Efnisyfirlit

• COVER
• TITLE PAGE
• COPYRIGHT
• DEDICATION
• PREFACE TO THE 7TH EDITION
• NEW TO THIS EDITION
• OUTLINE CONTENTS
• DETAILED CONTENTS
• TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• TABLE OF CASES
• TABLE OF TREATIES, EUROPEAN LEGISLATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION
• 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 NATIONALISM AND THE ORIGINS OF THE EU
  • 3 FROM THE ECSC TO THE EEC
  • 4 FROM EEC TO THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT
  • 5 FROM THE SEA TO THE NICE TREATY
  • 6 FROM NICE TO THE LISBON TREATY
  • 7 POST-LISBON
  • 8 THEORIES OF INTEGRATION
  • 9 CONCLUSIONS
  • 10 FURTHER READING
• 2 MEMBERSHIP: CRISIS, CONCEPTIONS AND CHALLENGES
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 BREXIT: MEMBERSHIP AND EXIT
  • 3 RULE OF LAW: MEMBERSHIP AND EU VALUES
  • 4 CONCLUSIONS
  • 5 FURTHER READING
• 3 THE INSTITUTIONS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 THE COMMISSION
  • 3 THE COUNCIL
  • 4 THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL
  • 5 HIGH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNION FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY
  • 6 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
  • 7 COURTS
  • 8 THE COURT OF AUDITORS
  • 9 EU ADVISORY BODIES
  • 10 AGENCIES
  • 11 CONCLUSIONS
  • 12 FURTHER READING
• 4 COMPETENCE
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 IMPETUS FOR REFORM
  • 3 LISBON STRATEGY
  • 4 EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCE
  • 5 SHARED COMPETENCE
  • 6 SUPPORTING, COORDINATING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY ACTION
  • 7 ECONOMIC, EMPLOYMENT, AND SOCIAL POLICY
  • 8 COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY AND DEFENCE
  • 9 BROAD TREATY PROVISIONS: THE ‘FLEXIBILITY’ CLAUSE
  • 10 BROAD TREATY PROVISIONS: THE HARMONIZATION CLAUSE
  • 11 SUBSIDIARITY
  • 12 CONCLUSIONS
  • 13 FURTHER READING
• 5 INSTRUMENTS AND THE HIERARCHY OF NORMS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 INSTRUMENTS
  • 3 HIERARCHY OF NORMS
  • 4 CONCLUSIONS
  • 5 FURTHER READING
• 6 LEGISLATION AND DECISION-MAKING
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE: PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE
  • 3 LEGISLATIVE ACTS: THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE
  • 4 LEGISLATIVE ACTS: SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE
  • 5 LEGISLATIVE ACTS: COUNCIL VOTING REQUIREMENTS
  • 6 DELEGATED ACTS: ENACTMENT AND CONTROL
  • 7 IMPLEMENTING ACTS: ENACTMENT AND CONTROL
  • 8 ENHANCED COOPERATION: CONDITIONS AND USE
  • 9 EU DECISION-MAKING: PROCESS AND REALITY
  • 10 EU DEMOCRACY: ARGUMENT AND EVALUATION
  • 11 CONCLUSIONS
• 7 DECISION-MAKING AND NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 HIERARCHY, CLASSIC COMMUNITY METHOD, AND NEW GOVERNANCE
  • 3 NEW GOVERNANCE: THE NEW APPROACH TO HARMONIZATION
  • 4 NEW GOVERNANCE: THE OPEN METHOD OF COORDINATION
  • 5 NEW GOVERNANCE: GENERAL EU GOVERNANCE REFORM INITIATIVES
  • 6 NEW GOVERNANCE: APPRAISAL
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 FURTHER READING
• 8 THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF EU LAW: DIRECT EFFECT AND BEYOND
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 DIRECT EFFECT: A GUIDE
  • 3 DIRECT EFFECT OF PRIMARY LAW: TREATY ARTICLES, GENERAL PRINCIPLES, AND THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
  • 4 DIRECT EFFECT OF SECONDARY LAW: REGULATIONS AND DECISIONS
  • 5 DIRECT EFFECT OF SECONDARY LAW: DIRECTIVES
  • 6 LEGAL EFFECT OF SECONDARY LAW: ENHANCING THE EFFECT OF DIRECTIVES
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 FURTHER READING
• 9 THE APPLICATION OF EU LAW: REMEDIES IN NATIONAL COURTS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES
  • 3 THE ‘EFFECTIVENESS’ REQUIREMENT: DEVELOPMENT
  • 4 THE CURRENT APPROACH: BALANCING EFFECTIVE JUDICIAL PROTECTION AND NATIONAL PROCEDURAL AUTONOMY
  • 5 SUMMARY
  • 6 STATE LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF EU LAW
