Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title page
• Endorsement page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 A Brief History of Seismology
    • 1.1.1 Recent Advances
  • 1.2 Exercises
• 2 Stress and Strain
  • 2.1 The Stress Tensor
    • 2.1.1 Example: Computing the Traction Vector
    • 2.1.2 Principal Axes of Stress
    • 2.1.3 Example: Computing the Principal Axes
    • 2.1.4 Deviatoric Stress
    • 2.1.5 Values for Stress
  • 2.2 The Strain Tensor
    • 2.2.1 Values for Strain
    • 2.2.2 Example: Computing Strain for a Seismic Wave
  • 2.3 The Linear Stress–Strain Relationship
    • 2.3.1 Units for Elastic Moduli
  • 2.4 Exercises
• 3 The Seismic Wave Equation
  • 3.1 Introduction: The Wave Equation
  • 3.2 The Momentum Equation
  • 3.3 The Seismic Wave Equation
    • 3.3.1 Potentials
  • 3.4 Plane Waves
    • 3.4.1 Example: Harmonic Plane Wave Equation
  • 3.5 Polarizations of P- and S-Waves
  • 3.6 Spherical Waves
  • 3.7 Methods for Computing Synthetic Seismograms[sup(†)]
    • 3.7.1 Discrete Modeling Methods[sup(†)]
    • 3.7.2 Equations for 2-D Isotropic Finite Differences[sup(†)]
  • 3.8 Exercises
• 4 Ray Theory: Travel Times
  • 4.1 Snell's Law
  • 4.2 Ray Paths for Laterally Homogeneous Models
    • 4.2.1 Example: Computing X(p) and T(p)
    • 4.2.2 Ray Tracing through Velocity Gradients
  • 4.3 Travel Time Curves and Delay Times
    • 4.3.1 Reduced Velocity
    • 4.3.2 The τ(p) Function
    • 4.3.3 Example: Computing τ(p)
    • 4.3.4 Low-Velocity Zones
  • 4.4 Summary of 1-D Ray Tracing Equations
  • 4.5 Spherical Earth Ray Tracing
    • 4.5.1 The Earth-Flattening Transformation
  • 4.6 Three-Dimensional Ray Tracing[sup(†)]
  • 4.7 Ray Nomenclature
    • 4.7.1 Crustal Phases
    • 4.7.2 Whole Earth Phases
    • 4.7.3 PKJKP: The Holy Grail of Body Wave Seismology
  • 4.8 Global Body Wave Observations
    • 4.8.1 Uses of Global Body-Wave Phases
  • 4.9 Exercises
• 5 Inversion of Travel Time Data
  • 5.1 One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion Theory
  • 5.2 Straight-Line Fitting
    • 5.2.1 Example: Solving for a Layer Cake Model
    • 5.2.2 Other Ways to Fit the T(X) Curve
  • 5.3 τ(p) Inversion
    • 5.3.1 Example: The Layer Cake Model Revisited
    • 5.3.2 Resolving τ(p) and the Slant-Stack Method
    • 5.3.3 Linear Programming and Regularization Methods
  • 5.4 Summary: One-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
  • 5.5 Three-Dimensional Velocity Inversion
    • 5.5.1 Setting Up the Tomography Problem
    • 5.5.2 Example: Toy Tomography Problem
    • 5.5.3 Solving the Tomography Problem
    • 5.5.4 Tomography Complications
    • 5.5.5 Finite Frequency Tomography and Full Waveform Inversion
  • 5.6 Earthquake Location
    • 5.6.1 Iterative Location Methods
    • 5.6.2 Relative Event Location Methods
  • 5.7 Exercises
• 6 Ray Theory: Amplitude and Phase
  • 6.1 Energy in Seismic Waves
  • 6.2 Geometrical Spreading in 1-D Velocity Models
  • 6.3 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
    • 6.3.1 SH-Wave Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
    • 6.3.2 Example: Computing SH Coefficients
    • 6.3.3 Vertical Incidence Coefficients
    • 6.3.4 Energy-Normalized Coefficients
    • 6.3.5 Dependence on Ray Angle
  • 6.4 Turning Points and Hilbert Transforms
  • 6.5 Propagator Matrix Methods for Modeling Plane Waves[sup(†)]
  • 6.6 Attenuation
    • 6.6.1 Example: Computing Intrinsic Attenuation
    • 6.6.2 t* and Velocity Dispersion
    • 6.6.3 The Absorption Band Model[sup(†)]
    • 6.6.4 The Standard Linear Solid[sup(†)]
    • 6.6.5 Earth's Attenuation
