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• Contents in Brief
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Author
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• UNIT 1 Basic Cell Processes: Integration and Coordination
  • Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology
    • Physiology Is an Integrative Science
      • RUNNING PROBLEM What to Believe?
      • Emerging Concepts The Changing World of Omics
    • Function and Mechanism
    • Themes in Physiology
      • Focus on . . . Mapping
      • Theme 1: Structure and Function Are Closely Related
      • Theme 2: Living Organisms Need Energy
      • Theme 3: Information Flow Coordinates Body Functions
      • Theme 4: Homeostasis Maintains Internal Stability
    • Homeostasis
      • What Is the Body’s Internal Environment?
      • Homeostasis Depends on Mass Balance
      • Excretion Clears Substances from the Body
      • Homeostasis Does Not Mean Equilibrium
    • Control Systems and Homeostasis
      • Local Control Is Restricted to a Tissue
      • Reflex Control Uses Long‐Distance Signaling
      • Response Loops Begin with a Stimulus
      • Feedback Loops Modulate the Response Loop
      • Negative Feedback Loops Are Homeostatic
      • Positive Feedback Loops Are Not Homeostatic
      • Feedforward Control Allows the Body to Anticipate Change
      • Biological Rhythms Result from Changes in a Setpoint
    • The Science of Physiology
      • Good Scientific Experiments Must Be Carefully Designed
      • Focus on . . . Graphing
      • The Results of Human Experiments Can Be Difficult to Interpret
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 2: Molecular Interactions
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Chromium Supplements
    • Molecules and Bonds
      • Most Biomolecules Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
      • Electrons Have Four Important Biological Roles
      • Covalent Bonds between Atoms Create Molecules
      • Noncovalent Bonds Facilitate Reversible Interactions
    • Noncovalent Interactions
      • Hydrophilic Interactions Create Biological Solutions
      • Molecular Shape Is Related to Molecular Function
      • Hydrogen Ions in Solution Can Alter Molecular Shape
    • Protein Interactions
      • Proteins Are Selective about the Molecules They Bind
      • Protein‐Binding Reactions Are Reversible
      • Binding Reactions Obey the Law of Mass Action
      • The Dissociation Constant Indicates Affinity
      • Multiple Factors Alter Protein Binding
      • The Body Regulates the Amount of Protein in Cells
      • Reaction Rate Can Reach a Maximum
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 3: Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Pap Tests Save Lives
    • Functional Compartments of the Body
      • The Lumens of Some Organs Are Outside the Body
      • Functionally, the Body Has Three Fluid Compartments
    • Biological Membranes
      • The Cell Membrane Separates Cell from Environment
      • Membranes Are Mostly Lipid and Protein
      • Membrane Lipids Create a Hydrophobic Barrier
      • Membrane Proteins May Be Loosely or Tightly Bound to the Membrane
      • Membrane Carbohydrates Attach to Both Lipids and Proteins
    • Intracellular Compartments
      • Cells Are Divided into Compartments
      • The Cytoplasm Includes Cytosol, Inclusions, Fibers, and Organelles
      • Inclusions Are in Direct Contact with the Cytosol
      • Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers Come in Three Sizes
      • Microtubules Form Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella
      • Emerging Concepts Single Cilia Are Sensors
      • The Cytoskeleton Is a Changeable Scaffold
      • Motor Proteins Create Movement
      • Organelles Create Compartments for Specialized Functions
      • The Nucleus Is the Cell’s Control Center
    • Tissues of the Body
      • Extracellular Matrix Has Many Functions
      • Cell Junctions Hold Cells Together to Form Tissues
      • Epithelia Provide Protection and Regulate Exchange
      • Connective Tissues Provide Support and Barriers
      • Muscle and Neural Tissues Are Excitable
    • Tissue Remodeling
      • Apoptosis Is a Tidy Form of Cell Death
      • Stem Cells Can Create New Specialized Cells
      • Emerging Concepts Induced Pluripotent Stems Cells
      • Focus on . . . The Skin
      • Organs
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Tay‐Sachs Disease: A Deadly Inheritance
    • Energy in Biological Systems
      • Energy Is Used to Perform Work
      • Energy Comes in Two Forms: Kinetic and Potential
      • Energy Can Be Converted from One Form to Another
      • Thermodynamics Is the Study of Energy Use
    • Chemical Reactions
      • Energy Is Transferred between Molecules during Reactions
      • Activation Energy Gets Reactions Started
      • Energy Is Trapped or Released during Reactions
      • Net Free Energy Change Determines Reaction Reversibility
    • Enzymes