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 FURTHER READING
• 10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EU LAW AND NATIONAL LAW: SUPREMACY
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FIRST DIMENSION: SUPREMACY FROM THE ECJ’S PERSPECTIVE
  • 3 SECOND DIMENSION: SUPREMACY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE MEMBER STATES
  • 4 CONSTITUTIONAL PLURALISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY
  • 5 CONCLUSIONS
  • 6 FURTHER READING
• 11 EU INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LAW
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES AND INSTITUTIONS
  • 3 EXTERNAL CAPACITY: PERSONALITY AND EU COMPETENCE
  • 4 EU EXTERNAL ACTION: FOUR FIELDS
  • 5 CFSP: COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY
  • 6 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: CONCLUSION BY THE EU
  • 7 THE EU AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
  • 8 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN THE EU LEGAL ORDER: LEGAL EFFECT
  • 9 EU INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ROLE OF THE CJEU
  • 10 EU INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: COHERENCE, CONSISTENCY, AND COOPERATION
  • 11 THE EU AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: REFLECTIONS
  • 12 CONCLUSIONS
  • 13 FURTHER READING
• 12 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EU
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 INTRODUCTION
  • 3 ‘GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW’: ECJ INITIATIVE
  • 4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW: ECJ DEVELOPMENT
  • 5 HUMAN RIGHTS: INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
  • 6 HUMAN RIGHTS: THE EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
  • 7 HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED JUDICIAL REVIEW: EU ACTION
  • 8 HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED CHALLENGES: MEMBER STATE ACTION
  • 9 AN EVOLVING RELATIONSHIP: THE EU AND THE ECHR
  • 10 CONCLUSIONS
  • 11 FURTHER READING
• 13 ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AGAINST MEMBER STATES
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 ARTICLE 258: THE INFRINGEMENT PROCEDURE
  • 3 ARTICLE 258: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘PUBLIC’ AND ‘PRIVATE’ ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
  • 4 ARTICLE 258: THE COMMISSION’S DISCRETION
  • 5 ARTICLE 258: THE REASONED OPINION
  • 6 ARTICLE 258: ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AFTER THE BREACH IS REMEDIED
  • 7 ARTICLE 258: BREACH OF EU LAW BY MEMBER STATES
  • 8 ARTICLE 258: STATE DEFENCES
  • 9 ARTICLE 258: CONSEQUENCES OF THE RULING
  • 10 ARTICLE 259: ENFORCEMENT ACTION BY MEMBER STATES
  • 11 ARTICLE 260: THE PECUNIARY PENALTY
  • 12 ARTICLES 278–279: INTERIM MEASURES
  • 13 COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT STRATEGY
  • 14 CONCLUSIONS
  • 15 FURTHER READING
• 14 PRELIMINARY RULINGS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FOUNDATIONS: ARTICLE 267
  • 3 THE EXISTENCE OF A QUESTION: DEVELOPMENT OF PRECEDENT
  • 4 THE EXISTENCE OF A QUESTION: THE ‘ACTE CLAIR’ DOCTRINE
  • 5 THE DECISION TO REFER: THE NATIONAL COURT’S PERSPECTIVE
  • 6 THE DECISION TO ACCEPT THE REFERENCE: THE CJEU’S PERSPECTIVE
  • 7 THE DECISION ON THE REFERENCE: INTERPRETATION VERSUS APPLICATION
  • 8 DEVELOPMENT OF AN EU JUDICIAL SYSTEM: NATIONAL COURTS AND THE CJEU
  • 9 DEVELOPMENT OF AN EU JUDICIAL SYSTEM: CJEU, GENERAL COURT, AND NATIONAL COURTS
  • 10 CONCLUSIONS
  • 11 FURTHER READING
• 15 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: ACCESS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 ARTICLE 263(1): BODIES SUBJECT TO REVIEW
  • 3 ARTICLE 263(1): ACTS SUBJECT TO REVIEW
  • 4 ARTICLE 263(2)–(3): STANDING FOR PRIVILEGED AND QUASI-PRIVILEGED APPLICANTS
  • 5 ARTICLE 263(4): STANDING FOR NON-PRIVILEGED APPLICANTS
  • 6 ARTICLE 267: INDIRECT CHALLENGE TO THE LEGALITY OF EU ACTS
  • 7 ARTICLE 265: FAILURE TO ACT
  • 8 ARTICLE 277: THE PLEA OF ILLEGALITY
  • 9 CONCLUSIONS
  • 10 FURTHER READING