    • 6.6.6 Observing Q
    • 6.6.7 Nonlinear Attenuation
    • 6.6.8 Seismic Attenuation and Global Politics
  • 6.7 Exercises
• 7 Reflection Seismology and Related Topics
  • 7.1 Background
  • 7.2 Zero-Offset Sections
  • 7.3 Common Midpoint Stacking
    • 7.3.1 Example: Computing Normal Moveout
  • 7.4 Sources and Deconvolution
  • 7.5 Migration
    • 7.5.1 Huygens's Principle
    • 7.5.2 Diffraction Hyperbolas
    • 7.5.3 Example: Computing Diffraction Hyperbolas
    • 7.5.4 Migration Methods
  • 7.6 Velocity Analysis
    • 7.6.1 Example: Estimating Layer Velocity and Thickness
    • 7.6.2 Statics Corrections
  • 7.7 Back-projection
    • 7.7.1 The Adjoint Operator as an Inversion Method[sup(†)]
  • 7.8 Receiver Functions
  • 7.9 The Language of Reflection Seismology
  • 7.10 Exercises
• 8 Surface Waves and Normal Modes
  • 8.1 Love Waves
    • 8.1.1 Solution for a Single Layer
    • 8.1.2 Example: Computing Love Wave Dispersion
  • 8.2 Rayleigh Waves
  • 8.3 Dispersion
  • 8.4 Global Surface Waves
  • 8.5 Observing Surface Waves
    • 8.5.1 Example: Measuring Group and Phase Velocity
  • 8.6 Normal Modes
  • 8.7 Exercises
• 9 Earthquakes and Source Theory
  • 9.1 Green's Functions and the Moment Tensor
  • 9.2 Earthquake Faults
    • 9.2.1 Non-Double-Couple Sources
  • 9.3 Radiation Patterns and Beach Balls
    • 9.3.1 Example: Plotting a Focal Mechanism
  • 9.4 Far-Field Pulse Shapes
    • 9.4.1 Directivity
    • 9.4.2 Example: 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Directivity
    • 9.4.3 Source Spectra
    • 9.4.4 Empirical Green's Functions
  • 9.5 Stress Drop
    • 9.5.1 Example: Estimating Stress Drop
    • 9.5.2 Self-Similar Earthquake Scaling
  • 9.6 Radiated Seismic Energy
    • 9.6.1 Earthquake Energy Partitioning[sup(†)]
  • 9.7 Earthquake Magnitude
    • 9.7.1 The b-Value
    • 9.7.2 Example: Use of b-Value
    • 9.7.3 The Intensity Scale
  • 9.8 Finite Slip Modeling
  • 9.9 The Heat Flow Paradox
    • 9.9.1 Why Are Faults Weak?
  • 9.10 Exercises
• 10 Earthquake Prediction
  • 10.1 The Earthquake Cycle
  • 10.2 Earthquake Triggering
  • 10.3 Searching for Precursors
  • 10.4 Are Earthquakes Unpredictable?
  • 10.5 Exercises
• 11 Seismometers and Seismographs
  • 11.1 Seismometer as Damped Harmonic Oscillator
  • 11.2 Short-Period and Long-Period Seismograms
  • 11.3 Modern Seismographs
  • 11.4 Exercises
• 12 Earth Noise
  • 12.1 Earth's Background Noise
  • 12.2 Cross-Correlation Analysis of Ambient Noise
  • 12.3 Exercises
• 13 Anisotropy
  • 13.1 Rays and Wavefronts for Anisotropy
  • 13.2 Eigenvalue Equation for Anisotropic Media
    • 13.2.1 Slowness Surfaces
    • 13.2.2 Snell's Law at an Interface
  • 13.3 Weak Anisotropy
  • 13.4 Hexagonal Anisotropy
  • 13.5 Shear-Wave Splitting
    • 13.5.1 Linear Polarization Analysis
    • 13.5.2 Estimating Shear-Wave Splitting Parameters
    • 13.5.3 Example: Shear-Wave Splitting Observed at RSON
    • 13.5.4 SKS Splitting
    • 13.5.5 Example: SKS Splitting Analysis for RSON
    • 13.5.6 Shear-Wave Splitting Observations
  • 13.6 Mechanisms for Anisotropy
  • 13.7 Earth's Anisotropy
  • 13.8 Exercises
• Appendix A The PREM Model
• Appendix B Math Review
  • B.1 Vector Calculus
  • B.2 Complex Numbers
• Appendix C The Eikonal Equation
• Appendix D Python Functions
• Appendix E Time Series and Fourier Transforms
  • E.1 Convolution
  • E.2 Fourier Transform
  • E.3 Hilbert Transform
• Appendix F Kirchhoff Theory
  • F.1 Kirchhoff Applications
  • F.2 How to Write a Kirchhoff Program
  • F.3 Kirchhoff Migration
• Bibliography
• Index

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