Efnisyfirlit

• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Graphics Systems and Models
  • 1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics
    • 1.1.1 Display of Information
    • 1.1.2 Design
    • 1.1.3 Simulation and Animation
    • 1.1.4 User Interfaces
  • 1.2 A Graphics System
    • 1.2.1 Pixels and the Framebuffer
    • 1.2.2 The CPU and the GPU
    • 1.2.3 Output Devices
    • 1.2.4 Input Devices
  • 1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic
    • 1.3.1 Objects and Viewers
    • 1.3.2 Light and Images
    • 1.3.3 Imaging Models
  • 1.4 Imaging Systems
    • 1.4.1 The Pinhole Camera
    • 1.4.2 The Human Visual System
  • 1.5 The Synthetic-Camera Model
  • 1.6 The Programmer’s Interface
    • 1.6.1 The Pen-Plotter Model
    • 1.6.2 Three-Dimensional APIs
    • 1.6.3 A Sequence of Images
    • 1.6.4 The Modeling–Rendering Paradigm
  • 1.7 Graphics Architectures
    • 1.7.1 Display Processors
    • 1.7.2 Pipeline Architectures
    • 1.7.3 The Graphics Pipeline
    • 1.7.4 Vertex Processing
    • 1.7.5 Clipping and Primitive Assembly
    • 1.7.6 Rasterization
    • 1.7.7 Fragment Processing
  • 1.8 Programmable Pipelines
  • 1.9 Performance Characteristics
  • 1.10 OpenGL Versions and WebGL
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 2: Graphics Programming
  • 2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket
  • 2.2 Programming Two-Dimensional Applications
  • 2.3 The WebGL Application Programming Interface
    • 2.3.1 Graphics Functions
    • 2.3.2 The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines
    • 2.3.3 OpenGL and WebGL
    • 2.3.4 The WebGL Interface
    • 2.3.5 Coordinate Systems
  • 2.4 Primitives and Attributes
    • 2.4.1 Polygon Basics
    • 2.4.2 Polygons in WebGL
    • 2.4.3 Approximating a Sphere
    • 2.4.4 Triangulation
    • 2.4.5 Text
    • 2.4.6 Curved Objects
    • 2.4.7 Attributes
  • 2.5 Color
    • 2.5.1 RGB Color
    • 2.5.2 Indexed Color
    • 2.5.3 Setting of Color Attributes
  • 2.6 Viewing
    • 2.6.1 The Orthographic View
    • 2.6.2 Two-Dimensional Viewing
  • 2.7 Control Functions
    • 2.7.1 Interaction with the Window System
    • 2.7.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports
    • 2.7.3 Application Organization
  • 2.8 The Gasket Program
    • 2.8.1 Sending Data to the GPU
    • 2.8.2 Rendering the Points
    • 2.8.3 The Vertex Shader
    • 2.8.4 The Fragment Shader
    • 2.8.5 Combining the Parts
    • 2.8.6 The initShaders Function
    • 2.8.7 The init Function
    • 2.8.8 Reading the Shaders from the Application
  • 2.9 Polygons and Recursion
  • 2.10 The Three-Dimensional Gasket
    • 2.10.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points
    • 2.10.2 Naming Conventions
    • 2.10.3 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions
    • 2.10.4 Hidden-Surface Removal
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 3: Interaction and Animation
  • 3.1 Animation
    • 3.1.1 The Rotating Square
    • 3.1.2 The Display Process
    • 3.1.3 Double Buffering
    • 3.1.4 Using a Timer
    • 3.1.5 Using requestAnimFrame
  • 3.2 Interaction
  • 3.3 Input Devices
  • 3.4 Physical Input Devices
    • 3.4.1 Keyboard Codes
    • 3.4.2 The Light Pen
    • 3.4.3 The Mouse and the Trackball
    • 3.4.4 Data Tablets,Touch Pads, and Touch Screens
    • 3.4.5 The Joystick
    • 3.4.6 Multidimensional Input Devices
    • 3.4.7 Logical Devices
    • 3.4.8 Input Modes
  • 3.5 Clients and Servers
  • 3.6 Programming Event-Driven Input
    • 3.6.1 Events and Event Listeners
    • 3.6.2 Adding a Button
    • 3.6.3 Menus
    • 3.6.4 Using Keycodes
    • 3.6.5 Sliders
  • 3.7 Position Input
  • 3.8 Window Events
  • 3.9 Picking
  • 3.10 Building Models Interactively
  • 3.11 Design of Interactive Programs
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 4: Geometric Objects and Transformations
  • 4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors
    • 4.1.1 Geometric Objects
    • 4.1.2 Coordinate-Free Geometry
    • 4.1.3 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces
    • 4.1.4 The Computer Science View
    • 4.1.5 Geometric ADTs
    • 4.1.6 Lines
    • 4.1.7 Affine Sums
    • 4.1.8 Convexity
    • 4.1.9 Dot and Cross Products
    • 4.1.10 Planes
  • 4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives
  • 4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames
    • 4.3.1 Representations and N-Tuples
    • 4.3.2 Change of Coordinate Systems
    • 4.3.3 Example: Change of Representation
    • 4.3.4 Homogeneous Coordinates
    • 4.3.5 Example: Change in Frames
    • 4.3.6 Working with Representations
  • 4.4 Frames in WebGL
  • 4.5 Matrix and Vector Types
    • 4.5.1 Row versus Column Major Matrix Representations
  • 4.6 Modeling a Colored Cube
    • 4.6.1 Modeling the Faces
    • 4.6.2 Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces
    • 4.6.3 Data Structures for Object Representation
    • 4.6.4 The Colored Cube
    • 4.6.5 Color Interpolation
    • 4.6.6 Displaying the Cube
    • 4.6.7 Drawing with Elements
  • 4.7 Affine Transformations
  • 4.8 Translation, Rotation, and Scaling
    • 4.8.1 Translation
    • 4.8.2 Rotation
    • 4.8.3 Scaling
  • 4.9 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates
    • 4.9.1 Translation
    • 4.9.2 Scaling
    • 4.9.3 Rotation
    • 4.9.4 Shear
  • 4.10 Concatenation of Transformations
    • 4.10.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point
    • 4.10.2 General Rotation
    • 4.10.3 The Instance Transformation
    • 4.10.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis
  • 4.11 Transformation Matrices in WebGL
    • 4.11.1 Current Transformation Matrices
    • 4.11.2 Basic Matrix Functions
    • 4.11.3 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling
    • 4.11.4 Rotation About a Fixed Point
    • 4.11.5 Order of Transformations
  • 4.12 Spinning of the Cube
    • 4.12.1 Uniform Matrices
  • 4.13 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications
    • 4.13.1 Using Areas of the Screen
    • 4.13.2 A Virtual Trackball
    • 4.13.3 Smooth Rotations
    • 4.13.4 Incremental Rotation
  • 4.14 Quaternions
    • 4.14.1 Complex Numbers and Quaternions
    • 4.14.2 Quaternions and Rotation
    • 4.14.3 Quaternions and Gimbal Lock
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 5: Viewing
  • 5.1 Classical and Computer Viewing
    • 5.1.1 Classical Viewing
    • 5.1.2 Orthographic Projections
    • 5.1.3 Axonometric Projections
    • 5.1.4 Oblique Projections
    • 5.1.5 Perspective Viewing
  • 5.2 Viewing with a Computer
  • 5.3 Positioning of the Camera
    • 5.3.1 Positioning of the Camera Frame
    • 5.3.2 Two Viewing APIs
    • 5.3.3 The Look-At Function
    • 5.3.4 Other Viewing APIs
  • 5.4 Parallel Projections
    • 5.4.1 Orthogonal Projections
    • 5.4.2 Parallel Viewing with WebGL
    • 5.4.3 Projection Normalization
    • 5.4.4 Orthogonal Projection Matrices
    • 5.4.5 Oblique Projections
    • 5.4.6 An Interactive Viewer
  • 5.5 Perspective Projections
    • 5.5.1 Simple Perspective Projections
  • 5.6 Perspective Projections with WebGL
    • 5.6.1 Perspective Functions
  • 5.7 Perspective Projection Matrices
    • 5.7.1 Perspective Normalization
    • 5.7.2 WebGL Perspective Transformations
    • 5.7.3 Perspective Example
  • 5.8 Hidden-Surface Removal
    • 5.8.1 Culling
  • 5.9 Displaying Meshes
    • 5.9.1 Displaying Meshes as Surfaces
    • 5.9.2 Polygon Offset
    • 5.9.3 Walking through a Scene
  • 5.10 Projections and Shadows
    • 5.10.1 Projected Shadows
  • 5.11 Shadow Maps
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 6: Lighting and Shading
  • 6.1 Light and Matter
  • 6.2 Light Sources
    • 6.2.1 Color Sources
    • 6.2.2 Ambient Light
    • 6.2.3 Point Sources
    • 6.2.4 Spotlights
    • 6.2.5 Distant Light Sources
  • 6.3 The Phong Reflection Model
    • 6.3.1 Ambient Reflection
    • 6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection
    • 6.3.3 Specular Reflection
    • 6.3.4 The Modified Phong Model
  • 6.4 Computation of Vectors
    • 6.4.1 Normal Vectors
    • 6.4.2 Angle of Reflection
  • 6.5 Polygonal Shading
    • 6.5.1 Flat Shading
    • 6.5.2 Smooth and Gouraud Shading
    • 6.5.3 Phong Shading
  • 6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision
  • 6.7 Specifying Lighting Parameters
    • 6.7.1 Light Sources
    • 6.7.2 Materials
  • 6.8 Implementing a Lighting Model
    • 6.8.1 Applying the Lighting Model in the Application
    • 6.8.2 Efficiency
    • 6.8.3 Lighting in the Vertex Shader