• 16 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: GROUNDS OF REVIEW
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 GROUND 1: LACK OF COMPETENCE
  • 3 GROUND 2: INFRINGEMENT OF AN ESSENTIAL PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENT
  • 4 GROUND 3: INFRINGEMENT OF THE TREATY OR ANY RULE OF LAW RELATING TO ITS APPLICATION
  • 5 GROUND 4: MISUSE OF POWER
  • 6 GROUNDS OF REVIEW: THE INTENSITY OF REVIEW
  • 7 ILLEGALITY AND INVALIDITY: LEGAL CONSEQUENCES
  • 8 CONCLUSIONS
  • 9 FURTHER READING
• 17 DAMAGES ACTIONS AND MONEY CLAIMS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 DAMAGES LIABILITY: DISCRETIONARY ACTS
  • 3 DAMAGES LIABILITY: NON-DISCRETIONARY ACTS
  • 4 DAMAGES LIABILITY: OFFICIAL ACTS OF UNION SERVANTS
  • 5 MONETARY COMPENSATION: VALID LEGISLATIVE ACTS
  • 6 DAMAGES LIABILITY: CAUSATION AND DAMAGE
  • 7 DAMAGES LIABILITY: JOINT LIABILITY OF THE EU AND MEMBER STATES
  • 8 CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY: PRINCIPLES
  • 9 RESTITUTIONARY LIABILITY: PRINCIPLES
  • 10 CONCLUSIONS
  • 11 FURTHER READING
• 18 THE SINGLE MARKET
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: FORMS AND TECHNIQUES
  • 3 PRE-1986: LIMITS OF INTEGRATION
  • 4 SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT 1986: THE ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF INTEGRATION
  • 5 THE INTERNAL MARKET: LEGISLATIVE REFORM AND THE SEA
  • 6 THE INTERNAL MARKET: THE NEW LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO MARKETING OF PRODUCTS AND HARMONIZATION
  • 7 THE INTERNAL MARKET: TENSIONS AND CONCERNS
  • 8 CONCLUSIONS
  • 9 FURTHER READING
• 19 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: DUTIES, CHARGES, AND TAXES
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 ARTICLES 28–30: DUTIES AND CHARGES
  • 3 ARTICLES 110–113: DISCRIMINATORY TAX PROVISIONS
  • 4 ARTICLES 28–30 AND 110–113: THE BOUNDARY
  • 5 CONCLUSIONS
  • 6 FURTHER READING
• 20 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FOUNDATIONS: DIRECTIVE 70/50 AND DASSONVILLE
  • 3 DISCRIMINATION: BARRIERS TO TRADE
  • 4 INDISTINCTLY APPLICABLE RULES: CASSIS DE DIJON
  • 5 INDISTINCTLY AND DISTINCTLY APPLICABLE RULES: KECK AND SELLING ARRANGEMENTS
  • 6 INDISTINCTLY AND DISTINCTLY APPLICABLE RULES: PRODUCT USE
  • 7 THE CURRENT LAW: SUMMARY
  • 8 THE CURRENT LAW: ASSESSMENT
  • 9 DEFENCES TO DISCRIMINATORY MEASURES: ARTICLE 36
  • 10 DEFENCES TO INDISTINCTLY APPLICABLE RULES: THE MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
  • 11 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND CASSIS: THE BROADER PERSPECTIVE
  • 12 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: CONCEPTUALIZATION
  • 13 CONCLUSIONS
  • 14 FURTHER READING
• 21 FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL: SCOPE
  • 3 EMU AND THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM: EARLY ATTEMPTS
  • 4 ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION: THE THREE STAGES
  • 5 EMU: ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS
  • 6 EMU: MONETARY UNION AND THE ECB
  • 7 EMU: COORDINATION OF ECONOMIC POLICY
  • 8 CONCLUSIONS
  • 9 FURTHER READING
• 22 FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 ARTICLE 45: DIRECT EFFECT
  • 3 ARTICLE 45: WORKER AND THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION
  • 4 ARTICLE 45: DISCRIMINATION, MARKET ACCESS, AND JUSTIFICATION
  • 5 ARTICLE 45(4): THE PUBLIC-SERVICE EXCEPTION
  • 6 DIRECTIVE 2004/38: RIGHT OF ENTRY AND RESIDENCE OF WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES
  • 7 REGULATION 492/2011: SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES
  • 8 DIRECTIVE 2004/38: PUBLIC POLICY, SECURITY, AND HEALTH RESTRICTIONS
  • 9 FREE MOVEMENT: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TENSIONS
  • 10 CONCLUSIONS
  • 11 FURTHER READING
• 23 FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AND TO PROVIDE SERVICES
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT, SERVICES, AND PERSONS: CENTRAL FEATURES
  • 3 ARTICLE 49: THE RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT
  • 4 ARTICLE 56: FREE MOVEMENT OF SERVICES
  • 5 GENERAL LEGISLATION TO FACILITATE ESTABLISHMENT AND SERVICES: RECOGNITION OF PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
  • 6 GENERAL LEGISLATION TO FACILITATE ESTABLISHMENT AND SERVICES: THE SERVICES DIRECTIVE
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 FURTHER READING
• 24 CITIZENSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 CITIZENSHIP: RATIONALE AND TREATY FOUNDATIONS
  • 3 CITIZENSHIP: THE RIGHTS OF FREE MOVEMENT AND RESIDENCE
  • 4 EU CITIZENSHIP LAW: IMPACT
  • 5 CITIZENSHIP: POLITICAL RIGHTS
  • 6 CONCLUSIONS
  • 7 FURTHER READING
• 25 EQUAL TREATMENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATION
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 EU ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW: ORIGINS AND CONTEXT
  • 3 EQUAL TREATMENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATION: THE TREATY FRAMEWORK
  • 4 THE ORIGINS: ARTICLE 157 TFEU AND THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL PAY FOR WOMEN AND MEN
  • 5 ARTICLE 19 TFEU: THE ARTICLE 19 DIRECTIVES
  • 6 THE GENDER DIRECTIVES: EQUAL TREATMENT AND PROTECTION
  • 7 EQUAL TREATMENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATION: THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE
  • 8 EU EQUALITY LAW: COMMON PROVISIONS AND CONCEPTS
  • 9 CONCLUSIONS
  • 10 FURTHER READING
• 26 AFSJ: EU CRIMINAL LAW
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 THREE PILLARS: MAASTRICHT TO LISBON
  • 3 THREE PILLARS: RATIONALE
  • 4 LISBON TREATY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  • 5 CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE: PRE-LISBON
  • 6 CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE: POST-LISBON
  • 7 CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE: OBJECTIVES
  • 8 CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE: CHALLENGES
  • 9 CONCLUSIONS
  • 10 FURTHER READING
• 27 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 101
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 COMPETITION LAW: OBJECTIVES
  • 3 ARTICLE 101: THE TREATY TEXT
  • 4 ARTICLE 101(1): UNDERTAKINGS
  • 5 ARTICLE 101(1): AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS, AND CONCERTED PRACTICES
  • 6 ARTICLE 101(1): OBJECT OR EFFECT OF PREVENTING, RESTRICTING, OR DISTORTING COMPETITION
  • 7 ARTICLE 101(1): THE EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
  • 8 ARTICLE 101(1): THE DE MINIMIS DOCTRINE
  • 9 ARTICLE 101(3): EXEMPTIONS
  • 10 ARTICLE 101: COMPETITION AND NON-COMPETITION CONSIDERATIONS
  • 11 ARTICLE 101: VERTICAL RESTRAINTS
  • 12 COMPETITION LAW: ENFORCEMENT
  • 13 CONCLUSIONS
• 28 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 102
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 DOMINANT POSITION: DEFINING THE RELEVANT MARKET
  • 3 DOMINANT POSITION: MARKET POWER
  • 4 ABUSE: THREE PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION
  • 5 ABUSE: PARTICULAR EXAMPLES
  • 6 DEFENCES: OBJECTIVE JUSTIFICATION, PROPORTIONALITY, AND EFFICIENCY
  • 7 ARTICLE 102: REFORM
  • 8 CONCLUSIONS
  • 9 FURTHER READING
• 29 COMPETITION LAW: MERGERS
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 MERGER CONTROL: THE POLICY RATIONALE
  • 3 REGULATION 139/2004: JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES
  • 4 REGULATION 139/2004: PROCEDURAL ISSUES
  • 5 REGULATION 139/2004: THE SUBSTANTIVE CRITERIA
  • 6 JUDICIAL REVIEW
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 FURTHER READING
• 30 THE STATE AND THE COMMON MARKET
  • 1 CENTRAL ISSUES
  • 2 THE STATE AND THE MARKET: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  • 3 PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS: ARTICLE 106
  • 4 THE STATE: ARTICLES 4(3) TEU, 101, 102, AND 34 TFEU
  • 5 STATE AIDS: POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM
  • 6 STATE AIDS: THE SUBSTANTIVE RULES AND ARTICLE 107
  • 7 STATE AIDS: THE PROCEDURAL RULES AND ARTICLES 108 AND 109
  • 8 STATE AIDS: FOUNDATIONAL ISSUES
  • 9 CONCLUSIONS
  • 10 FURTHER READING
• INDEX