      • Enzymes Are Proteins
      • Reaction Rates Are Variable
      • Enzymes May Be Activated, Inactivated, or Modulated
      • Enzymes Lower Activation Energy of Reactions
      • Enzymatic Reactions Can Be Categorized
    • Metabolism
      • Cells Regulate Their Metabolic Pathways
      • Catabolic Pathways Produce ATP
      • One Glucose Molecule Can Yield 30–32 ATP
      • Anaerobic Metabolism Makes Two ATP
      • Proteins Are the Key to Cell Function
      • DNA Guides the Synthesis of RNA
      • Alternative Splicing Creates Multiple Proteins from One DNA Sequence
      • mRNA Translation Links Amino Acids
      • Emerging Concepts Purple Petunias and RNAi
      • Protein Sorting Directs Proteins to Their Destination
      • Proteins Undergo Posttranslational Modification
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 5: Membrane Dynamics
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Cystic Fibrosis
    • Homeostasis Does Not Mean Equilibrium
    • Osmosis and Tonicity
      • The Body Is Mostly Water
      • The Body Is in Osmotic Equilibrium
      • Osmolarity Describes the Number of Particles in Solution
      • Tonicity Describes the Volume Change of a Cell
    • Transport Processes
      • Cell Membranes Are Selectively Permeable
    • Diffusion
      • Lipophilic Molecules Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion
    • Protein‐Mediated Transport
      • Membrane Proteins Have Four Major Functions
      • Channel Proteins Form Open, Water‐Filled Passageways
      • Carrier Proteins Change Conformation to Move Molecules
      • Facilitated Diffusion Uses Carrier Proteins
      • Active Transport Moves Substances against Their ‐Concentration Gradients
      • Carrier‐Mediated Transport Exhibits Specificity, Competition, and Saturation
    • Vesicular Transport
      • Phagocytosis Creates Vesicles Using the Cytoskeleton
      • Endocytosis Creates Smaller Vesicles
      • CLINICAL FOCUS LDL: The Lethal Lipoprotein
      • Exocytosis Releases Molecules Too Large for Transport Proteins
    • Epithelial Transport
      • Epithelial Transport May Be Paracellular or Transcellular
      • Transcellular Transport of Glucose Uses Membrane Proteins
      • Transcytosis Uses Vesicles to Cross an Epithelium
    • The Resting Membrane Potential
      • Electricity Review
      • The Cell Membrane Enables Separation of Electrical Charge in the Body
      • All Living Cells Have a Membrane Potential
      • The Resting Membrane Potential Is Due Mostly to Potassium
      • Changes in Ion Permeability Change the Membrane Potential
    • Integrated Membrane Processes: Insulin Secretion
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis
    • Cell‐to‐Cell Communication
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Diabetes Mellitus: A Growing Epidemic
      • Gap Junctions Create Cytoplasmic Bridges
      • Contact‐Dependent Signals Require Cell‐to‐Cell Contact
      • Local Communication Uses Paracrine and Autocrine Signals
      • Long‐Distance Communication May Be Electrical or Chemical
      • Cytokines May Act as Both Local and Long‐Distance Signals
    • Signal Pathways
      • Receptor Proteins Are Located Inside the Cell or on the Cell Membrane
      • Membrane Proteins Facilitate Signal Transduction
      • The Most Rapid Signal Pathways Change Ion Flow through Channels
      • Most Signal Transduction Uses G Proteins
      • Many Lipophobic Hormones Use GPCR‐cAMP Pathways
      • G Protein‐Coupled Receptors Also Use Lipid‐Derived Second Messengers
      • Catalytic Receptors Have Enzyme Activity
      • Integrin Receptors Transfer Information from the Extracellular Matrix
    • Novel Signal Molecules
      • Calcium Is an Important Intracellular Signal
      • Gases Are Ephemeral Signal Molecules
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY Calcium Signals Glow in the Dark
      • CLINICAL FOCUS From Dynamite to Medicine
      • Some Lipids Are Important Paracrine Signals
    • Modulation of Signal Pathways
      • Receptors Exhibit Saturation, Specificity, and Competition
      • One Ligand May Have Multiple Receptors
      • Up and Down‐Regulation Enable Cells to Modulate Responses
      • Cells Must Be Able to Terminate Signal Pathways
      • Many Diseases and Drugs Target the Proteins of Signal Transduction
    • Homeostatic Reflex Pathways
      • Cannon’s Postulates Describe Regulated Variables and ‐Control Systems
      • Long‐Distance Pathways Maintain Homeostasis
      • Control Systems Vary in Their Speed and Specificity
      • Complex Reflex Control Pathways Have Several Integrating Centers
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
• UNIT 2 Homeostasis and Control
  • Chapter 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System
    • Hormones
      • RUNNING PROBLEM Graves’ Disease
      • Hormones Have Been Known Since Ancient Times
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: The Discovery of Insulin
      • What Makes a Chemical a Hormone?
      • Hormones Act by Binding to Receptors
      • Hormone Action Must Be Terminated
    • The Classification of Hormones
      • Most Hormones Are Peptides or Proteins
      • Steroid Hormones Are Derived from Cholesterol
      • Some Hormones Are Derived from Single Amino Acids
    • Control of Hormone Release
      • The Endocrine Cell Is the Sensor in Simple Endocrine Reflexes
      • Many Endocrine Reflexes Involve the Nervous System
      • Neurohormones Are Secreted into the Blood by Neurons
      • The Pituitary Gland Is Actually Two Fused Glands
      • The Posterior Pituitary Stores and Releases Two Neurohormones
      • The Anterior Pituitary Secretes Six Hormones
      • A Portal System Connects the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
      • Anterior Pituitary Hormones Control Growth, Metabolism, and Reproduction
      • Feedback Loops Are Different in the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary Pathway
    • Hormone Interactions
      • In Synergism, the Effect of Interacting Hormones Is More than Additive
      • A Permissive Hormone Allows Another Hormone to Exert Its Full Effect
      • Antagonistic Hormones Have Opposing Effects
    • Endocrine Pathologies
      • Hypersecretion Exaggerates a Hormone’s Effects
      • Hyposecretion Diminishes or Eliminates a Hormone’s Effects
      • Receptor or Second Messenger Problems Cause Abnormal Tissue Responsiveness
      • Diagnosis of Endocrine Pathologies Depends on the ‐Complexity of the Reflex
    • Hormone Evolution
      • Focus on . . . The Pineal Gland
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Mysterious Paralysis
    • Organization of the Nervous System
    • Cells of the Nervous System
      • Neurons Carry Electrical Signals
      • Establishing Synapses Depends on Chemical Signals
      • Glial Cells Provide Support for Neurons
      • Can Stem Cells Repair Damaged Neurons?
    • Electrical Signals in Neurons
      • The Nernst Equation Predicts Membrane Potential for a Single Ion
      • The GHK Equation Predicts Membrane Potential Using ‐Multiple Ions
      • Ion Movement Creates Electrical Signals
      • Gated Channels Control the Ion Permeability of the Neuron
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Mutant Channels
      • Current Flow Obeys Ohm’s Law
      • Graded Potentials Reflect Stimulus Strength
      • Action Potentials Travel Long Distances
      • Na+ and K+ Move across the Membrane during Action Potentials
      • One Action Potential Does Not Alter Ion Concentration Gradients
      • Axonal Na+ Channels Have Two Gates
      • Action Potentials Will Not Fire during the Absolute Refractory Period
      • Action Potentials Are Conducted
      • Larger Neurons Conduct Action Potentials Faster
      • Conduction Is Faster in Myelinated Axons
      • Chemical Factors Alter Electrical Activity
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY The Body’s Wiring
    • Cell‐To‐Cell Communication in the Nervous System
      • Neurons Communicate at Synapses
      • Neurons Secrete Chemical Signals
      • Neurotransmitters Are Highly Varied
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Myasthenia Gravis
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY Of Snakes, Snails, Spiders, and Sushi
      • Neurotransmitters Are Released from Vesicles
      • Stronger Stimuli Release More Neurotransmitter
    • Integration of Neural Information Transfer
      • Postsynaptic Responses May Be Slow or Fast
      • Pathways Integrate Information from Multiple Neurons
      • Synaptic Activity Can Be Modified
      • Long‐Term Potentiation Alters Synapses
      • Disorders of Synaptic Transmission Are Responsible for Many Diseases
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 9: The Central Nervous System
    • Emergent Properties of Neural Networks
      • RUNNING PROBLEM Infantile Spasms
    • Evolution of Nervous Systems
    • Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
      • The CNS Develops from a Hollow Tube
      • The CNS Is Divided into Gray Matter and White Matter
      • Bone and Connective Tissue Support the CNS
      • The Brain Floats in Cerebrospinal Fluid
      • The Blood‐Brain Barrier Protects the Brain
      • Neural Tissue Has Special Metabolic Requirements
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: Hypoglycemia and the Brain
    • The Spinal Cord
    • The Brain
      • The Brain Stem Is the Oldest Part of the Brain
      • The Cerebellum Coordinates Movement
      • The Diencephalon Contains the Centers for Homeostasis
      • The Cerebrum Is the Site of Higher Brain Functions
    • Brain Function
      • The Cerebral Cortex Is Organized into Functional Areas
      • The Spinal Cord and Brain Integrate Sensory Information
      • Sensory Information Is Processed into Perception
      • The Motor System Governs Output from the CNS
      • The Behavioral State System Modulates Motor Output
      • Why Do We Sleep?
