Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Dedication page
• Revised Preface for the Eighth Edition
• New to this Edition
• Alphabetical Table of Cases
• Numerical Table of Cases
  • Court of Justice
  • General Court/Court of First Instance
• Table of National Legislation
  • Belgium
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Germany
  • Hungary
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Poland
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
• Table of International Legislation
• Table of EU Treaties
• Table of EU Secondary Legislation
  • Directives
  • Regulations
  • Recommendations
  • Commission Notices
  • Commission Guidelines
• Table of Decisions
  • European Decisions
• Table of Opinions
• Abbreviations
• Part I Introduction to the Institutional and Procedural Law of the European Union
  • 1 The History and Constitutional Basis of the European Union
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 The Motives for European Integration
    • 1.3 The Founding of the European Communities
      • 1.3.1 The Schuman Plan (1950)
        • 1.3.1.1 The European Coal and Steel Community
      • 1.3.2 The Proposed European Defence Community and European Political Community
      • 1.3.3 Progress to the EEC and EURATOM Treaties
    • 1.4 The Basic Objectives and Nature of the European Union
      • 1.4.1 Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism, and Federalism
      • 1.4.2 Progress to a Federal Europe?
    • 1.5 The Widening and Deepening of the Communities and Union
      • 1.5.1 The Widening of the Union
      • 1.5.2 The European Economic Area and the 1995 Expansion
      • 1.5.3 The 2004 and 2007 Expansions
      • 1.5.4 Future Widening
        • 1.5.4.1 Accession Preconditions and Process
      • 1.5.5 The EU and the World: External Relations
        • 1.5.5.1 Commercial Activities
      • 1.5.6 The Deepening of the Union
        • 1.5.6.1 The Primary Treaties and Early Amendments
        • 1.5.6.2 The 1960s and the Luxembourg Accords
        • 1.5.6.3 Stagnation and ‘Eurosclerosis’
        • 1.5.6.4 Revival Attempts
        • 1.5.6.5 The Contrasting Positive Role Played by the Court of Justice
      • 1.5.7 The First Radical Change: The Single European Act
        • 1.5.7.1 The Internal Market and ‘1992’
        • 1.5.7.2 SEA Institutional and Policy Changes
        • 1.5.7.3 Evaluation of the SEA
        • 1.5.7.4 Post SEA
      • 1.5.8 The Maastricht Treaty on European Union
      • 1.5.9 The Amsterdam Intergovernmental Conference and Treaty
        • 1.5.9.1 The Treaty of Amsterdam
      • 1.5.10 The Nice Intergovernmental Conference and Treaty
      • 1.5.11 The Constitutional Treaty for Europe
      • 1.5.12 The 2007 Lisbon Treaty
    • 1.6 The Fiscal Compact
    • 1.7 Future Developments and Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 2 The Union Institutions
    • 2.1 Introduction: The Institutional Framework
    • 2.2 The Commission
      • 2.2.1 The Composition of the Commission
      • 2.2.2 Appointment and Removal
      • 2.2.3 Tasks and Duties
    • 2.3 The Council (of Ministers) of the European Union
      • 2.3.1 Functions and Powers
      • 2.3.2 The Presidency of the Council
      • 2.3.3 Role and Voting in the Legislative Procedures
        • 2.3.3.1 Forms of Voting
        • 2.3.3.2 Unanimity
        • 2.3.3.3 Simple Majority Voting
        • 2.3.3.4 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)
        • 2.3.3.5 How QMV Works
      • 2.3.4 Council General Law-Making Powers
      • 2.3.5 COREPER and the Council General Secretariat
    • 2.4 The European Council
      • 2.4.1 The European Council President
      • 2.4.2 The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