UM RAFBÆKUR Á HEIMKAUP.IS

Bókahillan þín er þitt svæði og þar eru bækurnar þínar geymdar. Þú kemst í bókahilluna þína hvar og hvenær sem er í tölvu eða snjalltæki. Einfalt og þægilegt!

Rafbók til eignar
Rafbók til eignar þarf að hlaða niður á þau tæki sem þú vilt nota innan eins árs frá því bókin er keypt.

Þú kemst í bækurnar hvar sem er
Þú getur nálgast allar raf(skóla)bækurnar þínar á einu augabragði, hvar og hvenær sem er í bókahillunni þinni. Engin taska, enginn kyndill og ekkert vesen (hvað þá yfirvigt).

Auðvelt að fletta og leita
Þú getur flakkað milli síðna og kafla eins og þér hentar best og farið beint í ákveðna kafla úr efnisyfirlitinu. Í leitinni finnur þú orð, kafla eða síður í einum smelli.

Glósur og yfirstrikanir
Þú getur auðkennt textabrot með mismunandi litum og skrifað glósur að vild í rafbókina. Þú getur jafnvel séð glósur og yfirstrikanir hjá bekkjarsystkinum og kennara ef þeir leyfa það. Allt á einum stað.

Hvað viltu sjá? / Þú ræður hvernig síðan lítur út
Þú lagar síðuna að þínum þörfum. Stækkaðu eða minnkaðu myndir og texta með multi-level zoom til að sjá síðuna eins og þér hentar best í þínu námi.



Fleiri góðir kostir
- Þú getur prentað síður úr bókinni (innan þeirra marka sem útgefandinn setur)
- Möguleiki á tengingu við annað stafrænt og gagnvirkt efni, svo sem myndbönd eða spurningar úr efninu
- Auðvelt að afrita og líma efni/texta fyrir t.d. heimaverkefni eða ritgerðir
- Styður tækni sem hjálpar nemendum með sjón- eða heyrnarskerðingu