Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• About the Companion Website
• Chapter 1 General Topic and Overview
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Assessing Organic Chemicals in the Environment
  • 1.3 What is This Book All About?
  • 1.4 Bibliography
• Part I Background Knowledge
  • Chapter 2 Background Knowledge on Organic Chemicals
    • 2.1 The Makeup of Organic Compounds
    • 2.2 Intermolecular Forces Between Uncharged Molecules
    • 2.3 Questions and Problems
    • 2.4 Bibliography
  • Chapter 3 The Amazing World of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 A Lasting Global Problem: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
    • 3.3 Natural but Nevertheless Problematic: Petroleum Hydrocarbons
    • 3.4 Notorious Air and Groundwater Pollutants: Organic Solvents
    • 3.5 Safety First: Flame Retardants All Around Us
    • 3.6 How to Make Materials “Repellent”: Polyfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs)
    • 3.7 From Washing Machines to Surface Waters: Complexing Agents, Surfactants, Whitening Agents, and Corrosion Inhibitors
    • 3.8 Health, Well-Being, and Water Pollution: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
    • 3.9 Fighting Pests: Herbicides, Insecticides, and Fungicides
    • 3.10 Our Companion Compounds: Representative Model Chemicals
    • 3.11 Questions
    • 3.12 Bibliography
  • Chapter 4 Background Thermodynamics, Equilibrium Partitioning and Acidity Constants
    • 4.1 Important Thermodynamic Functions
    • 4.2 Using Thermodynamic Functions to Quantify Equilibrium Partitioning
    • 4.3 Organic Acids and Bases I: Acidity Constant and Speciation in Natural Waters
    • 4.4 Organic Acids and Bases II: Chemical Structure and Acidity Constant
    • 4.5 Questions and Problems
    • 4.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 5 Earth Systems and Compartments
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 The Atmosphere
    • 5.3 Surface Waters and Sediments
    • 5.4 Soil and Groundwater
    • 5.5 Biota
    • 5.5 Questions
    • 5.7 Bibliography
  • Chapter 6 Environmental Systems: Physical Processes and Mathematical Modeling
    • 6.1 Systems and Models
    • 6.2 Box Models: A Concept for a Simple World
    • 6.3 When Space Matters: Transport Processes
    • 6.4 Models in Space and Time
    • 6.5 Questions and Problems
    • 6.6 Bibliography
• Part II Equilibrium Partitioning in Well-Defined Systems
  • Chapter 7 Partitioning Between Bulk Phases: General Aspects and Modeling Approaches
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Molecular Interactions Governing Bulk Phase Partitioning of Organic Chemicals
    • 7.3 Quantitative Approaches to Estimate Bulk Phase Partition Constants/Coefficients: Linear Free Energy Relationships (LFERs)
    • 7.4 Questions
    • 7.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 8 Vapor Pressure (pi*)
    • 8.1 Introduction and Theoretical Background
    • 8.2 Molecular Interactions Governing Vapor Pressure and Vapor Pressure Estimation Methods
    • 8.3 Questions and Problems
    • 8.4 Bibliography
  • Chapter 9 Solubility (Csatiw) and Activity Coefficient (γsatiw)in Water; Air–Water Partition Constant (Kiaw)
    • 9.1 Introduction and Thermodynamic Considerations
    • 9.2 Molecular Interactions Governing the Aqueous Activity Coefficient and the Air–Water Partition Constant
    • 9.3 LFERs for Estimating Air–Water Partition Constants and Aqueous Activity Coefficients/Aqueous Solubilities
    • 9.4 Effect of Temperature, Dissolved Salts, and pH on the Aqueous Activity Coefficient/Aqueous Solubility and on the Air–Water Partition Constant
    • 9.5 Questions and Problems
    • 9.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 10 Organic Liquid–Air and Organic Liquid–Water Partitioning
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Thermodynamic Considerations and Comparisons of Different Organic Solvents
    • 10.3 The Octanol–Water System: The Atom/Fragment Contribution Method for Estimation of the Octanol–Water Partition Constant
    • 10.4 Partitioning Involving Organic Solvent–Water Mixtures
    • 10.5 Evaporation and Dissolution of Organic Compounds from Organic Liquid Mixtures–Equilibrium Considerations
    • 10.6 Questions and Problems
    • 10.7 Bibliography
  • Chapter 11 Partitioning of Nonionic Organic Compounds Between well-Defined Surfaces and Air Or Water
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Adsorption from Air to Well-Defined Surfaces
    • 11.3 Adsorption from Water to Inorganic Surfaces
    • 11.4 Questions and Problems
    • 11.5 Bibliography
• Part III Equilibrium Partitioning in Environmental Systems
  • Chapter 12 General Introduction to Sorption Processes
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Sorption Isotherms and the Solid–Water Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient (Kid)
    • 12.3 Speciation (Sorbed versus Dissolved or Gaseous), Retardation, and Sedimentation
    • 12.4 Questions and Problems
    • 12.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 13 Sorption from Water to Natural Organic Matter (NOM)
    • 13.1 The Structural Diversity of Natural Organic Matter Present in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
    • 13.2 Quantifying Natural Organic Matter–Water Partitioning of Neutral Organic Compounds
    • 13.3 Sorption of Organic Acids and Bases to Natural Organic Matter
    • 13.4 Questions and Problems
    • 13.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 14 Sorption of Ionic Organic Compounds to Charged Surfaces