    • 2.5 The European Parliament
      • 2.5.1 Membership
        • 2.5.1.1 Elections and Political Parties
      • 2.5.2 Functions and Powers
        • 2.5.2.1 Legislative Powers
        • 2.5.2.2 Control and Supervision of the Executive
          • 2.5.2.2.1 Appointment of the Commission
          • 2.5.2.2.2 Censure and/or Removal
        • 2.5.2.3 Budgetary Powers
        • 2.5.2.4 Right to Litigate
    • 2.6 The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
      • 2.6.1 Composition and Organization
      • 2.6.2 Procedure
        • 2.6.2.1 The Form of Judgments
        • 2.6.2.2 The Reporting of Cases and Electronic Reporting
      • 2.6.3 Jurisdiction
        • 2.6.3.1 Direct Actions
        • 2.6.3.2 Indirect Actions
        • 2.6.3.3 Interim Measures
      • 2.6.4 Methodology: Interpretation and Precedent
        • 2.6.4.1 Interpretation
        • 2.6.4.2 Precedent
      • 2.6.5 The General Court
      • 2.6.6 Specialized Courts
      • 2.6.7 The European Central Bank
      • 2.6.8 The Court of Auditors
    • 2.7 The Union’s Advisory Bodies
      • 2.7.1 The European Economic and Social Committee
      • 2.7.2 The Committee of the Regions
    • 2.8 Other Union Bodies
    • 2.9 Union Financing
      • 2.9.1 The Budgetary Procedure
    • 2.10 Chapter Summary
    • Further Reading
  • 3 The Transfer of Powers and Union Competences
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 The Constitutional Basis of the Union
      • 3.2.1 The Community and Union Treaties
        • 3.2.1.1 Protocols
      • 3.2.2 Existence of Constitutionalism
      • 3.2.3 The Abandoned Constitutional Treaty
    • 3.3 Democracy in the Union
      • 3.3.1 The Democratic Credentials of the Union
      • 3.3.2 Transparency and Open Governance
    • 3.4 The Transfer of Sovereign Powers
    • 3.5 Competences, their Division, and Subsidiarity
      • 3.5.1 The Conferral and Division of Competences
      • 3.5.2 Exclusive, Concurrent, and Complementary Competences
      • 3.5.3 Extension of Competences
      • 3.5.4 Residual Powers
        • 3.5.4.1 Specific Residual Powers
        • 3.5.4.2 General Residual Powers
      • 3.5.5 Implied Powers
        • 3.5.5.1 Internal
        • 3.5.5.2 Impact on External Competences
      • 3.5.6 The Principle of Subsidiarity
        • 3.5.6.1 Challenges for Non-Compliance with the Principle
      • 3.5.7 Restrictive Drafting
      • 3.5.8 Proportionality
      • 3.5.9 The Lisbon Treaty and the Division and Control of Competences
    • Further Reading
  • 4 EU Law: Sources, Forms, and Law-Making
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 The EU Legal System
      • 4.2.1 The Style of the EU Legal System
      • 4.2.2 The Classification of the Elements of EU Law
        • 4.2.2.1 Institutional Law
        • 4.2.2.2 Procedural Law
        • 4.2.2.3 Substantive Law
    • 4.3 The Sources and Forms of EU Law
    • 4.4 Primary EU Law
      • 4.4.1 The Treaties
      • 4.4.2 The Protocols Attached to the Treaties
      • 4.4.3 Declarations
    • 4.5 Fundamental and Human Rights in the EU
      • 4.5.1 The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
      • 4.5.2 Judicially Introduced Fundamental Human Rights
      • 4.5.3 The EU and the ECHR
      • 4.5.4 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
    • 4.6 General Principles
      • 4.6.1 Equality and Non-Discrimination
      • 4.6.2 Proportionality
      • 4.6.3 Unjustified Enrichment
      • 4.6.4 Section Summary and Emergent Principles
    • 4.7 Secondary Sources of EU Law
      • 4.7.1 International Agreements, Treaties, and Conventions
      • 4.7.2 EU Secondary Legislation
        • 4.7.2.1 Regulations