  • 6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model
  • 6.10 Per-Fragment Lighting
  • 6.11 Nonphotorealistic Shading
  • 6.12 Global Illumination
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 7: Discrete Techniques
  • 7.1 Buffers
  • 7.2 Digital Images
  • 7.3 Mapping Methods
  • 7.4 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping
  • 7.5 Texture Mapping in WebGL
    • 7.5.1 Texture Objects
    • 7.5.2 The Texture Image Array
    • 7.5.3 Texture Coordinates and Samplers
    • 7.5.4 Texture Sampling
    • 7.5.5 Working with Texture Coordinates
    • 7.5.6 Multitexturing
  • 7.6 Texture Generation
  • 7.7 Environment Maps
  • 7.8 Reflection Map Example
  • 7.9 Bump Mapping
    • 7.9.1 Finding Bump Maps
    • 7.9.2 Bump Map Example
  • 7.10 Blending Techniques
    • 7.10.1 Opacity and Blending
    • 7.10.2 Image Blending
    • 7.10.3 Blending in WebGL
    • 7.10.4 Antialiasing Revisited
    • 7.10.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering
    • 7.10.6 Scene Antialiasing and Multisampling
    • 7.10.7 Image Processing
    • 7.10.8 Other Multipass Methods
  • 7.11 GPGPU
  • 7.12 Framebuffer Objects
  • 7.13 Buffer Ping-Ponging
  • 7.14 Picking
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 8: From Geometry To Pixels
  • 8.1 Basic Implementation Strategies
  • 8.2 Four Major Tasks
    • 8.2.1 Modeling
    • 8.2.2 Geometry Processing
    • 8.2.3 Rasterization
    • 8.2.4 Fragment Processing
  • 8.3 Clipping
  • 8.4 Line-Segment Clipping
    • 8.4.1 Cohen-Sutherland Clipping
    • 8.4.2 Liang-Barsky Clipping
  • 8.5 Polygon Clipping
  • 8.6 Clipping of Other Primitives
    • 8.6.1 Bounding Boxes and Volumes
    • 8.6.2 Curves, Surfaces, and Text
    • 8.6.3 Clipping in the Framebuffer
  • 8.7 Clipping in Three Dimensions
  • 8.8 Rasterization
  • 8.9 Bresenham’s Algorithm
  • 8.10 Polygon Rasterization
    • 8.10.1 Inside–Outside Testing
    • 8.10.2 WebGL and Concave Polygons
    • 8.10.3 Fill and Sort
    • 8.10.4 Flood Fill
    • 8.10.5 Singularities
  • 8.11 Hidden-Surface Removal
    • 8.11.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches
    • 8.11.2 Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal
    • 8.11.3 Scan Line Algorithms
    • 8.11.4 Back-Face Removal
    • 8.11.5 The z-Buffer Algorithm
    • 8.11.6 Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer
    • 8.11.7 Depth Sort and the Painter’s Algorithm
  • 8.12 Antialiasing
  • 8.13 Display Considerations
    • 8.13.1 Color Systems
    • 8.13.2 The Color Matrix
    • 8.13.3 Gamma Correction
    • 8.13.4 Dithering and Halftoning
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 9: Modeling and Hierarchy
  • 9.1 Symbols and Instances
  • 9.2 Hierarchical Models
  • 9.3 A Robot Arm
  • 9.4 Trees and Traversal
    • 9.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal
  • 9.5 Use of Tree Data Structures
  • 9.6 Animation
  • 9.7 Graphical Objects
    • 9.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages
    • 9.7.2 A Cube Object
    • 9.7.3 Objects and Hierarchy
    • 9.7.4 Geometric and Nongeometric Objects
  • 9.8 Scene Graphs
  • 9.9 Implementing Scene Graphs
  • 9.10 Other Tree Structures
    • 9.10.1 CSG Trees
    • 9.10.2 BSP Trees
    • 9.10.3 Quadtrees and Octrees
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 10: Procedural Methods
  • 10.1 Algorithmic Models
  • 10.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems
  • 10.3 Newtonian Particles
    • 10.3.1 Independent Particles
    • 10.3.2 Spring Forces
    • 10.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces
  • 10.4 Solving Particle Systems
  • 10.5 Constraints
    • 10.5.1 Collisions
    • 10.5.2 Soft Constraints
  • 10.6 A Simple Particle System
    • 10.6.1 Displaying the Particles
    • 10.6.2 Updating Particle Positions
    • 10.6.3 Collisions
    • 10.6.4 Forces
    • 10.6.5 Flocking
  • 10.7 Agent-Based Models
  • 10.8 Language-Based Models
  • 10.9 Recursive Methods and Fractals
    • 10.9.1 Rulers and Length
    • 10.9.2 Fractal Dimension
    • 10.9.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion
    • 10.9.4 Fractal Mountains
    • 10.9.5 The Mandelbrot Set
    • 10.9.6 Mandelbrot Fragment Shader
  • 10.10 Procedural Noise
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 11: Curves and Surfaces
  • 11.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.1.1 Explicit Representation
    • 11.1.2 Implicit Representations
    • 11.1.3 Parametric Form
    • 11.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves
    • 11.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces
  • 11.2 Design Criteria
  • 11.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves
  • 11.4 Interpolation
    • 11.4.1 Blending Functions
    • 11.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch
  • 11.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.5.1 The Hermite Form
    • 11.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity
  • 11.6 Be´zier Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.6.1 Be´zier Curves
    • 11.6.2 Be´zier Surface Patches
  • 11.7 Cubic B-Splines
    • 11.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve
    • 11.7.2 B-Splines and Basis
    • 11.7.3 Spline Surfaces
  • 11.8 General B-Splines
    • 11.8.1 Recursively Defined B-Splines
    • 11.8.2 Uniform Splines
    • 11.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines
    • 11.8.4 NURBS
    • 11.8.5 Catmull-Rom Splines
  • 11.9 Rendering Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods
    • 11.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Be´zier Polynomials
    • 11.9.3 Rendering Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision
    • 11.9.4 Subdivision of Be´zier Surfaces
  • 11.10 The Utah Teapot
  • 11.11 Algebraic Surfaces
    • 11.11.1 Quadrics
    • 11.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting
  • 11.12 Subdivision Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.12.1 Mesh Subdivision
  • 11.13 Mesh Generation from Data
    • 11.13.1 Height Fields Revisited
    • 11.13.2 Delaunay Triangulation
    • 11.13.3 Point Clouds
  • 11.14 Graphics API support for Curves and Surfaces
    • 11.14.1 Tessellation Shading
    • 11.14.2 Geometry Shading
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Chapter 12: Advanced Rendering
  • 12.1 Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering
  • 12.2 Ray Tracing
  • 12.3 Building a Simple Ray Tracer
    • 12.3.1 Recursive Ray Tracing
    • 12.3.2 Calculating Intersections
    • 12.3.3 Ray-Tracing Variations
  • 12.4 The Rendering Equation
  • 12.5 Radiosity
    • 12.5.1 The Radiosity Equation
    • 12.5.2 Solving the Radiosity Equation
    • 12.5.3 Computing Form Factors
    • 12.5.4 Carrying Out Radiosity
  • 12.6 Global Illumination and Path Tracing
  • 12.7 RenderMan
  • 12.8 Parallel Rendering
    • 12.8.1 Sort-Middle Rendering
    • 12.8.2 Sort-Last Rendering
    • 12.8.3 Sort-First Rendering
  • 12.9 Hardware GPU Implementations
  • 12.10 Implicit Functions and Contour Maps
    • 12.10.1 Marching Squares
    • 12.10.2 Marching Triangles
  • 12.11 Volume Rendering
    • 12.11.1 Volumetric Data Sets
    • 12.11.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions
  • 12.12 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes
  • 12.13 Marching Tetrahedra
  • 12.14 Mesh Simplification
  • 12.15 Direct Volume Rendering
    • 12.15.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity
    • 12.15.2 Splatting
    • 12.15.3 Volume Ray Tracing
    • 12.15.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes
  • 12.16 Image-Based Rendering
    • 12.16.1 A Simple Example
  • Summary and Notes
  • Suggested Readings
  • Exercises
• Appendix
  • Appendix A: Initializing Shaders
    • A.1 Shaders in the HTML file
    • A.2 Reading Shaders from Source Files
  • Appendix B: Spaces
    • B.1 Scalars
    • B.2 Vector Spaces
    • B.3 Affine Spaces
    • B.4 Euclidean Spaces
    • B.5 Projections
    • B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
    • Suggested Readings
    • Exercises
  • Appendix C: Matrices
    • C.1 Definitions
    • C.2 Matrix Operations
    • C.3 Row and Column Matrices
    • C.4 Rank
    • C.5 Change of Representation
    • C.6 The Cross Product
    • C.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
    • C.8 Vector and Matrix Objects
    • Suggested Readings
    • Exercises
  • Appendix D: Sampling and Aliasing
    • D.1 Sampling Theory
    • D.2 Reconstruction
    • D.3 Quantization
• References
• WebGL Index
• Subject Index

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