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Cation and Anion Exchange Capacities of Solids in Water
    • 14.3 Ion Exchange: Nonspecific Adsorption of Ionized Organic Chemicals from Aqueous Solutions to Charged Surfaces
    • 14.4 Surface Complexation: Specific Bonding of Organic Compounds with Solid Phases in Water
    • 14.5 Questions and Problems
    • 14.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 15 Aerosol–Air Partitioning: Dry and Wet Deposition of Organic Pollutants
    • 15.1 Origins and Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols
    • 15.2 Assessing Aerosol–Air Partition Coefficients (KiPMa)
    • 15.3 Dry and Wet Deposition
    • 15.4 Questions and Problems
    • 15.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 16 Equilibrium Partitioning from Water and Air to Biota
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Predicting Biota–Water and Biota–Air Equilibrium Partitioning
    • 16.3 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification in Aquatic Systems
    • 16.4 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification in Terrestrial Systems
    • 16.5 Baseline Toxicity (Narcosis)
    • 16.6 Questions and Problems
    • 16.7 Bibliography
• Part IV Mass Transfer Processes in Environmental Systems
  • Chapter 17 Random Motion, Molecular and Turbulent Diffusivity
    • 17.1 Random Motion
    • 17.2 Molecular Diffusion
    • 17.3 Other Random Transport Processes in the Environment
    • 17.4 Questions and Problems
    • 17.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 18 Transport at Boundaries
    • 18.1 The Role of Boundaries in the Environment
    • 18.2 Bottleneck Boundaries
    • 18.3 Wall Boundaries
    • 18.4 Hybrid Boundaries
    • 18.5 Questions and Problems
    • 18.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 19 Air–Water Exchange
    • 19.1 The Air–Water Interface
    • 19.2 Air–Water Exchange Models
    • 19.3 Measurement of Air–Water Exchange Velocities
    • 19.4 Air–Water Exchange in Flowing Waters
    • 19.5 Questions and Problems
    • 19.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 20 Interfaces Involving Solids
    • 20.1 The Sediment–Water Interface
    • 20.2 Transport in Unsaturated Soil
    • 20.3 Questions and Problems
    • 20.4 Bibliography
• Part V Transformation Processes
  • Chapter 21 Background Knowledge on Transformation Reactions of Organic Pollutants
    • 21.1 Identifying Reactive Sites Within Organic Molecules
    • 21.2 Thermodynamics of Transformation Reactions
    • 21.3 Kinetics of Transformation Reactions
    • 21.4 Questions and Problems
    • 21.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 22 Hydrolysis and Reactions with Other Nucleophiles
    • 22.1 Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions Involving Primarily Saturated Carbon Atoms
    • 22.2 Hydrolytic Reactions of Carboxylic and Carbonic Acid Derivatives
    • 22.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Reactions: Hydrolases
    • 22.4 Questions and Problems
    • 22.5 Bibliography
  • Chapter 23 Redox Reactions
    • 23.1 Introduction
    • 23.2 Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions
    • 23.3 Examples of Chemical Redox Reactions in Natural Systems
    • 23.4 Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions
    • 23.5 Questions and Problems
    • 23.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 24 Direct Photolysis in Aquatic Systems
    • 24.1 Introduction
    • 24.2 Some Basic Principles of Photochemistry
    • 24.3 Light Absorption by Organic Compounds in Natural Waters
    • 24.4 Quantum Yield and Rate of Direct Photolysis
    • 24.5 Effects of Solid Sorbents (Particles, Soil Surfaces, Ice) on Direct Photolysis
    • 24.6 Questions and Problems
    • 24.7 Bibliography
  • Chapter 25 Indirect Photolysis: Reactions with Photooxidants in Natural Waters and in the Atmosphere
    • 25.1 Introduction
    • 25.2 Indirect Photolysis in Surface Waters
    • 25.3 Indirect Photolysis in the Atmosphere (Troposphere): Reaction with Hydroxyl Radical (HO•)
    • 25.4 Questions and Problems
    • 25.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 26 Biotransformations
    • 26.1 Introduction
    • 26.2 Some Important Concepts about Microorganisms Relevant to Biotransformations
    • 26.3 Initial Biotransformation Strategies
    • 26.4 Rates of Biotransformations
    • 26.5 Questions and Problems
    • 26.6 Bibliography
  • Chapter 27 Assessing Transformation Processes Using Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
    • 27.1 Introduction, Methodology, and Theoretical Background
    • 27.2 Using CSIA for Assessing Organic Compound Transformations in Laboratory and Field Systems
    • 27.3 Questions and Problems
    • 27.4 Bibliography
• Part VI Putting Everything Together
  • Chapter 28 Exposure Assessment of Organic Pollutants Using Simple Modeling Approaches
    • 28.1 One-Box Model: The Universal Tool for Process Integration
    • 28.2 Assessing Equilibrium Partitioning in Simple Multimedia Systems
    • 28.3 Simple Dynamic Systems
    • 28.4 Systems Driven by Advection
    • 28.5 Bibliography
• Appendix A Mathematics
• Appendix B Physical Constants and Units
• Appendix C Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
• Appendix D Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants and Rate Constants
• Appendix E Estimation of Gas-Phase Hydroxyl Radical Reaction Rate Constants of Organic Chemicals
• Index
• EULA

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