        • 4.7.2.2 Directives
        • 4.7.2.3 Decisions
      • 4.7.3 Inter-Institutional Agreements
      • 4.7.4 Delegated and Implementing Legislation
      • 4.7.5 Other Acts Producing Binding Legal Effects (Sui Generis)
      • 4.7.6 Recommendations and Opinions
      • 4.7.7 Procedural Requirements
    • 4.8 The Court of Justice’s Contribution
      • 4.8.1 General Principles of Procedural Law and Natural Justice
        • 4.8.1.1 The Right to Judicial Review
        • 4.8.1.2 Confidentiality/Legal Privilege
        • 4.8.1.3 Legal Certainty
        • 4.8.1.4 Non-Retroactivity
        • 4.8.1.5 Legitimate Expectation or Vested Rights
      • 4.8.2 Summary
    • 4.9 ‘Soft Law’
    • 4.10 The Participation of the Institutions in the Legislative Processes
      • 4.10.1 The Legal Base for Legislative Proposals
    • 4.11 Law-Making Principles and Procedures
      • 4.11.1 The Law-Making Procedures
        • 4.11.1.1 The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
        • 4.11.1.2 Special Legislative Procedures
        • 4.11.1.3 The Consent Procedure
        • 4.11.1.4 Passerelle Provisions
        • 4.11.1.5 The Enhanced Cooperation Procedure (ECP)
      • 4.11.2 Why So Many Changes to the Legislative Procedures?
    • 4.12 The Delegation of Powers
    • 4.13 The Community Method, the Open Method of Communication, and Governance Issues
    • 4.14 Law-Making: Getting the Balance Right
    • Further Reading
  • 5 The Supremacy of EU Law
    • 5.1 The Supremacy of EU Law
    • 5.2 The View of the Court of Justice
      • 5.2.1 Supremacy and Member State Constitutional Law
      • 5.2.2 Supremacy and International Law
        • 5.2.2.1 UN Resolutions
    • 5.3 EU Law in the Member States
      • 5.3.1 Theories of Incorporation of International Law: Monism and Dualism
    • 5.4 Reception of EU Law in Member States
      • 5.4.1 Belgium
      • 5.4.2 Germany
        • 5.4.2.1 The German Constitution (Grundgesetz)
        • 5.4.2.2 The Reaction of the German Courts
      • 5.4.3 Italy
      • 5.4.4 France
        • 5.4.4.1 The French Courts of Ordinary Jurisdiction
        • 5.4.4.2 French Public Courts
        • 5.4.4.3 The French Constitutional Court (Conseil Constitutionnel)
      • 5.4.5 The Czech Republic
      • 5.4.6 Denmark
      • 5.4.7 Hungary
      • 5.4.8 Ireland
      • 5.4.9 Poland
      • 5.4.10 Spain
    • 5.5 Summary on Reception: Sufficient Evidence of an Emerging Trend?
    • Further Reading
  • 6 Remedies in EU Law: Direct Effects, Indirect Effects, State Liability, and Art 267 TFEU
    • 6.1 Introduction
      • 6.1.1 Article 267 TFEU
      • 6.1.2 Definitions and the Distinction between Directly Applicable and Direct Effects
    • 6.2 Direct Applicability
    • 6.3 Direct Effects
      • 6.3.1 Treaty Articles
      • 6.3.2 Fundamental Rights Charter
      • 6.3.3 General Principles
      • 6.3.4 Regulations
      • 6.3.5 Directives
        • 6.3.5.1 The Question of Horizontal Direct Effects of Directives
      • 6.3.6 General Principles and Direct Effects
      • 6.3.7 Decisions
      • 6.3.8 International Agreements
    • 6.4 Overcoming the Lack of Horizontal Direct Effect for Directives
      • 6.4.1 Extending the Definition of ‘the State’
      • 6.4.2 Indirect Effects
      • 6.4.3 Incidental/Triangular Horizontal Direct Effects
    • 6.5 State Liability: The Principle in Francovich
      • 6.5.1 The Principle of State Liability Developed
      • 6.5.2 The Extension of the Francovich State-Liability Principle
        • 6.5.2.1 Private Parties
        • 6.5.2.2 National Courts
        • 6.5.2.3 State Officials
    • 6.6 Article 267 TFEU: The Preliminary Ruling Procedure
      • 6.6.1 Which Law-Adjudicating Bodies Can Refer?
      • 6.6.2 The Question Referred: Relevance and Admissibility
        • 6.6.2.1 Lack of Relevance, Clarity, or Basic Information
        • 6.6.2.2 No Genuine Dispute or an Abuse of the Procedure
        • 6.6.2.3 References Nevertheless Accepted
        • 6.6.2.4 The Question Referred: Overall View
      • 6.6.3 A Discretion or Obligation to Refer?
      • 6.6.4 The Discretion of Lower Courts
      • 6.6.5 The Timing of the Reference
        • 6.6.5.1 Urgent and Expedited References
      • 6.6.6 Courts of Last Instance
      • 6.6.7 Avoiding the Obligation to Refer: The Development of Precedent and Acte Clair
        • 6.6.7.1 There Is a Previous Ruling on the Point
        • 6.6.7.2 The Answer Is Obvious (Acte Clair)
        • 6.6.7.3 Questions of Validity
        • 6.6.7.4 Failure to Refer by National Courts
      • 6.6.8 The Effect of an Art 267 TFEU Ruling
        • 6.6.8.1 The Effect on the Court of Justice
        • 6.6.8.2 The Effect on the National Courts
      • 6.6.9 The Evolution of Art 267 TFEU References
      • 6.6.10 Reforms and the Future
      • 6.6.11 Interim Measures within an Art 267 TFEU Reference
    • 6.7 National Procedural Law and the System of Remedies
      • 6.7.1 The Principle of National Procedural Autonomy
      • 6.7.2 Further Intervention by the Court of Justice
      • 6.7.3 A More Balanced Approach
      • 6.7.4 Conclusions
    • Further Reading
  • 7 The Direct Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Actions against Member States
      • 7.2.1 Enforcement Actions by the Commission
        • 7.2.1.1 The Breach
        • 7.2.1.2 Identifying and Reporting Breaches
        • 7.2.1.3 Defendants in an Art 258 TFEU Action
      • 7.2.2 Article 258 TFEU Procedure
        • 7.2.2.1 The Informal and Administrative Stages
        • 7.2.2.2 Letters of Formal Notice
        • 7.2.2.3 The Reasoned Opinion
        • 7.2.2.4 The Judicial Stage
        • 7.2.2.5 Defences Raised by the Member States
        • 7.2.2.6 Suspensory Orders and Interim Measures
        • 7.2.2.7 The Application and Effect of Judgments
        • 7.2.2.8 Article 260 TFEU
      • 7.2.3 Actions Brought by One Member State against Another
        • 7.2.3.1 Complaining State Refers the Matter to the Commission
        • 7.2.3.2 The Commission Issues a Reasoned Opinion
        • 7.2.3.3 Complaining State May Then Refer the Matter to the Court of Justice
    • 7.3 Alternative Actions to Secure Member States’ Compliance
    • 7.4 Actions to Annul EU Acts
      • 7.4.1 Admissibility
        • 7.4.1.1 The Institutions Whose Acts Are Reviewable
        • 7.4.1.2 Reviewable Acts
        • 7.4.1.3 Time Limits
        • 7.4.1.4 Who May Apply: Locus Standi
          • 7.4.1.4.1 Privileged Applicants
          • 7.4.1.4.2 Semi-Privileged Applicants
      • 7.4.2 Locus Standi for Non-Privileged Applicants
        • 7.4.2.1 An Act Addressed to the Applicant
        • 7.4.2.2 The Challenge to Acts Not Addressed to Applicants
        • 7.4.2.3 An Act (Not Addressed to Them, But) of Direct and Individual Concern
      • 7.4.3 Direct and Individual Concern
        • 7.4.3.1 Direct Concern
        • 7.4.3.2 Individual Concern
      • 7.4.4 Interest Groups and Party Actions
      • 7.4.5 The Challenge to Regulatory Acts
        • 7.4.5.1 Implementing Measures
      • 7.4.6 Merits or Grounds for Annulment
        • 7.4.6.1 Lack of Competence or Authority
        • 7.4.6.2 Infringement of an Essential Procedural Requirement
        • 7.4.6.3 Infringement of the Treaty or Any Rule Relating to Its Application
        • 7.4.6.4 Misuse of Powers
      • 7.4.7 The Effect of a Successful Action and Annulment
      • 7.4.8 A Restrictive Approach?