      • Emerging Concepts Brain Glymphatics
      • Physiological Functions Exhibit Circadian Rhythms
      • Emotion and Motivation Involve Complex Neural Pathways
      • Moods Are Long‐Lasting Emotional States
      • Learning and Memory Change Synaptic Connections in the Brain
      • Learning Is the Acquisition of Knowledge
      • Memory Is the Ability to Retain and Recall Information
      • Language Is the Most Elaborate Cognitive Behavior
      • Personality Is a Combination of Experience and Inheritance
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
    • RUNNING PROBLEM MÉniÈre’s Disease
    • General Properties of Sensory Systems
      • Receptors Are Sensitive to Particular Forms of Energy
      • Sensory Transduction Converts Stimuli into Graded Potentials
      • A Sensory Neuron Has a Receptive Field
      • The CNS Integrates Sensory Information
      • Coding and Processing Distinguish Stimulus Properties
    • Somatic Senses
      • Pathways for Somatic Perception Project to the Cortex and Cerebellum
      • Touch Receptors Respond to Many Different Stimuli
      • Skin Temperature Receptors Are Free Nerve Endings
      • Nociceptors Initiate Protective Responses
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Natural Painkillers
    • Chemoreception: Smell and Taste
      • Olfaction Is One of the Oldest Senses
      • Taste Is a Combination of Five Basic Sensations
      • Taste Transduction Uses Receptors and Channels
    • The Ear: Hearing
      • Hearing Is Our Perception of Sound
      • Sound Transduction Is a Multistep Process
      • The Cochlea Is Filled with Fluid
      • Sounds Are Processed First in the Cochlea
      • Auditory Pathways Project to the Auditory Cortex
      • Hearing Loss May Result from Mechanical or Neural Damage
    • The Ear: Equilibrium
      • The Vestibular Apparatus Provides Information about ‐Movement and Position
      • The Semicircular Canals Sense Rotational Acceleration
      • The Otolith Organs Sense Linear Acceleration and Head Position
      • Equilibrium Pathways Project Primarily to the Cerebellum
    • The Eye and Vision
      • The Skull Protects the Eye
      • Light Enters the Eye through the Cornea
      • The Lens Focuses Light on the Retina
      • Phototransduction Occurs at the Retina
      • Emerging Concepts Melanopsin
      • Photoreceptors Transduce Light into Electrical Signals
      • Signal Processing Begins in the Retina
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 11: Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control
    • RUNNING PROBLEM A Powerful Addiction
    • The Autonomic Division
      • Autonomic Reflexes Are Important for Homeostasis
      • Antagonistic Control Is a Hallmark of the Autonomic Division
      • Autonomic Pathways Have Two Efferent Neurons in Series
      • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches Originate in Different Regions
      • The Autonomic Nervous System Uses a Variety of Chemical Signals
      • Autonomic Pathways Control Smooth and Cardiac Muscle and Glands
      • Autonomic Neurotransmitters Are Synthesized in the Axon
      • Autonomic Receptors Have Multiple Subtypes
      • The Adrenal Medulla Secretes Catecholamines
      • Autonomic Agonists and Antagonists Are Important Tools in Research and Medicine
      • Primary Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Are Relatively Uncommon
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: Autonomic Neuropathy
      • Summary of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches
    • The Somatic Motor Division
      • A Somatic Motor Pathway Consists of One Neuron
      • The Neuromuscular Junction Contains Nicotinic Receptors
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 12: Muscles
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Periodic Paralysis
    • Skeletal Muscle
      • Skeletal Muscles Are Composed of Muscle Fibers
      • Myofibrils Are Muscle Fiber Contractile Structures
      • Muscle Contraction Creates Force
      • Actin and Myosin Slide Past Each Other during Contraction
      • Myosin Crossbridges Move Actin Filaments
      • Calcium Signals Initiate Contraction
      • Myosin Heads Step along Actin Filaments
      • Acetylcholine Initiates Excitation‐Contraction Coupling
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY Watching Myosin Work
      • Skeletal Muscle Contraction Requires a Steady Supply of ATP
      • Fatigue Has Multiple Causes
      • Skeletal Muscle Is Classified by Speed and Fatigue Resistance
      • Resting Fiber Length Affects Tension
      • Force of Contraction Increases with Summation
      • A Motor Unit Is One Motor Neuron and Its Muscle Fibers
      • Contraction Force Depends on the Types and Numbers of Motor Units
    • Mechanics of Body Movement
      • Isotonic Contractions Move Loads; Isometric Contractions Create Force without Movement
      • Bones and Muscles around Joints Form Levers and Fulcrums
      • Muscle Disorders Have Multiple Causes
    • Smooth Muscle
      • Smooth Muscle Is More Variable Than Skeletal Muscle
      • Smooth Muscle Lacks Sarcomeres
      • Myosin Phosphorylation Controls Contraction
      • MLCP Controls Ca2+ Sensitivity
      • Calcium Initiates Smooth Muscle Contraction
      • Some Smooth Muscles Have Unstable Membrane Potentials
      • Chemical Signals Influence Smooth Muscle Activity
    • Cardiac Muscle
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 13: Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement
    • Neural Reflexes
      • Neural Reflex Pathways Can Be Classified in Different Ways
      • RUNNING PROBLEM: Tetanus
    • Autonomic Reflexes
    • Skeletal Muscle Reflexes
      • Golgi Tendon Organs Respond to Muscle Tension
      • Muscle Spindles Respond to Muscle Stretch
      • Stretch Reflexes and Reciprocal Inhibition Control Movement around a Joint
      • Flexion Reflexes Pull Limbs Away from Painful Stimuli
    • The Integrated Control of Body Movement
      • Movement Can Be Classified as Reflex, Voluntary, or Rhythmic
      • The CNS Integrates Movement
    • Control of Movement in Visceral Muscles
      • Emerging Concepts Visualization Techniques in Sports
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
• UNIT 3 Integration of Function
  • Chapter 14: Cardiovascular Physiology
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Myocardial Infarction
    • Overview of the Cardiovascular System
      • The Cardiovascular System Transports Materials throughout the Body
      • The Cardiovascular System Consists of the Heart, Blood ‐Vessels, and Blood
    • Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance
      • The Pressure of Fluid in Motion Decreases over Distance
      • Pressure Changes in Liquids without a Change in Volume
      • Blood Flows from Higher Pressure to Lower Pressure
      • Resistance Opposes Flow
      • Velocity Depends on the Flow Rate and the Cross‐Sectional Area
    • Cardiac Muscle and the Heart
      • The Heart Has Four Chambers
      • Heart Valves Ensure One‐Way Flow in the Heart
      • The Coronary Circulation Supplies Blood to the Heart
      • Cardiac Muscle Cells Contract without Innervation
      • Calcium Entry Is a Feature of Cardiac EC Coupling
      • Cardiac Muscle Contraction Can Be Graded
      • Myocardial Action Potentials Vary
    • The Heart as a Pump
      • Electrical Signals Coordinate Contraction
      • Pacemakers Set the Heart Rate
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Fibrillation
      • The Electrocardiogram Reflects Electrical Activity
      • The Heart Contracts and Relaxes during a Cardiac Cycle
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Gallops, Clicks, and Murmurs
      • Pressure‐Volume Curves Represent One Cardiac Cycle
      • Stroke Volume Is the Volume of Blood Pumped per Contraction
      • Cardiac Output Is a Measure of Cardiac Performance
      • The Autonomic Division Modulates Heart Rate
      • Multiple Factors Influence Stroke Volume
      • Contractility Is Controlled by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
      • Emerging Concepts Stem Cells for Heart Disease
      • EDV and Arterial Blood Pressure Determine Afterload
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 15: Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Essential Hypertension
    • The Blood Vessels
      • Blood Vessels Contain Vascular Smooth Muscle
      • Arteries and Arterioles Carry Blood Away from the Heart
      • Exchange Takes Place in the Capillaries
      • Blood Flow Converges in the Venules and Veins
      • Angiogenesis Creates New Blood Vessels
    • Blood Pressure
      • Blood Pressure Is Highest in Arteries and Lowest in Veins
      • Arterial Blood Pressure Reflects the Driving Pressure for Blood Flow
      • Blood Pressure Is Estimated by Sphygmomanometry
      • Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance Determine Mean Arterial Pressure
      • Changes in Blood Volume Affect Blood Pressure
      • CLINICAL FOCUS SHOCK
    • Resistance in the Arterioles
      • Myogenic Autoregulation Adjusts Blood Flow
      • Paracrine Signals Influence Vascular Smooth Muscle
      • The Sympathetic Branch Controls Most Vascular Smooth Muscle
    • Distribution of Blood to the Tissues
      • Cerebral Blood Flow Stays Nearly Constant
      • Coronary Blood Flow Parallels the Work of the Heart
    • Regulation of Cardiovascular Function
      • The Baroreceptor Reflex Controls Blood Pressure
      • Orthostatic Hypotension Triggers the Baroreceptor Reflex
      • Other Systems Influence Cardiovascular Function
    • Exchange at the Capillaries
      • Velocity of Blood Flow Is Lowest in the Capillaries
      • Most Capillary Exchange Takes Place by Diffusion and Transcytosis
      • Capillary Filtration and Absorption Take Place by Bulk Flow
    • The Lymphatic System
      • Edema Results from Alterations in Capillary Exchange
    • Cardiovascular Disease
      • Risk Factors for CVD Include Smoking and Obesity
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
      • Atherosclerosis Is an Inflammatory Process
      • Hypertension Represents a Failure of Homeostasis
      • Emerging Concepts Inflammatory Markers for Cardiovascular Disease
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 16: Blood
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Blood Doping in Athletes
    • Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood
      • Plasma Is Extracellular Matrix
      • Cellular Elements Include RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets
    • Blood Cell Production
      • Blood Cells Are Produced in the Bone Marrow
      • Hematopoiesis Is Controlled by Cytokines
      • Colony‐Stimulating Factors Regulate Leukopoiesis
      • Thrombopoietin Regulates Platelet Production
      • Erythropoietin Regulates RBC Production
    • Red Blood Cells
      • Mature RBCs Lack a Nucleus
      • Hemoglobin Synthesis Requires Iron
      • RBCs Live about Four Months
      • Focus on . . . Bone Marrow
      • RBC Disorders Decrease Oxygen Transport
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: Hemoglobin and Hyperglycemia
    • Platelets
    • Hemostasis and Coagulation
      • Hemostasis Prevents Blood Loss from Damaged Vessels
      • Platelet Activation Begins the Clotting Process
      • Coagulation Converts a Platelet Plug into a Clot
      • Anticoagulants Prevent Coagulation
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 17: Mechanics of Breathing
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Emphysema
    • The Respiratory System
      • Bones and Muscles of the Thorax Surround the Lungs
      • Pleural Sacs Enclose the Lungs
      • Airways Connect Lungs to the External Environment
      • The Airways Warm, Humidify, and Filter Inspired Air
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Congestive Heart Failure
      • Alveoli Are the Site of Gas Exchange
      • Pulmonary Circulation Is High‐Flow, Low‐Pressure
    • Gas Laws
      • Air Is a Mixture of Gases
      • Gases Move Down Pressure Gradients
      • Boyle’s Law Describes Pressure‐Volume Relationships
    • Ventilation
      • Lung Volumes Change during Ventilation
      • During Ventilation, Air Flows because of Pressure Gradients
      • Inspiration Occurs When Alveolar Pressure Decreases
      • Expiration Occurs When Alveolar Pressure Increases
      • Intrapleural Pressure Changes during Ventilation
      • Lung Compliance and Elastance May Change in Disease States
      • Surfactant Decreases the Work of Breathing
      • Airway Diameter Determines Airway Resistance
      • Rate and Depth of Breathing Determine the Efficiency of Breathing
      • Alveolar Gas Composition Varies Little during Normal Breathing
      • Ventilation and Alveolar Blood Flow Are Matched
      • Auscultation and Spirometry Assess Pulmonary Function
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 18: Gas Exchange and Transport
    • RUNNING PROBLEM High Altitude
    • Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues
      • Lower Alveolar Po2 Decreases Oxygen Uptake
      • Diffusion Problems Cause Hypoxia
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY The Pulse Oximeter
      • Gas Solubility Affects Diffusion
    • Gas Transport in the Blood
      • Hemoglobin Binds to Oxygen
      • Oxygen Binding Obeys the Law of Mass Action
      • Hemoglobin Transports Most Oxygen to the Tissues
      • Po2 Determines Oxygen‐Hb Binding
      • Emerging Concepts Blood Substitutes
      • Oxygen Binding Is Expressed as a Percentage
      • Several Factors Affect O2‐Hb Binding
      • Carbon Dioxide Is Transported in Three Ways
    • Regulation of Ventilation
      • Neurons in the Medulla Control Breathing
      • CO2, Oxygen, and pH Influence Ventilation
      • Protective Reflexes Guard the Lungs
      • Higher Brain Centers Affect Patterns of Ventilation
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 19: The Kidneys
    • Functions of the Kidneys
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Gout
    • Anatomy of the Urinary System
      • The Urinary System Consists of Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
      • The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney
    • Overview of Kidney Function
      • Kidneys Filter, Reabsorb, and Secrete
      • The Nephron Modifies Fluid Volume and Osmolarity
    • Filtration
      • The Renal Corpuscle Contains Filtration Barriers
      • Emerging Concepts Diabetes: Diabetic Nephropathy
      • Capillary Pressure Causes Filtration
      • GFR Is Relatively Constant
      • GFR Is Subject to Autoregulation
      • Hormones and Autonomic Neurons Also Influence GFR
    • Reabsorption
      • Reabsorption May Be Active or Passive
      • Renal Transport Can Reach Saturation
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY Artificial Kidneys
      • Peritubular Capillary Pressures Favor Reabsorption
    • Secretion
      • Competition Decreases Penicillin Secretion
    • Excretion
      • Clearance Is a Noninvasive Way to Measure GFR
      • Clearance Helps Us Determine Renal Handling
    • Micturition
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
    • Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis
      • ECF Osmolarity Affects Cell Volume
      • Multiple Systems Integrate Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Hyponatremia
      • Water Balance
      • Daily Water Intake and Excretion Are Balanced
      • The Kidneys Conserve Water
      • The Renal Medulla Creates Concentrated Urine
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: Osmotic Diuresis
      • Vasopressin Controls Water Reabsorption
      • Blood Volume and Osmolarity Activate Osmoreceptors
      • The Loop of Henle Is a Countercurrent Multiplier
    • Sodium Balance and ECF Volume
      • Aldosterone Controls Sodium Balance
      • Low Blood Pressure Stimulates Aldosterone Secretion
      • ANG II Has Many Effects
      • Natriuretic Peptides Promote Na+ and Water Excretion
    • Potassium Balance
    • Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and Water Balance
      • Drinking Replaces Fluid Loss
      • Low Na+ Stimulates Salt Appetite
      • Avoidance Behaviors Help Prevent Dehydration
    • Integrated Control of Volume, Osmolarity, and Blood Pressure
      • Osmolarity and Volume Can Change Independently
      • Dehydration Triggers Homeostatic Responses
      • Kidneys Assist in Blood Pressure Homeostasis
      • Endocrine Problems Disrupt Fluid Balance
    • Acid‐Base Balance
      • pH Changes Can Denature Proteins
      • Acids and Bases in the Body Come from Many Sources
      • pH Homeostasis Depends on Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
      • Buffer Systems Include Proteins, Phosphate Ions, and HCO3
      • Ventilation Can Compensate for pH Disturbances
      • Kidneys Use Ammonia and Phosphate Buffers
      • The Proximal Tubule Secretes H+ and Reabsorbs HCO3
      • The Distal Nephron Controls Acid Excretion
      • Acid‐Base Disturbances May Be Respiratory or Metabolic
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
• UNIT 4 Metabolism, Growth, and Aging
  • Chapter 21: The Digestive System
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Cholera in India
    • Anatomy of the Digestive System
      • The Digestive System Is a Tube
      • The GI Tract Wall Has Four Layers
    • Digestive Function and Processes
      • We Secrete More Fluid than We Ingest
      • Digestion and Absorption Make Food Usable
      • Motility: GI Smooth Muscle Contracts Spontaneously
      • GI Smooth Muscle Exhibits Different Patterns of Contraction
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Diabetes: Delayed Gastric Emptying
    • Regulation of GI Function
      • The Enteric Nervous System Can Act Independently
      • GI Peptides Include Hormones, Neuropeptides, and Cytokines
    • Integrated Function: The Cephalic Phase
      • Chemical and Mechanical Digestion Begins in the Mouth
      • Saliva Is an Exocrine Secretion
      • Swallowing Moves Food from Mouth to Stomach
    • Integrated Function: The Gastric Phase
      • The Stomach Stores Food
      • Gastric Secretions Protect and Digest
      • The Stomach Balances Digestion and Defense
    • Integrated Function: The Intestinal Phase
      • Intestinal Secretions Promote Digestion
      • The Pancreas Secretes Enzymes and Bicarbonate
      • The Liver Secretes Bile
      • Most Digestion Occurs in the Small Intestine
      • Focus on . . . The Liver
      • Bile Salts Facilitate Fat Digestion
      • Carbohydrates Are Absorbed as Monosaccharides
      • Proteins Are Digested into Small Peptides and Amino Acids
      • Some Larger Peptides Can Be Absorbed Intact
      • Nucleic Acids Are Digested into Bases and Monosaccharides
      • The Intestine Absorbs Vitamins and Minerals
      • The Intestine Absorbs Ions and Water
      • Regulation of the Intestinal Phase
      • The Large Intestine Concentrates Waste
      • Diarrhea Can Cause Dehydration
      • EMERGING CONCEPTS The Human Microbiome Project
    • Immune Functions of the GI Tract
      • M Cells Sample Gut Contents
      • Vomiting Is a Protective Reflex
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 22: Metabolism and Energy Balance
    • Appetite and Satiety
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Eating Disorders
      • BIOTECHNOLOGY Discovering Peptides: Research in Reverse
    • Energy Balance
      • Energy Input Equals Energy Output
      • Oxygen Consumption Reflects Energy Use
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Estimating Fat–The Body Mass Index
      • Many Factors Influence Metabolic Rate
      • Energy Is Stored in Fat and Glycogen
    • Metabolism
      • Ingested Energy May Be Used or Stored
      • Enzymes Control the Direction of Metabolism
    • Fed‐State Metabolism
      • Carbohydrates Make ATP
      • Amino Acids Make Proteins
      • Fats Store Energy
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Antioxidants Protect the Body
      • Plasma Cholesterol Predicts Heart Disease
    • Fasted‐State Metabolism
      • Glycogen Converts to Glucose
      • Proteins Can Be Used to Make ATP
      • Lipids Store More Energy than Glucose or Protein
    • Homeostatic Control of Metabolism
      • The Pancreas Secretes Insulin and Glucagon
      • The Insulin‐to‐Glucagon Ratio Regulates Metabolism
      • Insulin Is the Dominant Hormone of the Fed State
      • Insulin Promotes Anabolism
      • Glucagon Is Dominant in the Fasted State
      • Diabetes Mellitus Is a Family of Diseases
      • Type 1 Diabetics Are Prone to Ketoacidosis
      • Type 2 Diabetics Often Have Elevated Insulin Levels
      • Metabolic Syndrome Links Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
      • Multiple Hormones Influence Metabolism
    • Regulation of Body Temperature
      • Body Temperature Balances Heat Production, Gain, and Loss
      • Body Temperature Is Homeostatically Regulated
      • Movement and Metabolism Produce Heat
      • The Body’s Thermostat Can Be Reset
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 23: Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
    • Review of Endocrine Principles
      • RUNNING PROBLEM Hyperparathyroidism
    • Adrenal Glucocorticoids
      • The Adrenal Cortex Secretes Steroid Hormones
      • Cortisol Secretion Is Controlled by ACTH
      • Cortisol Is Essential for Life
      • Cortisol Is a Useful Therapeutic Drug
      • Cortisol Pathologies Result from Too Much or Too Little Hormone
      • CRH and ACTH Have Additional Physiological Functions
    • Thyroid Hormones
      • Thyroid Hormones Contain Iodine
      • TSH Controls the Thyroid Gland
      • Thyroid Pathologies Affect Quality of Life
    • Growth Hormone
      • Growth Hormone Is Anabolic
      • Growth Hormone Is Essential for Normal Growth
      • Genetically Engineered hGH Raises Ethical Questions
    • Tissue and Bone Growth
      • Tissue Growth Requires Hormones and Paracrine Factors
      • Bone Growth Requires Adequate Dietary Calcium
      • CLINICAL FOCUS New Growth Charts
    • Calcium Balance
      • Plasma Calcium Is Closely Regulated
      • Three Hormones Control Calcium Balance
      • Multiple Factors Control Bone Remodeling
      • Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Are Linked
      • Osteoporosis Is a Disease of Bone Loss
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 24: The Immune System
    • Overview
      • RUNNING PROBLEM HPV: To Vaccinate or Not?
    • Anatomy of the Immune System
      • Lymphoid Tissues Are Everywhere
      • Leukocytes Are the Immune Cells
    • Development of Immune Cells
      • Focus on . . . The Thymus Gland
      • Lymphocytes Mediate the Adaptive Immune Response
      • The Immune System Must Recognize “Self”
      • Early Pathogen Exposure Strengthens Immunity
    • Molecules of the Innate Immune Response
      • Many Molecules of the Innate Immune Response Are Always Present
    • Antigen Presentation and Recognition Molecules
      • Major Histocompatibility Complexes, MHC
      • Antigen‐Recognition Molecules
      • B Lymphocytes Produce Antibodies
    • Pathogens of the Human Body
      • Bacteria and Viruses Require Different Defense Mechanisms
      • Viruses Can Only Replicate inside Host Cells
    • The Immune Response
      • Barriers Are the Body’s First Line of Defense
      • Innate Immunity Provides Nonspecific Responses
      • Antigen‐Presenting Cells Bridge Innate and Adaptive Responses
      • Adaptive Immunity Creates Antigen‐Specific Responses
      • Antibody Functions
    • Integrated Immune Responses
      • Bacterial Invasion Causes Inflammation
      • Viral Infections Require Intracellular Defense
      • Specific Antigens Trigger Allergic Responses
      • MHC Proteins Allow Recognition of Foreign Tissue
    • Immune System Pathologies
      • Autoimmune Disease Results from Antibodies against Self‐Antigen
      • Immune Surveillance Removes Abnormal Cells
    • Neuro‐Endocrine‐Immune Interactions
      • Stress Alters Immune System Function
      • Modern Medicine Includes Mind‐Body Therapeutics
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 25: Integrative Physiology III: Exercise
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Malignant Hyperthermia
    • Metabolism and Exercise
      • Hormones Regulate Metabolism during Exercise
      • Oxygen Consumption Is Related to Exercise Intensity
      • Several Factors Limit Exercise
    • Ventilatory Responses to Exercise
    • Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise
      • Cardiac Output Increases during Exercise
      • Muscle Blood Flow Increases during Exercise
      • Blood Pressure Rises Slightly during Exercise
      • The Baroreceptor Reflex Adjusts to Exercise
    • Feedforward Responses to Exercise
    • Temperature Regulation During Exercise
    • Exercise and Health
      • Exercise Lowers the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
      • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus May Improve with Exercise
      • Stress and the Immune System May Be Influenced by Exercise
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
  • Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development
    • RUNNING PROBLEM Infertility
    • Sex Determination
      • Sex Chromosomes Determine Genetic Sex
      • Sexual Differentiation Occurs Early in Development
      • CLINICAL FOCUS X‐Linked Inherited Disorders
    • Basic Patterns of Reproduction
      • CLINICAL FOCUS Determining Sex
      • Gametogenesis Begins in Utero
      • The Brain Directs Reproduction
      • Environmental Factors Influence Reproduction
    • Male Reproduction
      • Testes Produce Sperm and Hormones
      • Spermatogenesis Requires Gonadotropins and Testosterone
      • Male Accessory Glands Contribute Secretions to Semen
      • Androgens Influence Secondary Sex Characteristics
    • Female Reproduction
      • The Ovary Produces Eggs and Hormones
      • A Menstrual Cycle Lasts about One Month
      • Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Is Complex
      • Hormones Influence Female Secondary Sex Characteristics
    • Procreation
      • The Human Sexual Response Has Four Phases
      • The Male Sex Act Includes Erection and Ejaculation
      • Sexual Dysfunction Affects Males and Females
      • Contraceptives Are Designed to Prevent Pregnancy
      • Infertility Is the Inability to Conceive
    • Pregnancy and Parturition
      • Fertilization Requires Capacitation
      • The Developing Embryo Implants in the Endometrium
      • The Placenta Secretes Hormones During Pregnancy
      • Pregnancy Ends with Labor and Delivery
      • The Mammary Glands Secrete Milk During Lactation
    • Growth and Aging
      • Puberty Marks the Beginning of the Reproductive Years
      • Menopause and Andropause Are a Consequence of Aging
    • CHAPTER SUMMARY
    • REVIEW QUESTIONS
• Appendices
  • Appendix A Answers
  • Appendix B Physics and Math
  • Appendix C Genetics
• Photo Credits
• Glossary/Index
• Back Cover

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

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Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
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- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu