Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
  • Organization
  • New to this Edition
  • Acknowledgements
• Digital Resources
  • For the Instructor
  • Enhanced E-Book for the Student
• Unit I An Idea that Changed the World
  • 1 Evolutionary Biology
    • 1.1 The Evolution of SARS-CoV-2
    • 1.2 “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”
    • 1.3 What Is Evolution? Is It Fact or Theory?
    • 1.4 The Evolution of Evolutionary Biology
      • Before Darwin
      • Charles Darwin
    • 1.5 Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory
    • 1.6 Evolutionary Biology after Darwin
      • The evolutionary synthesis
      • Evolutionary biology since the synthesis
    • 1.7 How Evolution is Studied
    • 1.8 Philosophical Issues
      • Ethics, religion, and evolution
      • How to Learn Evolutionary Biology (Read This!)
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 2 The Tree of Life
    • 2.1 The Tree of Life, from Darwin to Today
    • 2.2 Phylogenetic Trees
      • Inferring phylogenies: An introduction
    • 2.3 Variations on the Phylogenetic Theme
      • Branches of a phylogenetic tree sometimes rejoin
      • Not only organisms have “phylogenies”
    • 2.4 How Phylogenies are Useful
      • Classification
      • Inferring the history of character evolution
      • Estimating time of divergence
      • Patterns of evolution
        • Most Features of Organisms have been Modified from Preexisting Features.
        • Rates of Character Evolution Differ.
        • Evolution is Often Gradual.
        • Homoplasy is Common
      • Phylogenies describe patterns of diversification
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 3 Natural Selection and Adaptation
    • 3.1 Adaptive Evolution Observed
    • 3.2 Natural Selection
      • The meaning of natural selection
      • Natural selection and chance
      • The effective environment depends on the organism
    • 3.3 Levels of Selection
      • Selfish genes and unselfish behaviors
      • Selection of organisms and groups
      • Species selection
    • 3.4 The Nature of Adaptations
      • Selection of and selection for
      • Recognizing adaptations
        • Complexity
        • Design
        • Experiments
        • The Comparative Method
    • 3.5 Imperfections and Constraints
    • 3.6 Natural Selection and the Evolution of Diversity
    • 3.7 What Not to Expect of Natural Selection
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit II How Evolution Works
  • 4 Mutation and Variation
    • 4.1 The Machinery of Inheritance
    • 4.2 The Inheritance of Variation
      • Gene mixing by segregation
      • Gene mixing by recombination
      • Gene mixing with asexual inheritance
      • Gene mixing by hybridization
    • 4.3 Mutation: The Ultimate Source of Variation
      • Point mutations
      • Structural mutations
      • Whole genome duplication
    • 4.4 Rates and Effects of Mutations
      • Mutation rates
      • Effects of mutations
      • Germ line mutations and somatic mutations
    • 4.5 Is Mutation Random?
    • 4.6 Nongenetic Inheritance
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 5 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
    • 5.1 We Can Watch Natural Selection and Evolution Happening in Real Time
    • 5.2 Evolution by Natural Selection and Inheritance
      • Fitness: The unit we use to measure selection
    • 5.3 Positive Selection and the Spread of Beneficial Mutations
      • The rate of evolution
      • Chance and adaptation: The probability that a beneficial mutation spreads
    • 5.4 Natural Selection has Side Effects
      • Hitchhiking: When one allele goes for a ride with another
    • 5.5 Balancing Selection Preserves Genetic Variation
      • Overdominance
      • Other kinds of balancing selection
    • 5.6 Selection That Favors the Spread of Common Alleles
      • Underdominance: When heterozygotes suffer
      • Positive frequency-dependent selection
    • 5.7 The Evolution of a Population’s Mean Fitness
      • The fundamental theorem of natural selection and the adaptive landscape
    • 5.8 Many Mutations Are Harmful
      • A mutation-selection balance
      • The mutation load
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 6 Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random
    • 6.1 What Is Random Genetic Drift?
    • 6.2 How Strong Is Genetic Drift?
      • Populations that change in size
    • 6.3 The Genealogy of Genes
    • 6.4 Genetic Drift and Genetic Variation within Species
      • Estimating population size
    • 6.5 Genetic Drift and Natural Selection
      • Crossing an adaptive valley by drift
      • The fate of beneficial mutations in large populations
    • 6.6 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
    • 6.7 Searching the Genes for Signatures of Adaptation
      • Synonymous versus nonsynonymous differences
      • The MK test
      • Divergence among populations
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 7 The Evolution of Quantitative Traits
    • 7.1 Genotypes and Phenotypes
      • Quantitative traits evolve by changes in allele frequencies
    • 7.2 Selection on Quantitative Traits
      • Measuring the strength of selection
    • 7.3 Evolution by Directional Selection
      • Adaptation from standing genetic variation and from new mutations
      • Can adaptation rescue species from extinction?
    • 7.4 Connecting Variation in Genes to Variation in Phenotypes
      • When genes interact: Dominance and epistasis
    • 7.5 Artificial Selection
    • 7.6 The Evolution of Correlated Traits
      • Evolutionary constraints and trade-offs
      • The causes of genetic correlations
    • 7.7 Phenotypic Plasticity
    • 7.8 The Genetic Basis of Quantitative Traits
      • Quantitative trait loci
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 8 Evolution in Space
    • 8.1 Patterns in Space
    • 8.2 Genes in Motion
      • How is gene flow measured?
    • 8.3 Gene Flow versus Selection
      • A migration-selection balance
      • Clines
      • Tension zones
    • 8.4 Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Detecting Selection
      • The effects of history
      • Gene flow, local adaptation, and drift
    • 8.5 The Evolution of Dispersal
    • 8.6 The Evolution of a Species’ Range
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit III The Products of Evolution
  • 9 Species and Speciation
    • 9.1 What Are Species?
    • 9.2 Reproductive Isolation
      • Prezygotic barriers
      • Postzygotic barriers
        • Dobzhansky-Muller Incompatibilities
      • How fast does reproductive isolation evolve?
    • 9.3 The Geography of Speciation
      • Allopatric speciation
      • Sympatric speciation
      • Speciation with limited gene flow
      • Secondary contact
        • Reinforcement
    • 9.4 The Origins of Reproductive Isolation
      • Ecological speciation
      • Mutation order speciation
      • Speciation by genetic conflict
      • Speciation by sexual selection
      • Speciation by polyploidy
      • Speciation by random genetic drift
      • Speciation by hybridization
    • 9.5 The Genomics of Speciation
    • 9.6 Speciation and Diversification
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 10 The Evolution of Genes and Genomes
    • 10.1 The Birth and Death of Genes
      • Gene families
      • The death of a gene
    • 10.2 Evolution of Protein-Coding Genes
      • Evolution of coding regions by genetic drift
      • Evolution of coding regions by positive selection
      • Evolution of gene expression
    • 10.3 The Evolution of Gene and Chromosome Structure
      • Chromosome evolution
        • Fissions, Fusions, and the Evolution of Chromosome Number
        • Inversions and the Evolution of Chromosome Structure
    • 10.4 Evolution of Genome Size and Content
      • Genomes large and small
      • Genetic parasites and transposable elements
      • Routes to the evolution of the smallest and largest genomes
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 11 Evolution and Development
    • 11.1 Comparative Development and Evolution
    • 11.2 Gene Regulation
      • Hox genes and the genetic tool kit
    • 11.3 Developmental Bases of Phenotypic Evolution
      • A study in developmental evolution: Tetrapod limbs
      • A study in developmental evolution: Flower symmetry
    • 11.4 How Development Affects Morphological Evolution
      • Facilitation
      • Developmental bias
      • Constraints on adaptive evolution
    • 11.5 Phenotypic Plasticity, Canalization, and Genetic Assimilation
      • Does phenotypic plasticity contribute to evolution?
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit IV Interactions Between Individuals and Species
  • 12 All About Sex
    • 12.1 The Astonishing Diversity of Ways That Organisms Have Sex
      • What are females and males?
      • Microbial sex
    • 12.2 What Is Sexual Selection?
      • Why are males sexually selected?
    • 12.3 Sexual Selection by Male-Male Competition
      • Sexual selection in flowering plants
    • 12.4 Sexual Selection by Female Choice
    • 12.5 Sex Determination and Sex Ratios
      • The evolution of sex ratios
    • 12.6 Why Is There Sex?
      • Advantages to sex in changing environments
      • Selective interference favors sex and recombination
      • The evolution of recombination in sexual populations
    • 12.7 Selfing and Outcrossing
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 13 Cooperation and Conflict
    • 13.1 The Evolution of Social Interactions
    • 13.2 Shared Genes and the Evolution of Altruism
      • Spite
    • 13.3 Cooperation among Unrelated Individuals
      • Reciprocity
    • 13.4 Conflict and Cooperation in Close Quarters: The Family
      • Conflict between mates
      • Murder in the family
      • Parent-offspring conflict
      • Eusocial animals: The ultimate families
    • 13.5 Levels of Selection
      • Selfish DNA
      • Selfish mitochondria
      • Selfish symbionts
      • Group selection
      • Species selection
    • 13.6 Cooperation and Major Evolutionary Transitions
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 14 Evolutionary Ecology: How to Be Fit
    • 14.1 Life History Traits as Components of Fitness
      • Fitness in populations with overlapping generations
    • 14.2 The Evolution of Life History Characteristics
      • Senescence
      • Number of offspring
      • Age at maturity
    • 14.3 Density and the Evolution of the Population Growth Rate
      • Life histories, fast and slow
      • Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction
      • Life histories and mating strategies
    • 14.4 Phenology
    • 14.5 Ecological Niches: Specialists and Generalists
      • How specialization evolves
      • Experiments on niche evolution
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 15 Evolutionary Ecology: Interactions among Species
    • 15.1 Coevolution and Interactions among Species
    • 15.2 The Evolution of Enemies and Victims
      • Aposematism and mimicry
      • Plants and herbivores
      • Parasite-host interactions and infectious disease
      • The evolution of virulence
    • 15.3 Mutualisms
    • 15.4 The Evolution of Competitive Interactions
    • 15.5 Evolution and Community Structure
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit V The History of Life
  • 16 Phylogeny: The Unity and Diversity of Life
    • 16.1 Estimating Phylogenies
      • Why estimating phylogenies can be hard
        • Homoplasy
        • Rapid Diversification
        • Introgression
    • 16.2 Methods for Estimating Phylogenies
    • 16.3 How Do We Use Phylogenies?
      • Dating evolutionary events
      • Discovering the history of genes and cultures
      • Reconstructing ancestors
    • 16.4 Studying Adaptations: The Comparative Method
    • 16.5 Classification
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 17 The History of Life
    • 17.1 Some Geological Fundamentals
      • The fossil record
    • 17.2 The Origin of Life
    • 17.3 Precambrian Life
    • 17.4 The Origins of Animal Diversity
    • 17.5 Paleozoic Life
      • The colonization of land
      • Paleozoic life on land
      • The end-Permian mass extinction
    • 17.6 Mesozoic Life
    • 17.7 The Cenozoic Era
      • The modern world takes shape
      • The adaptive radiation of mammals
      • Pleistocene events
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 18 The Evolution of Biological Diversity
    • 18.1 Biogeography
    • 18.2 Historical Explanations of Geographic Distributions
      • Extinction
      • Dispersal
      • Vicariance
    • 18.3 Ecological Limits on Geographic Range
      • Dispersal
      • Ecological niches
      • Interacting species
    • 18.4 Studying Changes in Biological Diversity
      • A model of changes in diversity
      • Studying diversity in the fossil record
    • 18.5 Diversity through the Phanerozoic
      • Rates of extinction and origination
        • The Red Queen Hypothesis
      • Mass extinctions
    • 18.6 Phylogenetic Studies of Diversity
      • The shapes of phylogenies
    • 18.7 Has Species Diversity Reached a Limit?
    • 18.8 Geographic Variation in Species Diversity
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 19 Macroevolution: Evolution above the Species Level
    • 19.1 The Origin of Major Forms of Life
      • The origin of mammals
    • 19.2 Gradualism and Saltation
      • Complex characteristics
    • 19.3 The Evolution of Novelty
      • Incipient and novel features: Permissive conditions and natural selection
      • Homology and the emergence of novel characters
    • 19.4 From Microevolution to Macroevolution
      • Rates of evolution
      • Speciation and character evolution
    • 19.5 Is Evolution Predictable?
    • 19.6 Trends and Progress
      • Trends: Kinds and causes
      • Are there major trends in the history of life?
        • Efficiency and Adaptedness
        • Complexity
      • The question of progress
    • What We Don’t Know
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit VI Evolution of Homo sapiens
  • 20 The Evolutionary Story of Homo sapiens
    • 20.1 Where Did We Come From?
      • Our closest living relatives
      • How we differ from other apes
    • 20.2 Our Ancestry: Hominins through Time
    • 20.3 The Appearance of Modern Homo sapiens
      • The human history of hybridization
      • The diversity of human populations
    • 20.4 Brain and Language
    • 20.5 Diet and Agriculture: A Revolution in Our World
    • 20.6 Natural Selection, Past and Present
      • Our genetic loads
      • Natural selection and evolution in our lifetimes
      • Evolutionary mismatches
    • 20.7 The Evolution of Culture
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
  • 21 Evolution and Society
    • 21.1 Science and Skeptics
      • How science works
      • Creationism
      • The evidence for evolution
        • The Fossil Record
        • Phylogenetic and Comparative Studies
        • Genes and Genomes
        • Biogeography
        • Failures of the “Argument from Design”
        • Evolution and its Mechanisms, Observed
    • 21.2 The Uses and Implications of Evolutionary Science
      • Practical applications of evolutionary science
        • Using Organisms’ Adaptations
      • Agriculture and natural resources
      • Conservation
      • Health and medicine
        • Evolutionary Legacies
        • Mismatch with Modern Environments
        • Genetic Disease
        • Cancer
        • Infectious Diseases
        • Individual Health and Public Health
    • 21.3 Evolution and Human Behavior
      • Variation in cognitive and behavioral traits
        • Variation in Cognitive Abilities
        • Variation in Sexual Orientation
      • Human behavior: Evolution and culture
      • Understanding nature and humanity
    • Summary
    • Suggestions for Further Reading
    • List of Key Terms
• Unit VII Statistics Primer
  • 22 A Statistics Primer
    • 22.1 Probability Distributions
    • 22.2 Descriptive Statistics
    • 22.3 Estimation and Testing Hypotheses
    • 22.4 Likelihood
    • Summary
    • Problems and Discussion Topics
    • List of Key Terms
• Appendix
• Glossary
• Literature Cited
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 20
  • Chapter 21
  • Chapter 22
• Index
• List of Illustrations
• List of Tables
• Images
  • Copyright page
  • 1 Evolutionary Biology
  • 2 The Tree of Life
  • 3 Natural Selection and Adaptation
  • 4 Mutation and Variation
  • 5 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
  • 6 Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random
  • 7 The Evolution of Quantitative Traits
  • 8 Evolution in Space
  • 9 Species and Speciation
  • 10 The Evolution of Genes and Genomes
  • 11 Evolution and Development
  • 12 All About Sex
  • 13 Cooperation and Conflict
  • 14 Evolutionary Ecology: How to Be Fit
  • 15 Evolutionary Ecology: Interactions among Species
  • 16 Phylogeny: The Unity and Diversity of Life
  • 17 The History of Life
  • 18 The Evolution of Biological Diversity
  • 19 Macroevolution: Evolution above the Species Level
  • 20 The Evolutionary Story of Homo sapiens
  • 21 Evolution and Society
  • 22 A Statistics Primer

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