      • 7.4.9 Alternatives to Art 263 TFEU
        • 7.4.9.1 A Reference under Art 267 TFEU
        • 7.4.9.2 The Plea of Illegality: Art 277 TFEU
    • 7.5 Action for Failure to Act: Art 265 TFEU
      • 7.5.1 Admissibility and Locus Standi
        • 7.5.1.1 Privileged Applicants
        • 7.5.1.2 Non-Privileged Applicants
      • 7.5.2 Acts Subject to an Art 265 TFEU Action
      • 7.5.3 Procedural Requirements
        • 7.5.3.1 The Invitation to Act
        • 7.5.3.2 Definition of Position
        • 7.5.3.3 The Substantive Action
        • 7.5.3.4 Results of a Declaration of a Failure to Act
    • 7.6 Action for Damages under the Non-Contractual Liability of the EU
      • 7.6.1 Admissibility
        • 7.6.1.1 Locus Standi
        • 7.6.1.2 The Defendant Institution and Act/Action
        • 7.6.1.3 Time Limit
      • 7.6.2 An Autonomous or Independent Action
      • 7.6.3 The Requirements of Liability
      • 7.6.4 The Standard of Liability and Fault
        • 7.6.4.1 Administrative/Non-Discretionary Acts
        • 7.6.4.2 Liability for Employees
        • 7.6.4.3 Liability for Legislative Acts
        • 7.6.4.4 The Rules of Law Covered
        • 7.6.4.5 The Protection of the Individual
        • 7.6.4.6 The Breach Must Be Sufficiently Serious/Flagrant
      • 7.6.5 A New Single Test for Liability?
      • 7.6.6 Individual (Non-Legislative) Acts
      • 7.6.7 Liability for Lawful Acts
      • 7.6.8 The Damage
      • 7.6.9 The Causal Connection
      • 7.6.10 Concurrent Liability/Choice of Court
    • 7.7 The Plea of Illegality
      • 7.7.1 Locus Standi
      • 7.7.2 Acts That Can Be Reviewed
      • 7.7.3 Grounds of Review
      • 7.7.4 Effect of a Successful Challenge
    • 7.8 Actions against Natural or Legal Persons
    • Further Reading
• Part II Introduction to the Substantive Law of the European Union
  • 8 The Free Movement of Goods
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Legislative Provisions
      • 8.2.1 Treaty Articles
      • 8.2.2 Secondary Legislation
    • 8.3 Progress Towards the Treaty Goals
      • 8.3.1 A Free Trade Area
      • 8.3.2 A Customs Union
      • 8.3.3 A Common Market
      • 8.3.4 An Economic Union
      • 8.3.5 Which Stage Has the EU Reached?
        • 8.3.5.1 Internal Market Developments to Date
    • 8.4 Integration Methods
      • 8.4.1 Negative Integration
        • 8.4.1.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination
      • 8.4.2 Positive Integration
      • 8.4.3 Methods of Harmonization
        • 8.4.3.1 Total or Complete Harmonization
        • 8.4.3.2 Optional Harmonization
        • 8.4.3.3 Minimum Harmonization
        • 8.4.3.4 The New Approach Legislation
      • 8.4.4 Alternatives to Legislative Harmonization
    • 8.5 The Establishment of the Internal Market
      • 8.5.1 The Common Commercial Policy and the Common Customs Tariff
      • 8.5.2 The Prohibition of Customs Duties
        • 8.5.2.1 Definition of Goods
      • 8.5.3 A Charge Having Equivalent Effect (CHEE)
        • 8.5.3.1 The Validity of Charges for Services Rendered
        • 8.5.3.2 Justified Charges for a Genuine Service
        • 8.5.3.3 Where the Charge Is in Fact a Tax
      • 8.5.4 The Distinction between Internal Taxation and CHEEs
    • 8.6 The Prohibition of Discriminatory Taxation
      • 8.6.1 Direct and Indirect Taxation
      • 8.6.2 ‘Similar’ or ‘Other Products’
        • 8.6.2.1 Similar Products
        • 8.6.2.2 Other Products
    • 8.7 Summary on Tariff Barriers
    • 8.8 Quantitative Restrictions and Measures Having Equivalent Effect
      • 8.8.1 The General Scope of the Treaty Prohibition
      • 8.8.2 What Are ‘Measures’ for the Purposes of Art 34 TFEU?
      • 8.8.3 The Meaning of ‘Quantitative Restrictions’
      • 8.8.4 Measures Having Equivalent Effect (MHEE)
      • 8.8.5 The Scope of the Prohibition
        • 8.8.5.1 National Promotional Campaigns
        • 8.8.5.2 Discriminatory National Marketing Rules
        • 8.8.5.3 Product Classification
        • 8.8.5.4 Exports
    • 8.9 The Derogations of Art 36 TFEU
      • 8.9.1 General Purpose and Scope
      • 8.9.2 Public Morality
      • 8.9.3 Public Policy
      • 8.9.4 Public Security
      • 8.9.5 The Protection of the Health or Life of Humans or Animals
      • 8.9.6 Artistic, Historic, or Archaeological Heritage
      • 8.9.7 The Protection of Industrial or Commercial Property
      • 8.9.8 Article 36 TFEU Second Sentence
      • 8.9.9 Decision 3052/95 and Regulation 2019/515
    • 8.10 Equally Applicable Measures (Indistinctly Applicable Measures)
      • 8.10.1 The Cassis de Dijon Case
        • 8.10.1.1 Examples of the Types of Mandatory Measure
      • 8.10.2 The Application of the Rule of Reason: The Requirements in Detail
        • 8.10.2.1 There Must Be No EU System Covering the Interest in Question
        • 8.10.2.2 The Measure Must Be Indistinctly Applicable
        • 8.10.2.3 The Measure Must Neither Be an Arbitrary Discrimination Nor a Disguised Restriction on Trade
        • 8.10.2.4 The Measure Must Meet the Requirements of Proportionality
      • 8.10.3 Technical Standards and Legislative Interventions
      • 8.10.4 Summary of Cassis de Dijon
      • 8.10.5 Equal Burden/Dual Burden
    • 8.11 Keck and Mithouard: Certain Selling Arrangements
      • 8.11.1 Post-Keck Case Law
      • 8.11.2 Market Access or Discrimination, or Both?
      • 8.11.3 Product Use/Restriction on Use Rules
    • 8.12 Overall Summary
    • Further Reading
  • 9 The Free Movement of Persons
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 The Legal Framework: Primary and Secondary Legislation
      • 9.2.1 Treaty Provisions
      • 9.2.2 Secondary Legislation
      • 9.2.3 The Basic Right of No Discrimination
    • 9.3 The Scope of the Basic Rights
      • 9.3.1 Personal Scope
        • 9.3.1.1 Nationality
      • 9.3.2 Union Status as a Worker or Self-Employed
        • 9.3.2.1 Worker
        • 9.3.2.2 Part-Time Work
        • 9.3.2.3 Frontier Workers
        • 9.3.2.4 Work Seekers
      • 9.3.3 Worker Training, Education, and Benefits
    • 9.4 Free Movement of the Self-Employed: Freedom of Establishment and the Provision of Services
      • 9.4.1 Establishment of Companies
      • 9.4.2 The Limitations and Development of Self-Employed Free Movement Rights
        • 9.4.2.1 The Intervention of the Court of Justice
      • 9.4.3 Legislative Developments
        • 9.4.3.1 Mutual Recognition
      • 9.4.4 The Provision of Services Directive
      • 9.4.5 The Free Movement of Lawyers
        • 9.4.5.1 The Provision of Services by Lawyers
        • 9.4.5.2 Establishment by Lawyers (Practice under Home Title)
    • 9.5 The Material Scope of the Rights of Free Movement
      • 9.5.1 Secondary Legislation: Introduction
      • 9.5.2 Rights of Entry, Residence, and Exit
      • 9.5.3 The Rights Provided by Regulation 492/2011 and Directive 2004/38
        • 9.5.3.1 Social and Tax Advantages
        • 9.5.3.2 Vocational Training
        • 9.5.3.3 Rights of Family Members
      • 9.5.4 Education and Carer Rights
      • 9.5.5 Right to Remain
      • 9.5.6 Directive 2014/54
    • 9.6 Derogations from the Free Movement Regimes
      • 9.6.1 Procedural Safeguards
      • 9.6.2 Restrictions on the Grounds of Public Policy, Security, and Health
      • 9.6.3 The Public Service Proviso
    • 9.7 The Extension of Free Movement Rights
      • 9.7.1 Receiving Services
      • 9.7.2 The General Free Movement Directives
    • 9.8 European Citizenship
      • 9.8.1 Case Law on the Citizenship Articles
      • 9.8.2 Educational and Welfare Rights
      • 9.8.3 Citizenship and Family Rights (including TCN Family Members)
    • 9.9 The Wholly Internal Rule
    • 9.10 Third-Country Nationals: Legislative Moves
    • 9.11 Concluding Remarks
    • Further Reading
  • 10 An Introduction to EU Competition Policy and Law
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Competition Law Relevance to the EU
      • 10.2.1 Basic Outline of EU Competition Policy
      • 10.2.2 Legislative Outline
      • 10.2.3 Application and Interpretation
    • 10.3 Article 101 TFEU (Anti-Competitive Behaviour)
      • 10.3.1 ‘Agreements’
      • 10.3.2 ‘Decisions by Associations of Undertakings’
      • 10.3.3 ‘Concerted Practices’
      • 10.3.4 ‘Undertakings’
      • 10.3.5 The Object or Effect of Restricting or Distorting Competition
      • 10.3.6 Types of Prohibited Agreements
      • 10.3.7 Which May Affect Trade between Member States
      • 10.3.8 Exemptions Provided by Art 101(3) from Art 101(1) TFEU
        • 10.3.8.1 Objective Necessity
        • 10.3.8.2 High Commercial Risks
        • 10.3.8.3 Quality Control
        • 10.3.8.4 The De Minimis Doctrine
    • 10.4 Article 101(2) TFEU and the Consequence of a Breach
    • 10.5 Article 101(3) TFEU Exemptions
      • 10.5.1 Individual Notification
      • 10.5.2 Negative Clearance and Comfort Letters
      • 10.5.3 Block Exemptions
    • 10.6 Article 102 TFEU and the Abuse of a Dominant Position
      • 10.6.1 Article 102 TFEU Requirements
      • 10.6.2 Definition of Undertakings
      • 10.6.3 A Dominant Position
        • 10.6.3.1 The Relevant Product Market
        • 10.6.3.2 The Relevant Geographical Market
        • 10.6.3.3 The Temporal Market
      • 10.6.4 Market Share and Dominance
        • 10.6.4.1 Joint or Collective Dominance
      • 10.6.5 The Abuse of the Dominant Position
      • 10.6.6 Which May Affect Trade between Member States
      • 10.6.7 The Consequences of Breaching Art 102 TFEU
    • 10.7 The Relationship between Arts 101 and 102 TFEU
    • 10.8 The Enforcement of EU Competition Law
      • 10.8.1 Council Regulation 1/2003
        • 10.8.1.1 Investigations
        • 10.8.1.2 Conduct of Hearings and Professional Secrecy
        • 10.8.1.3 Fining
      • 10.8.2 Leniency Notice and Settlements
      • 10.8.3 Judicial Review of Enforcement
      • 10.8.4 Private Enforcement
    • 10.9 Conflict of EU and National Law
    • 10.10 EU Merger Control
      • 10.10.1 The Mergers Regulations (4064/89 and 139/04)
      • 10.10.2 Enforcement of Regulation 139/04
    • 10.11 State Aid
      • 10.11.1 Defining State Aid
      • 10.11.2 Exceptions
        • 10.11.2.1 Article 107(3) Exceptions
        • 10.11.2.2 The State Aid Block Exemptions
        • 10.11.2.3 State Aid De Minimis
      • 10.11.3 Procedures under Arts 108–9 TFEU
        • 10.11.3.1 Notification Procedure
        • 10.11.3.2 Investigation
        • 10.11.3.3 Recovery of Incompatible/Unlawful Aid
        • 10.11.3.4 Judicial Review and National Court Proceedings
    • 10.12 Summary
    • Further Reading
• Part III The EU, the UK, and Brexit
  • 11 The Changing Relations of the UK with the EU
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 The History of the UK’s Relationship with the Communities and Union to 2016
      • 11.2.1 The Early Relationship (Up to the 1970s)
      • 11.2.2 The 1975 Referendum
        • 11.2.2.1 The Place and Status of Referenda
      • 11.2.3 Developments to 2015
      • 11.2.4 Judicial Reception of Community and EU Law in the UK
    • 11.3 The 2016 Second UK Referendum on EU Membership
    • 11.4 The Art 50 TEU Withdrawal Process
      • 11.4.1 Whose Right Was It in the UK to Trigger Art 50?
        • 11.4.1.1 The UK Supreme Court Ruling in the Miller Art 50 Case
    • 11.5 The Start of the UK Withdrawal Negotiations
      • 11.5.1 An Extension to Art 50 TEU?
        • 11.5.1.1 Brexit Extensions to the Art 50 Withdrawal Period
      • 11.5.2 Is Revocation of Art 50 TEU Possible, and by Whom?
      • 11.5.3 The Judgment of the CJEU on Art 50 TEU Revocation
      • 11.5.4 The Post-Exit Transition Period
    • 11.6 The UK Internal Process of Facilitating Brexit
      • 11.6.1 Changing the Guard: Legislative Accommodation
      • 11.6.2 Retained EU Law
      • 11.6.3 Delegated Powers and the Devolved UK Bodies
    • 11.7 The History, Progress, and Product of the Art 50 Withdrawal Negotiations
      • 11.7.1 The Irish Border and Citizens’ Rights
        • 11.7.1.1 The Irish Border
        • 11.7.1.2 The Free Movement and Rights of UK and EU Citizens Post Brexit
      • 11.7.2 Other Elements of the Withdrawal Agreements
        • 11.7.2.1 The Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
    • 11.8 The Future Relationship Post Brexit
      • 11.8.1 The (Revised) Political Declaration
      • 11.8.2 The New Relationship with the EU
      • 11.8.3 The Alternatives Not Adopted
      • 11.8.4 The 2020 EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)
      • 11.8.5 The Consequences of Leaving the EU Customs Union and Single Market
      • 11.8.6 The New Replacement Regime Agreed in the TCA 2020
    • 11.9 Chapter Summary and Conclusion
    • Further Reading
• Index

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

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Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
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Fleiri góðir kostir
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- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu