Efnisyfirlit

• Foreword
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Contents
• Part I: Introduction to Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and Program Evalua
  • 1: Key Concepts, Definitions, and Frameworks
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Definitions and Descriptions of Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and
      • 1.2.1 What Is Quality Improvement?
      • 1.2.2 What Is Program Evaluation?
    • 1.3 How Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program Evaluatio
    • 1.4 How Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement, and Outcome Evaluation Are Diffe
      • 1.4.1 Translational Research
      • 1.4.2 Quality Improvement (QI)
      • 1.4.3 Six Sigma Quality Improvement
      • 1.4.4 Health Services Research
      • 1.4.5 Big Data in Health Care Research
      • 1.4.6 Program Evaluation
      • 1.4.7 Implementation Research
    • 1.5 Definitions of Similar Sounding Terms and What This Book Does Not Attempt
      • 1.5.1 Comparative Effectiveness Research
      • 1.5.2 Implementation Science Research
      • 1.5.3 Dissemination Science
    • 1.6 Frameworks to Support Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and
      • 1.6.1 Theory
      • 1.6.2 Logic Models
      • 1.6.3 Theoretical Framework
      • 1.6.4 Conceptual Framework
    • References
  • 2: Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-­Model (PIO MM): A Conceptual Meta Model for Intervention Ef
    • 2.1 Introduction to the Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-Model (PIO MM)
    • 2.2 PIO MM and the CDC Logic Model
    • 2.3 PIO MM and the IHI Quality Improvement Model
    • 2.4 Using the PIO MM
    • 2.5 Operationalizing the PIO MM
    • 2.6 PIO MM Relationship to Change Theory
    • 2.7 PIO MM Relationship to PICOT
    • References
  • 3: Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-Model Project Design
    • 3.1 Design for Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program E
      • 3.1.1 Observational Design
      • 3.1.2 Retrospective Design
      • 3.1.3 Prospective Design
    • 3.2 Intervention and Measurement Timing
    • 3.3 PIO MM and Research Design
    • 3.4 Benefits and Challenges of the Single Group Before and After Design
      • 3.4.1 Threats to Internal Validity
      • 3.4.2 Enhancing Before and After Design Using Comparisons
      • 3.4.3 Considerations for Prospective Data Collection
    • 3.5 Comparisons Using PIO MM Variables
      • 3.5.1 Problem
      • 3.5.2 Intervention
      • 3.5.3 Interventionist
      • 3.5.4 Outcome
      • 3.5.5 Population (Individual Characteristics)
      • 3.5.6 Setting
      • 3.5.7 Time
    • 3.6 Mixed Methods: Qualitative Evaluation
    • References
  • 4: Tools for Intervention Effectiveness Research, Quality Improvement Activities, and Program Eval
    • 4.1 Data Sources
    • 4.2 Checklists for Obtaining New or Existing Data for Operationalizing the PIO MM
    • 4.3 Electronic Health Record Data
    • 4.4 Nursing-Specific Data
    • 4.5 Omaha System
      • 4.5.1 Problem Classification Scheme
      • 4.5.2 Intervention Scheme
      • 4.5.3 Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
    • 4.6 Analysis Software and Techniques
    • 4.7 Power Analysis
    • 4.8 Software for Descriptive and Inferential Statistical Methods and for Creating Graphs/Charts
      • 4.8.1 Microsoft Excel
      • 4.8.2 R
      • 4.8.3 SAS
    • 4.9 Big Data (Pattern Detection) Methods
      • 4.9.1 Clustering
      • 4.9.2 Visualization
    • 4.10 Team Approach
    • References
  • 5: Descriptive Analysis and Interpretation
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Data Cleaning
      • 5.2.1 Screening Phase
      • 5.2.2 Diagnostic Phase
      • 5.2.3 Treatment Phase
      • 5.2.4 Missing Data
    • 5.3 Pre-Processing
      • 5.3.1 Transforming and Recoding
      • 5.3.2 Identification and Labeling of Clusters Within a Sample
    • 5.4 Descriptive Statistics
      • 5.4.1 Frequency
      • 5.4.2 Cross Tabulation (Cross Tab) Matrix
      • 5.4.3 Rank
      • 5.4.4 Measures of Central Tendency
      • 5.4.5 Measures of Distribution
    • References
  • 6: Inferential Analysis and Interpretation
    • 6.1 About Inferential Statistics
    • 6.2 Comparisons and Statistical Significance
      • 6.2.1 Comparisons of Sample Characteristics
      • 6.2.2 Outcomes as Measured by Before and After Comparison
      • 6.2.3 Benchmarking
      • 6.2.4 The P-Value in Large Dataset Research
    • 6.3 Clinical or Practical Significance
      • 6.3.1 Effect Size (Clinical or Practical Significance of Pchange = PTime2 − PTime1)
      • 6.3.2 Interpretation of Effect Size (Clinical or Practical Significance)
    • 6.4 Associations
      • 6.4.1 Correlation
      • 6.4.2 Regression
      • 6.4.3 Interpretation of Correlations
      • 6.4.4 Survival Analysis (PTime1, PTime2, … PTimeX)
      • 6.4.5 Cross Tabs and Chi-Square (χ2)
    • 6.5 Generalizability
    • References
  • 7: Exploratory Data Analysis
    • 7.1 The Development of Exploratory Data Analysis
    • 7.2 Interpretation of Exploratory Data Analysis
    • 7.3 Visualization Techniques
      • 7.3.1 Heat Map
      • 7.3.2 Line Graph
        • Line Graph with Trend Line
        • Parallel Coordinates
    • References
  • 8: Ethical Considerations
    • 8.1 Minimal Risk
    • 8.2 Institutional Review
      • 8.2.1 Where and How to Access an IRB
      • 8.2.2 When a Project May Be Exempt from IRB Review
      • 8.2.3 The Special Case of Quality Improvement
      • 8.2.4 Minimal Risk and IRB Review
      • 8.2.5 The Special Case of Program Evaluation
    • 8.3 Informed Consent
      • 8.3.1 What Is Informed Consent?
      • 8.3.2 Informed Consent Processes in the Context of Existing Data
    • 8.4 Data Privacy and Security
    • References
• Part II: Practical Guide for Using the Problem-�Intervention-�Outcome Meta-Model
  • 9: Use the Worksheets and PIO MM Figure
    • 9.1 Review of Part I
    • 9.2 Overview of Part II
      • 9.2.1 Examples of Projects
    • 9.3 Starting the Process
      • 9.3.1 Worksheet Review
      • 9.3.2 Complete the PIO MM Diagram
    • References
  • 10: Know the Literature (Worksheet A)
    • 10.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet A
    • 10.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet A
      • 10.2.1 Population of Interest
      • 10.2.2 Problem Addressed
      • 10.2.3 Measure(s) of Outcome
      • 10.2.4 Intervention(s) Used
      • 10.2.5 Measures of Intervention
      • 10.2.6 Measure of Intervention Fidelity
      • 10.2.7 Demographic Characteristics of a Sample
      • 10.2.8 Contextual Factors
        • 10.2.8.1 Contextual Factors – Interventionist
      • 10.2.9 Analysis Methods
      • 10.2.10 Comments
      • 10.2.11 Complete Reference
    • 10.3 Sources of Information for the PIO MM Matrix
    • References
  • 11: Define the Problem (Worksheet B)
    • 11.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet B
    • 11.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet B
      • 11.2.1 Problem
      • 11.2.2 Definition of the Problem
      • 11.2.3 Population of Interest
      • 11.2.4 Background
      • 11.2.5 Problem Measurement Instrument/Scale
      • 11.2.6 Anticipated Outcome and Rationale
      • 11.2.7 What is Not Known/Gap in Knowledge
    • References
  • 12: Describe the Intervention (Worksheet C)
    • 12.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet C
    • 12.2 Step-by Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet C
      • 12.2.1 Describe the Intervention
      • 12.2.2 Expected Effectiveness
      • 12.2.3 Theoretical Framework
      • 12.2.4 Intervention Content and Essential Core Components
      • 12.2.5 Describe Intervention Measurement: Amount, Type, Fidelity, Quality
      • 12.2.6 Describe Interventionist Characteristics: Qualifications, Training, Demographics
    • References
  • 13: Define the Outcome (Worksheet D)
    • 13.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet D
    • 13.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet D
    • References
  • 14: Plan the Analysis (Worksheet E)
    • 14.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet E
      • 14.1.1 Step 1. Review Project Statements
      • 14.1.2 Step 2. Select Statements That Are Most Applicable to the Project and Discipline
      • 14.1.3 Step 3. Review Design Options
      • 14.1.4 Step 4. State the Design
      • 14.1.5 Step 5. Review Variables
      • 14.1.6 Step 6. Plan for Creating New Variables
    • 14.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Completing Worksheet E
      • 14.2.1 Exploratory Data Analysis
      • 14.2.2 Sample
      • 14.2.3 Intervention
      • 14.2.4 Outcome
      • 14.2.5 Relationships Among Variables
    • References
  • 15: Interpret the Results (Worksheet F)
    • 15.1 Preparing to Complete Worksheet F
    • 15.2 Results Statements and Presentation
      • 15.2.1 Presenting the Results
      • 15.2.2 Description of Sample Characteristics
      • 15.2.3 Description of Interventions
      • 15.2.4 Description of Outcomes
      • 15.2.5 Description of Benchmark Attainment
      • 15.2.6 Correlations Between Interventions and Outcomes
    • 15.3 Results Interpretation
      • 15.3.1 Theoretical Framework-Related Interpretation
      • 15.3.2 Temporality-Related Interpretation
      • 15.3.3 Give Alternative Explanations for the Findings
    • References
  • 16: Disseminate the Findings
    • 16.1 Why Dissemination Matters
    • 16.2 Getting the Most Benefit from This Chapter
    • 16.3 Iterative Interpretation and Explication of the Overall Story
    • 16.4 Drafting the Abstract: Summarize the Story in Brief
    • 16.5 Develop and Display Results
    • 16.6 Adding Meaningful Interpretation to the Results
    • 16.7 Limitations
    • 16.8 The Methods Section
    • 16.9 The Purpose Statement
    • 16.10 Background to Set the Stage for the Purpose
    • 16.11 The Gap in Knowledge
    • 16.12 Title, Abstract, and Conclusion
    • 16.13 Rewrite the Abstract
    • 16.14 Write the Conclusions Section
    • 16.15 Polishing Tips
    • 16.16 Styles and Author Guidelines
    • References
  • 17: Synthesis, Next Steps, and Epilogue
    • 17.1 Planning Next Steps
    • 17.2 Questions to Inspire Next Steps
    • 17.3 Building Evidence on Evidence
    • References

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