Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Preface for Instructors
• Acknowledgments
• Source Acknowledgments
• General Introduction
  • References
• Theorizing about Ethics
  • The Need for Theory
  • Is it Just a Matter of Opinion?
  • The Role of Theory
  • Main Types of Theory
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Reading Philosophy
  • Philosophical Language
  • The Centrality of Argument
  • Looking at Others' Views
  • The Rational Consequences of What We Say
  • A Final Word
  • References
• Writing a Philosophy Paper
  • The Most Common Types
  • Writing
  • Revise, Revise, Revise
  • Learning from Others
  • References
• The Basics of Argumentation
  • Reference
• Part I: Theory
  • Ethical Theory
    • Reference
    • 1 Consequentialism
      • The Good is Agent‐Neutral and Independent of the Right
      • Probable Consequences, Not Actual Consequences, Are What Count
      • Utilitarianism
      • Consequentialism in Practice
      • Objections to Consequentialism
      • Conclusion
      • References
    • 2 Deontology
      • Introduction
      • Common‐Sense Morality
      • Varieties of Deontology
      • Defending Deontology
      • References
      • Further Reading
    • 3 Rights
      • Features of Rights
      • Kinds of Rights
      • What are Rights?
      • Rights in Practice
      • What Can Have Rights?
      • Rights, Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics, and Deontology
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 4 Virtue Theory
      • Introduction
      • Virtue (Arete) as Excellence
      • Phronesis (Wisdom)
      • Contemporary Virtue Ethics
      • Eudaimonia
• Part II: Life, Death, and Moral Status
  • Euthanasia
    • Further Reading
    • 5 Justifying Physician‐Assisted Deaths
      • The Troubled Distinction between Killing and Letting‐Die
      • When Does a Role in Bringing about Death Constitute Killing?
      • Valid Refusal as the Basis of Letting‐Die
      • Valid Refusals and Valid Requests
      • The Wrongness in Causing or Assisting in Death
      • The Key Argument in Defense of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
      • Justifying Policies and Justifying Acts
    • 6 Against the Right to Die
      • I
      • II
      • IV
      • V
      • VI
      • VII
      • VIII
      • IX
      • X
      • XI
      • XII
      • Acknowledgments
      • References
    • 7 Physician‐Assisted Deaths: Policy Choices
      • The Status of the Debate
      • Terminological Preliminaries
      • Why Assist Any Patients to Die?
      • Are There Morally Relevant Distinctions between Withholding Treatment and EAS?
      • The Case for Legal Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
      • Conclusion
    • 8 Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)assisted Suicide
      • The Key Questions
      • Conclusion
      • Acknowledgments
      • References
    • 9 ‘For Now Have I My Death’: The ‘Duty to Die’ Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive
      • I
      • II
      • III
  • Abortion
    • Further Reading
    • 10 A Defense of Abortion
    • 11 On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion
      • I
      • II
      • Conclusion
    • 12 An Argument that Abortion is Wrong
      • Why the Debate over Abortion Seems Intractable
      • The “Future Like Ours” Account of the Wrongness of Killing
      • Arguments in Favor of the FLO Theory
      • Replies to Objections
      • Conclusion
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 13 The Moral Permissibility of Abortion
      • Introduction
      • The Moral Status of Embryos and Early Fetuses
      • Abortion and Gestational Assistance
      • Intimacy, Pregnancy, and Motherhood
      • Norms of Responsible Creation
      • Further Reading
      • References
    • 14 Virtue Theory and Abortion
      • Virtue Theory
      • Abortion
      • Conclusion
  • Animals
    • Further Reading
    • 15 All Animals are Equal
    • 16 Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism
      • I
      • II
      • III
      • IV
      • V
      • VI
      • VII
      • VIII
    • 17 The Case for Animal Rights
    • 18 The Vegetarian Imperative
      • Why Eating Meat is an Ethical Issue
      • How to Look at Animals
      • Why We Should Be Vegetarians
      • Objections
      • Vegetarianism or Veganism?
      • Taking Responsibility
      • What About Responsible Meat‐eating?
      • Vegetarianism and Different Ethical Approaches
      • Conclusion
      • Acknowledgment
      • Further Reading
  • Biomedical Technologies
    • Further Reading
    • 19 Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?
      • What Is a Commodity?
      • The Case of Commercial Surrogacy
      • Children as Commodities
      • Women’s Labor as a Commodity
      • Commercial Surrogacy, Freedom, and the Law
    • 20 “Goodbye Dolly?” The Ethics of Human Cloning
      • Cell Mass Division
      • Individuals, Multiples, and Genetic Variation
      • Nuclear Substitution: the Birth of Dolly
      • Human Dignity
      • Instrumentalization
      • It is Better to Do Good
      • Genetic Variability
      • Genetic Identity
      • A Right to Parents
      • Two Parents Good, Three Parents Better
      • What Good is Cloning?
      • Dolly Collapses the Divide between Germ and Somatic Cells
      • Immortality?
      • Procreative Autonomy
      • Acknowlegments
    • 21 The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans
      • Taking Cloning Seriously, Then and Now
      • The State of the Art
      • The Wisdom of Repugnance
      • The Profundity of Sex
      • The Perversities of Cloning
      • Ban the Cloning of Humans
    • 22 Cognitive Enhancement
      • I Preliminary Issues
      • II In‐Principle Objections
      • Conclusion
      • Acknowledgements
      • References
  • Environment
    • Further Reading
    • 23 The Value of Nature
      • The Value of Naturalness
      • Inherent Worth in Nature
      • Conclusion
      • References
    • 24 A Place for Cost–Benefit Analysis
      • I What is CBA, and What is it For?
      • II Is CBA Anthropocentric?
      • III Does CBA Presuppose Utilitarian Moral Theory?
      • IV Does CBA Tell Us to Sacrifice the One for the Sake of the Many?
      • V Must CBA Treat All Values as Mere Commodities?
      • VI Does CBA Work?
      • VII Must CBA Measure Valuations in Terms of Willingness to Pay?
      • VIII Must Future Generations Be Discounted?
      • Conclusions
      • References
    • 25 Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments
      • I
      • II
      • III
      • IV
      • V
    • 26 A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption
      • I The Global Storm
      • II The Intergenerational Storm
      • III The Theoretical Storm
      • IV Moral Corruption
      • Acknowledgments
      • References
• Part III: Liberty and Equality
  • Paternalism and Risk
    • Harm to Self
    • Risk to Others
    • Further Reading
    • 27 Freedom of Action
    • 28 Against the Legalization of Drugs
      • Back to the Future
      • Have We Lost?
      • The Benefits of Illegality
      • The Alcohol Problem
      • If I Am Wrong…
    • 29 Why We Should Decriminalize Drug Use
      • I The Meaning of Decriminalization
      • II The Best Reason to Decriminalize Drug Use
      • III Criminalization
      • IV Predictions: A Bad Reason to Criminalize
    • 30 The Liberal Basis of the Right to Bear Arms
      • I Some Liberal Constraints
      • II Firearms and Autonomy
      • III Risk
      • IV Firearms and Equality
      • V Conclusion
      • VI Epilogue: Liberal Neutrality
    • 31 Gun Control
      • Justifying Private Ownership of Guns
      • Harm, Danger, and Risk
      • What We Need to Know
      • Assessing the Evidence
      • A Third Way
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
  • Free Speech
    • Further Reading
    • 32 Freedom of Thought and Discussion
    • 33 “The Price We Pay?” Pornography and Harm
      • What Is Pornography?
      • Pornography and Harm
      • A Moral Right to Pornography?
      • Acknowledgments
      • References
    • 34 The Right to Get Turned On: Pornography, Autonomy, Equality
      • I Introduction
      • II What Is Pornography?
      • III Sexual Autonomy
      • IV Sexual Violence
      • V Sexual Inequality
      • VI Making Pornography
      • VII Sexual Identity
      • VIII Conclusion
      • References
    • 35 Sticks and Stones
      • I Why Protect Freedom of Speech?
      • II Free Speech and the Constitution
      • III Harm and Offense
      • IV Group Harm
      • V Cumulative vs. Individual Harm
      • VI Cumulative Harm to Self‐esteem
      • VII Discrimination and Violence as Indirect Harms
      • VIII Offensive Expression and Epithets
      • Acknowledgments
      • References
    • 36 Speech Codes and Expressive Harm
      • I Introduction
      • II Causal Harm
      • III Expressive Harm: Public Actors
      • IV Expressive Harm: Private Actors
      • V Moral Contempt
      • VI Official Condemnation
      • VII Speech Codes
      • References
  • Discrimination, Racism, and Sexism
    • Further Reading
    • 37 Racism as an Ethical Issue
      • The Roots of Racism in the Concept of Race
      • In What Does Ethical Wrong of Racism Consist?
      • The “End of Racism” or Unrecognized Institutional Racism?
      • Does Intent Matter?
      • Can We Move “Beyond Race” and if so How?
      • References
    • 38 Servility and Self‐Respect
      • I
      • II
      • III
      • IV
    • 39 Implicit Bias
      • Introduction
      • Awareness of Implicit Bias and Discrimination: Empirical Evidence
      • Responsibility in Degrees
      • Awareness, Responsibility, and Implicit Bias
      • Conclusion
      • References
    • 40 Affirmative Action as Equalizing Opportunity: Challenging the Myth of “Preferential Treatment”
      • Introduction
      • Clarifying the Scope of Affirmative Action Policies
      • Re‐envisioning the Rationale for Affirmative Action: From “Preferential Treatment” to “Equal Opportunity”
      • The Limitations of the Compensation Rationale for Affirmative Action
      • The Limitations of the Social Utility Rationales for Affirmative Action
      • Challenging the “Stigma” of Affirmative Action
      • Conclusion
      • References
    • 41 Sexual Harassment: Formal Complaints Are Not Enough
      • 1 Problems with Excessive Focus on Formal Measures
      • 2 How to Respond: Asking New Questions
      • 3 Cases
      • 4 Objections
      • References
    • 42 Men in Groups: Collective Responsibility for Rape
      • I The Rapist as Loner or Demon
      • II The Rapist as Victim of Biology
      • III The Rapist as Victim of Society
      • IV The Rapist as Group Member
      • V Conclusions
      • References
    • 43 Ideals of Respect: Identity, Dignity and Disability
      • Aims and Methods
      • Example: Kristen’s Night Out
      • Kinds of Respect
      • Objects of Respect: Dignity, Excellence and Status
      • Objects of Respect: Identity
      • Respecting the Identity of Persons
      • Identity Respect as a Moral Ideal
      • References
  • Conscience, State, and Religion Introduction
    • References and Further Reading
    • 44 Resolving Conflicts Between Religious Liberty and Other Values
      • Introduction: The Affordable Care Act Contraceptive Mandate
      • The Contraceptive Mandate and the Free Exercise of Religion
      • Non‐Religious Moral Objections to the Contraceptive Mandate
      • Conclusion
    • 45 Religious Conviction, Parental Authority, and Children’s Interests
      • Legal History in the United States
      • Cases
      • Harms Associated with State Intervention
      • Harms Associated with State Inaction
      • Warranting Intervention
      • Mitigating Harms
      • Conclusion
      • References
    • 46 Gay Rights and Religious Accommodations
      • I Economic Harm
      • II Dignitary Harm
      • III Stigmatizing Prejudice
    • 47 Conscientious Objection in Health Care
      • Introduction
      • What is Conscientious Objection?
      • Assessing Approaches to Conscientious Objection in Health Care
      • Conscientious Objection vs. Obstruction
      • Conclusion
    • 48 My Conscience May Be My Guide, But You May Not Need to Honor It
      • Clarifying and Focusing the Options
      • Two Questions
      • When Should Someone Act on His or Her Conscience?
      • What Should Other’s Reactions to these Claimants Be?
      • Policy Choices
      • Accommodation without Rights
      • Conclusion
      • Acknowledgments
      • Legal Cases
      • References
• Part IV: Justice
  • Punishment
    • Further Reading
    • 49 Punishment and Desert
      • Treating People as They Deserve
      • Why People Should Be Treated as They Deserve
      • Punishment
    • 50 Does Punishment Work?
      • Introduction
      • The Great Punishment Experiment
      • Justifications for Punishment
      • Deterrence
      • Incapacitation
      • Just Deserts and Retribution
      • Rehabilitation
      • What Does it Take for Punishment to be Effective?
      • Life‐Course Development of Offending: Why Punishment Most Often Fails
      • Putting it All Together: Empirical Evidence for the Justifications of Punishment
      • References
    • 51 In Defense of the Death Penalty
      • The Retributivist Argument
      • The Utilitarian Argument
      • Objections to Capital Punishment
      • Conclusion
    • 52 Against the Death Penalty
      • I
      • II
      • III
      • IV
    • 53 Just Deserts in Unjust Societies: A Case‐Specific Approach
      • Socioeconomic Deprivation, Crime, and Injustice
      • Socioeconomic Injustice and Blameworthiness
      • A Case‐Specific Approach to Assessing Blameworthiness
      • Conclusion
    • 54 To Protect and Serve: What is Wrong with the Policing of Minorities in the US?
      • I Introduction
      • II The Background
      • III Steps Forward
      • IV Conclusion
      • Acknowledgments
  • Economic Justice
    • Further Reading
    • 55 A Theory of Justice
      • The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice
      • The Original Position and Justification
      • Two Principles of Justice
      • The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice
    • 56 The Entitlement Theory of Justice
      • Historical Principles and End‐Result Principles
      • Patterning
      • How Liberty Upsets Patterns
      • Redistribution and Property Rights
    • 57 The Ethical Implications of Benefiting from Injustice
      • Introduction
      • Persuasion
      • Identification
      • Specification
      • References
    • 58 A Bleeding Heart Libertarian View of Inequality
      • I Bleeding Heart Libertarianism
      • II Markets Bring Inequality But…
      • III The Inequality in Our Market System and the Real Problems
      • IV Global and Domestic Inequality
      • V Government Intervention is the Cause, not the Answer
  • Global Justice
    • References and Further Reading
    • 59 Refugees and the Right to Control Immigration
      • The Right to Exclude
      • Refugees
    • 60 The Case for Open Immigration
      • The Problem of Immigration in the Modern World
      • In Defense of Free Immigration
      • Economic Arguments Against Open Borders
      • Nationality and Immigration
      • Immigration and Security
      • Concluding Reflections
      • References
    • 61 Famine, Affluence, and Morality
      • Postscript
    • 62 Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code
      • Introduction
      • A Duty to Prevent Evil?
      • Entitlements
      • The Concept of a Social Moral Code
      • The Ideal Social Moral Code
      • Are Rights Part of the Ideal Code?
      • Is Just Desert Part of the Ideal Moral Code?
      • Conclusion
    • 63 Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a Global Resources Dividend
      • I Introduction: Radical Inequality and Our Responsibility
      • II Three Grounds of Injustice
      • III A Moderate Proposal
      • IV The Moral Argument for the Proposed Reform
      • V Is the Reform Proposal Realistic?
      • Conclusion
      • Bibliography
  • War and Torture
    • Just War
    • Torture
    • Further Reading
    • 64 War and Moral Consistency
      • The Moral Challenge of War
      • The Puzzle of National Defence
      • The Morality of Participation in War
      • Non‐Combatant Immunity in War
      • Conclusion
    • 65 Pacifism: Reclaiming the Moral Presumption
      • Pacifism: Refusing to Participate in War
      • A Pacifist City of Refuge
      • The Pacifist Way of Life: More than Rejecting War and Intentional Killing
      • Just War and Right Killing: The Open Question
      • The Pacifist Moral Vision: Two Constitutive Elements
      • Two Types of Pacifism
      • Human Life: The Ultimate Basis of Moral Value
      • A Response to the Chief Criticism of Pacifism
      • Conclusion
    • 66 The Justifiability of Humanitarian Intervention
      • Humanitarian Intervention in the Perspective of the Charter
      • Intervention and the Just War
      • Further Questions
    • 67 Terrorism and Torture
      • 1 Introduction
      • 2 The Conflict between Utilitarian and Deontological Approaches
      • 3 What about Rights?
      • 4 Under What Conditions Is Torture Morally Permissible?
      • 5 What Forms of Torture Are Permissible?
      • 6 Final Remarks
    • 68 Unthinking the Ticking Time Bomb
      • I
      • II
      • III
      • IV
      • V
      • VII
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