • Figure 5.41
      • Figure 5.42
      • Figure 5.43
      • Figure 5.44
      • Figure 5.45
      • Figure 5.46
    • I. Restrictive and obstructive lung diseases
      • Figure 5.47
      • Figure 5.48
      • Figure 5.49
      • Figure 5.50
      • Figure 5.51
      • Figure 5.52
      • Figure 5.53
      • Figure 5.54
      • Figure 5.55
      • Figure 5.56
    • J. Bronchiectasis
      • Figure 5.57
    • K. Aspiration injury and injury due to smoke and fire inhalation
    • L. Cancer
      • Figure 5.58
      • Figure 5.59
      • Figure 5.60
  • VI. RESPIRATORY FAILURE
    • A. Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis
      • Figure 5.61
    • B. Treatment
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 5.1: Bacterial Pneumonia
        • Figure 5.62
        • Figure 5.63
  • Study Questions
• 6: Renal System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 6.1
  • II. EMBRYOLOGY
    • Figure 6.2
    • A. Ascent
      • Figure 6.3
    • B. Prenatal function
    • C. Molecular regulation
    • D. Developmental defects
      • Figure 6.4
      • Figure 6.5
  • III. ANATOMY
    • Figure 6.6
    • A. Kidney and ureters
      • Figure 6.7
    • B. Blood supply
  • IV. HISTOLOGY
    • Figure 6.8
    • A. Nephron
      • Figure 6.9
      • Figure 6.10
      • Figure 6.11
      • Figure 6.12
    • B. Ureter and bladder
      • Figure 6.13
    • C. Urethra
      • Figure 6.14
  • V. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
    • A. Intracellular and extracellular fluids
      • Table 6-1: Composition of ECF and ICF
      • Table 6-2: Major causes of edematous states
    • B. Glomerular filtration
      • Figure 6.15
      • Figure 6.16
      • Figure 6.17
      • Figure 6.18
    • C. Calculations
      • Figure 6.19
      • Figure 6.20
    • D. Tubular secretion and reabsorption
      • Figure 6.21
      • Figure 6.22
      • Figure 6.23
      • Figure 6.24
      • Figure 6.25
      • Table 6-3: Urinary potassium excretion determinants
      • Figure 6.26
    • E. Urinary concentration and dilution
      • Figure 6.27
      • Figure 6.28
    • F. Renal endocrine function
      • Figure 6.29
      • Figure 6.30
      • Figure 6.31
    • G. Renal metabolic function
    • H. Effects of nutrition on renal function
  • VI. EXCRETION AND MICTURITION
    • Figure 6.32
    • A. Urinalysis
    • B. Other tests
  • VII. FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE REGULATION
    • Figure 6.33
    • A. Fluid and electrolytes
      • Figure 6.34
    • B. Potassium balance
    • C. Acid–base balance
      • Figure 6.35
      • Figure 6.36
      • Figure 6.37
  • VIII. ABNORMALITIES
    • Table 6-4: Most common causes of renal disease
    • A. Glomerular diseases
      • Figure 6.38
      • Figure 6.39
      • Figure 6.40
      • Figure 6.41
      • Figure 6.42
    • B. Tubular diseases
      • Figure 6.43
      • Figure 6.44
      • Figure 6.45
    • C. Metabolic acidosis
      • Table 6-5: Major causes of metabolic acidosis according to the anion gap
      • Figure 6.46
    • D. Metabolic alkalosis
      • Table 6-6: Major causes of metabolic alkalosis
    • E. Infections and inflammation, acute renal failure, degenerative diseases, chronic renal failure, and cancer
      • Figure 6.47
      • Table 6-7: Signs and symptoms of urination problems
      • Figure 6.48
      • Figure 6.49
      • Figure 6.50
      • Figure 6.51
      • Table 6-8: GFR (% of normal) with the progressive nephron loss of chronic renal failure
      • Figure 6.52
      • Figure 6.53
      • Figure 6.54
  • IX. DIURETICS
    • Figure 6.55
    • A. Proximal tubule
      • Figure 6.56
    • B. Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and cortical and medullary collecting ducts
      • Figure 6.57
      • Figure 6.58
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 6.1: Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Renal Failure
        • Figure 6.59
  • Study Questions
• 7: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Systems
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 7.1
  • II. EMBRYOLOGY
    • A. Oral cavity, lingual space, and salivary glands
      • Figure 7.2
    • B. Esophagus, stomach, and abdominal viscera
      • Figure 7.3
    • C. Small and large intestines, rectum, and anus
      • Figure 7.4
    • D. Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
      • Figure 7.5
  • III. ANATOMY
    • A. Oral cavity and salivary glands
      • Figure 7.6
      • Figure 7.7
    • B. Esophagus
    • C. Abdominal viscera, stomach, and small intestines
      • Figure 7.8
    • D. Pancreas
    • E. Liver and gallbladder
      • Figure 7.9
    • F. Large intestine
    • G. Rectum and anus
  • IV. GENERAL ASPECTS OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION
    • Table 7.1: Gastrointestinal Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators from Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, and Enteric Nervous Systems
    • Table 7.2: Gastrointestinal Hormones
    • A. Digestion and absorption
      • Figure 7.10
      • Figure 7.11
      • Figure 7.12
      • Figure 7.13
      • Figure 7.14
      • Figure 7.15
      • Figure 7.16
      • Figure 7.17
    • B. Immunology
      • Figure 7.18
  • V. HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION
    • Figure 7.19
    • Figure 7.20
    • A. Oral cavity and salivary glands
      • Figure 7.21
    • B. Esophagus
      • Figure 7.22
      • Figure 7.23
    • C. Stomach
      • Figure 7.24
      • Figure 7.25
      • Figure 7.26
    • D. Small intestine
      • Figure 7.27
      • Figure 7.28
      • Figure 7.29
      • Figure 7.30
      • Figure 7.31
      • Figure 7.32
      • Figure 7.33
    • E. Exocrine pancreas
      • Figure 7.34
    • F. Liver
      • Figure 7.35
      • Figure 7.36
      • Figure 7.37
      • Figure 7.38
      • Figure 7.39
      • Figure 7.40
      • Figure 7.41
      • Table 7.3: Complications of Cirrhosis and Hepatic Failure
      • Figure 7.42
    • G. Gallbladder
    • H. Large intestine
      • Figure 7.43
      • Figure 7.44
      • Figure 7.45
      • Figure 7.46
      • Figure 7.47
      • Figure 7.48
  • VI. RECTUM AND ANUS
    • Figure 7.49
    • Figure 7.50
    • Chapter Summary
    • Clinical Application 7.1: Colon Cancer with Liver Metastases
      • Figure 7.51
      • Figure 7.52
      • Figure 7.53
  • Study Questions
• 8: Endocrine System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 8.1
  • II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
    • Figure 8.2
    • Figure 8.3
    • A. Hormone secretion
    • B. Disorders
  • III. HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
    • Figure 8.4
    • A. Pituitary gland
      • Figure 8.5
      • Figure 8.6
      • Table 8.1: Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
      • Figure 8.7
      • Table 8.2: Actions of Growth Hormone
      • Figure 8.8
      • Figure 8.9
  • IV. THYROID GLAND
    • A. Embryology
      • Figure 8.10
    • B. Anatomy
      • Figure 8.11
    • C. Histology
      • Figure 8.12
      • Figure 8.13
      • Figure 8.14
      • Table 8.3: Physiologic Actions of Thyroid Hormones
    • D. Abnormal function
      • Figure 8.15
      • Figure 8.16
      • Figure 8.17
  • V. PARATHYROID GLANDS
    • A. Embryology and anatomy
      • Figure 8.18
    • B. Histology and function
    • C. Abnormal function
      • Figure 8.19
  • VI. ADRENAL GLANDS
    • A. Embryology
      • Figure 8.20
    • B. Anatomy
    • C. Adrenal cortex histology and function
      • Figure 8.21
      • Figure 8.22
      • Figure 8.23
      • Figure 8.24
      • Figure 8.25
      • Figure 8.26
      • Figure 8.27
      • Figure 8.28
      • Figure 8.29
      • Figure 8.30
    • D. Adrenal medulla histology and function
      • Figure 8.31
  • VII. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
    • A. Embryology and anatomy
    • B. Histology and function
      • Figure 8.32
    • C. Hormones and metabolism
      • Figure 8.33
      • Figure 8.34
      • Figure 8.35
    • D. Abnormalities
      • Figure 8.36
      • Figure 8.37
      • Figure 8.38
  • VIII. DISORDERS OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
    • A. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
    • B. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
      • Figure 8.39
    • C. Paraneoplastic syndrome
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 8.1: Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease
        • Figure 8.40
        • Figure 8.41
  • Study Questions
• 9: Reproductive System
  • I. OVERVIEW
    • Figure 9.1
  • II. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
    • A. Early development
    • B. Sex differentiation
      • Figure 9.2
      • Figure 9.3
      • Table 9.1: Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
    • C. Growth and aging
      • Figure 9.4
    • D. Pelvic anatomy
      • Figure 9.5
      • Figure 9.6
      • Figure 9.7
    • E. Breast tissue
      • Figure 9.8
      • Figure 9.9
    • F. Hormone secretion
      • Figure 9.10
      • Figure 9.11
    • G. Sex steroids
      • Figure 9.12
      • Figure 9.13
      • Figure 9.14
    • H. Sexually transmitted infections
      • Figure 9.15
      • Figure 9.16
      • Figure 9.17
      • Figure 9.18
      • Figure 9.19
      • Figure 9.20
      • Figure 9.21
      • Figure 9.22
  • III. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • Figure 9.23
    • A. Breasts
      • Figure 9.24
      • Figure 9.25
    • B. Internal structures
      • Figure 9.26
    • C. External genitalia
    • D. Menstrual cycle and puberty
      • Figure 9.27
      • Figure 9.28
      • Figure 9.29
    • E. Menopause
      • Figure 9.30
    • F. Abnormalities
      • Figure 9.31
      • Figure 9.32
      • Figure 9.33
      • Figure 9.34
      • Figure 9.35
      • Figure 9.36
  • IV. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • A. Pelvic structures
      • Figure 9.37
      • Figure 9.38
      • Figure 9.39
    • B. Spermatogenesis
      • Figure 9.40
      • Figure 9.41
      • Table 9.2: Effect of Testosterone
    • C. Erectile function
      • Figure 9.42
    • D. Abnormalities
      • Figure 9.44
      • Figure 9.43
      • Figure 9.45
      • Figure 9.46
  • V. REPRODUCTION
    • Figure 9.47
    • A. Fertilization
      • Figure 9.48
    • B. Implantation and placenta formation
      • Figure 9.49
      • Figure 9.50
      • Figure 9.51
    • C. Pregnancy
      • Figure 9.52
      • Figure 9.53
    • D. Parturition
    • E. Lactation
    • F. Abnormalities
      • Figure 9.54
      • Figure 9.55
      • Chapter Summary
      • Clinical Application 9.1: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
        • Figure 9.56
        • Figure 9.57
        • Figure 9.58
  • Study Questions
• Back Matter
  • Bibliography
  • Figure and Table Sources
  • Index

  UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

  Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!
  
  Rafbók til eignar
  Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.
  
  Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
  Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).
  
  Auðvelt að fletta og leita
  Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.
  
  Glósur og yfirstrikanir
  Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.
  
  Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
  Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.
  
  
  
  Fleiri góðir kostir
  - Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
  - Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
  - Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
  - Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu